Umthombo: Climate & Capitalism
Amagalelo amahle alabo abasekela ukuwohloka komnotho kufanele kuqashelwe, ikakhulukazi, ukucabanga kabusha kwabo ngokukhula komnotho ngaphansi konxiwankulu, kuhlaziywe isilinganiso sawo, i-GNP/GDP, kanye nokukhomba ukusetshenziswa kobungxiwankulu ngendlela engenasimeme yemithombo yemvelo, ikakhulukazi amafutha emvelo ekukhiqizeni kwawo. wezimpahla zokukhiqiza inzuzo ngaphandle kokubheka umthelela wazo empilweni yabantu kanye nemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bagxeka ngobuhlakani izazi zemvelo ezithi ukufaka nje ubuchwepheshe obufanele esikhundleni somnotho wezepolitiki wobunxiwankulu kuzokwanela ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zomuntu nezemvelo.
Kodwa izixazululo zokunciphisa ukukhula ezinikezwayo zinamaphutha kakhulu futhi uhlobo lwazo cishe ngeke lwamukelwe isigaba sabasebenzi bomhlaba wonke, njengoba luheha izingxenye zesigaba sochwepheshe.[1] Abasekeli bokukhula kwezomnotho ngokuvamile bayehluleka ukuchaza izici zekhwalithi zokukhula komnotho, bahlanganise konke kubhasikidi owodwa; okungukuthi, okuzinzile/okubhekana nezidingo ezibalulekile zabantu nemvelo ngokumelene nokungasimami, okushiya iningi lesintu ebuphofini noma okubi nakakhulu. Abakwa-Degrowthers bakhomba isimo esikhethekile sabasebenzi eNyakatho Yomhlaba uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abaseNingizimu yomhlaba njengengxenye enkulu yenkinga, esikhundleni sokuqaphela ukuthi isigaba sabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe ngeke sizuze kuphela ekukhuleni kwemikhakha ehlangabezana nezidingo zayo kokubili. iNyakatho neNingizimu yomhlaba wonke kodwa kumele kube yiwona mandla ahamba phambili ekunqobeni inhloko-dolobha yezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi.[1, 2, 3]
Isimangalo esivamile enkulumweni yokuwohloka komnotho siwukuthi โukukhula okungapheli emhlabeni olinganiselwe kuholela ngokungenakuvinjelwa enhlekeleleni engokwemvelo.โ[4] Lokhu kugomela kuyehluleka ukudicilela phansi izici zekhwalithi zokukhula, yini ekhulayo, yini okufanele iwohloke, ngaphansi kwamuphi umbuso wamandla? Nakuba kunemingcele esobala ekukhuleni kwengqalasizinda yomhlaba wonke, kungani ulwazi namasiko kungenakukhula isikhathi eside esikhathini esizayo emnothweni ongokwenyama nowezombangazwe osimeme emhlabeni wonke futhi onobulungisa?
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abakhuli abaholayo bathi 'Izinto ezibonakalayo namandla' emhlabeni wonke kufanele ziwohloke, kuqalwe ngalawo mazwe anezikweletu ngokwemvelo kwamanye amazwe. Amandla nezinto ezibonakalayo kufanele ziwohloke ngoba izinto ezikhishwa emhlabeni zibangela umonakalo omkhulu esimisweni sezinto eziphilayo nendawo yazo ezungezile nakubantu abathembele kuzo.โ [5]. Ngokuphambene: Mayelana nokuphuma kwezinto ezibonakalayo, siyaphikisana ngokuthi kufanele kukhule emhlabeni wonke oguqukweni lwe-ecosocialist njengomphumela weDili Entsha Eluhlaza:
โEnguqukweni ye-ecosocialist, njengoba okungenani siyibona ngamehlo engqondo, icebo ngeke libe elokuwohloka nje, kodwa elokuqeda ngokuphelele i-Military-Industrial Complex (MIC). Ukunyamalala kwe-MIC kuzokhulula inqwaba yezinto, ikakhulukazi izinsimbi, ukuze kwakhiwe ingqalasizinda yomhlaba wonke yamandla omoya namandla elanga.โ[6]
Abalimi abahamba phambili bakhuthaza ukuncipha kokusetshenziswa kwamandla emhlabeni jikelele,[5, 7, 8] okuyincwadi kadokotela yokufa kwabantu abaningi, ngoba izobagwebela esimweni sobumpofu bamandla esibi kakhulu kunamanje, futhi ivimbele ukwakhiwa kwamandla omoya/amandla elanga adingekayo ukuze kuncishiswe isimo sezulu kanye nokunciphisa. Lesi simo sizokwenza ukuthi kungenzeki ukufinyelela umgomo wokufudumala kwembulunga yonke ongu-1.5 deg C, yingakho sikhulisa amathuba enhlekelele yesimo sezulu ngezinto ezesabisayo ezimbi kakhulu kunalokho esikubona manje.
Futhi ekugcineni balwela umgomo wekhwalithi yokuphila โegculisayoโ yeningi lesintu esihlala eNingizimu yomhlaba, ngokungafani nezinga eliphakeme kwabaningi eNyakatho yomhlaba wonke, esikhundleni sokufuna ngenkani nokwenza imephu indlela eya endaweni ephakeme kakhulu. -isikhathi sempilo yesayensi/izinga lempilo elifinyeleleka kuzo zonke izingane ekuphileni kwazo.[9, 10]
Lokhu kugxeka kokuncipha kunemithelela ebalulekile ku-ajenda namasu e-Global Green New Deal (GGND). Kulo mongo, ngenkathi abalimi be-degrower ngokuhlakanipha bephikisana nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla e-US emoshayo amandla, ekushintsheni kwamandla avuselelekayo, baphinde bathi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla emhlabeni jikelele kufanele kwehle ngezinga elibalulekile emashumini eminyaka ezayo.[8, 11, 12] Uma ulwazi lwanda nge-ajenda ye-ecosocialist, i-GGND izobandakanya ukukhula komnotho okusimeme, ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda yamandla omoya/elanga ethatha indawo yezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi, ukubuyiselwa kwemvelo yemvelo, i-agro-ecologies, ingqalasizinda eluhlaza njll.
Abatshalizimali bayehluleka ukubona umehluko obalulekile phakathi kokubamba kahle okuphezulu kwamandla elanga aphehla umoya/ilanga namandla kaphethiloli wensalela ngenxa yokungaqondi kwabo i-thermodynamics, ikakhulukazi umqondo we-entropy ekusetshenzisweni kwabo kwe-Georgescu-Roegen's (G-R ) okungamanga okubizwa ngokuthi umthetho wesine, ohlanganisa amasistimu avuliwe navaliwe ngokuphathelene namandla nokudluliswa kwenqwaba; indawo yoMhlaba ayivaliwe kodwa ivulekele ukungena nokuphuma kwamandla. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umthetho wesine we-G-R wenqatshwa eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule ngisho nayizazi zezomnotho ezihamba phambili zemvelo ezaqaphela ukuthi imisebe yelanga engenayo ingaba amandla okusebenza kwempucuko yomhlaba.[13] Ukunikezwa kwamandla elanga/womoya okwanele emhlabeni wonke, okukhulu kunezinga elikhona manje lokusetshenziswa komhlaba wonke, kungaqeda ubumpofu bamandla okuphakamisa isikhathi sokuphila emhlabeni wonke sibe sezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu emhlabeni, sibe sidala amandla okunciphisa isimo sezulu kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kunikezwa kwamandla avuselelekayo kungenza kube lula ukuphela kokumbiwayo ngokugaywa kabusha kanye nemvelo yezimboni.[14]
Uziro wangempela, hhayi โuziro ophelele,โ ukuphela kwendlela engaba khona yokuhlangabezana nethagethi yokufudumala engu-1.5 deg C ebekwe yi-IPCC, ku-GND ye-ecosocialist eqhubekayo ngokuqhubekayo ngokwakha amandla esigaba sabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe kanye nabalingani baso (imiphakathi yendabuko, i-ecofeminist yabesifazane ukunyakaza kanye nabo bonke abantu abacindezelwe emhlabeni jikelele) ukubukela phansi i-ajenda yombuso ye-MIC futhi banqobe inhlokodolobha yezinsalela zezempi kanye nezisetshenziswa zayo zezombusazwe kohulumeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo imali โeluhlazaโ kufanele iphonselwe inselelo ngokwakha umbuso wokulawula womhlaba wonke odingekayo ekuvikelweni kwemvelo, abasebenzi kanye nomphakathi.
I-Extractivism inselele yangempela okufanele kubhekwane nayo ekushintsheni komoya/ilanga okuqeda amandla okubasa, ukuze kwakhiwe inqubo enobulungisa ngempela evikela amalungelo nempilo yabantu bomdabu emhlabeni wonke, kanye nabasebenzi nemiphakathi ethintekayo. Kunamathuba abalulekile esikhathi esizayo okunciphisa ukumba izimayini kulolu shintsho, okuwukuthi ukugaywa kabusha kwezimpahla ezinkulu zezinsimbi manje ezishumekwe kuphethiloli wezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi kanye nengqalasizinda yezempi, kushintsha izinto ezivamile kwezingavamile (isb., amabhethri asebenzisa i-NaS, Fe/air njll.), ukuthuthukiswa ezokuthutha zomphakathi esikhundleni sokuthembela ekukhiqizeni amakhulu ezigidi zezimoto zikagesi. Manje kukhona ukonga amandla okubalulekile ekugayweni kabusha kwezinsimbi esikhundleni sokumba ama-ore azo:
โinsimbi ye-aluminium egaywe kabusha (isb., esesimweni samathini), engamane ihlanzwe futhi incibilikiswe kabusha, konga u-94% wamandla azodingeka ukuze kukhiqizwe i-aluminium ngensimbi... ngezinsimbi, okuvamise ukuba lula ukuzigaya kabusha futhi ngokujwayelekile ezidinga ukukhiqizwa yizimayini ezidla amandla kanye nokucutshungulwa kwensimbi. Isibonelo, ukonga amandla okwenziwa kabusha kwe-beryllium ku-80%, lead 75%, iron nensimbi 72%, kanye ne-cadmium 50%.[15]
Njengoba ukunikezwa kwamandla avuselelekayo kukhula emhlabeni jikelele ukusebenzisa la mandla ukugaywa kabusha kunganciphisa kakhulu ukukhishwa kwe-greenhouse kanye nezimayini. Lawa mathuba aqinisa isidingo soguquko lwamandla avuselelekayo olwaziwa ngokuqhubekayo yi-ajenda ye-ecosocialist, ikakhulukazi ukuchithwa kwezempi emhlabeni jikelele kanye nokuphathwa komphakathi kokukhiqiza nokusetshenziswa.
Ephepheni lethu elisanda kushicilelwa elibonisa inguquko eyiziro yangempela, siphetha ngokuthi ngokuqedwa ngokuphelele kokusetshenziswa kwamalahle/igesi yemvelo eminyakeni eyi-10, kanye nowoyela ovamile eminyakeni engama-20, umthamo wamandla omoya/ilanga lomhlaba wonke kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bamanje ungakhiqizwa. okwanele ukuqeda ubumpofu bamandla eNingizimu Yomhlaba, kanye nokuhlinzekela ukuncishiswa kwesimo sezulu ngempumelelo kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo.[14] Ukubuyiselwa ngokushesha kwesimiso semvelo semvelo kanye nokushintshela ku-agroecologies/ukulima okuvuselelayo kubalulekile futhi kuzofaka isandla ekwehliseni isimo sezulu kodwa kuzokhawulwa ukufudumala okuzayo kuze kufike ku-1.5 deg C okuhlosiwe ngenxa yokuncipha komthamo nokugcwala kwe-carbon pool yomhlabathi. Ngakho-ke, Ukuthwebula Umoya Okuqondile kwe-carbon dioxide kanye nokugcinwa unomphela kuqweqwe cishe kuzodingeka ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nalo mgomo wokufudumala.
Engxoxweni evusa inkanuko ebhekene nezinselelo ezikhona isintu esibhekene nazo manje, kusho uJohn Bellamy Foster. โukuthi sidinga umnotho ohlelwe ngokwentando yeningi wentando yeningi ogcizelela izixazululo ezingenamandla amancane futhi onciphise ukumosha nokucekela phansi; ukuthi umhlaba kufanele udlulele emazingeni alinganayo okusetshenziswa kwamandla ngomuntu ngamunye, endaweni ethile ezingeni lase-Italy namuhla (okuvumela amazwe ampofu ukuba afinyelele izinga lawo.)โ[16]
Ngiyavumelana nalesi seluleko, uma "izixazululo zamandla aphansi" zisho ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zangempela zomuntu nezemvelo ngamandla amancane adingekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isilinganiso sethu sokusetshenziswa kwamandla adingekayo ngomuntu ngamunye ukuze kuqedwe ubumpofu bamandla emhlabeni wonke kusondele kakhulu ezingeni lamanje lase-Italy eliyisisekelo lokusebenzisa amandla ngomuntu ngamunye, cishe 3 kuya ku-3.4 kW ngomuntu ngamunye, kanti izinga lokugcina libalwa kusukela kudatha yamandla yangaphambi kobhubhane. ka-2019, siphawula ukwehla ngamaphesenti ayi-10 ngo-2020.[3, 14, 17] Qaphela ukuthi i-Italy ikleliswe ku-6 ngeminyaka yokuphila yamazwe omhlaba.[18] Uma sicabangela izinga labantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-9 kanye nokwenyuka kwesici sokusebenza kahle kwamandla okungama-30%, sihlela umgomo weleveli yokusetshenziswa kwamandla oyinhloko ka-2050 ohambisana nezinga lamandla elingu-19 TW, okufanayo namanje. Kodwa-ke, ukunikezwa kwamandla okwandayo kuzodingeka ukuze kuncishiswe isimo sezulu kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo kanye nokuhlangabezana nezinye izinselele ezizokhuphula lo mgomo ungabi ngaphezu kwezikhathi ezi-1.5 kuleveli yamanje, okungukuthi, 29 TW. [14]
I-Foster iyaqhubeka:
Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi ka-Hickel (kanye noka-Andreas Malm nabanye) kubhekiselwa kuwo eNgxenyeni 3 eputshuziwe ye-IPCC's. Ukuhlola Kwesithupha njengokukhomba ukuthi kungenzeka kube namasu asebenzisa amandla amancane, abhekwa njengethemba eliyinhloko manje lokuhlala ngaphansi kokwenyuka okungu-1.5ยฐC kwezinga lokushisa elivamile lomhlaba wonke, nanjengokunikeza izimpikiswano mayelana nokungasimami konxiwankulu.โ[19]
futhi,
โOkuwukuphela kwethemba langempela eminyakeni ezayo, โUmbiko Wokunciphisaโ oputshuziwe, amasu angamandla aphansi, anganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngamaphesenti angu-40, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo ethuthukisa isimo somuntu.โ[20]
Kodwa-ke, kunokuba kuncishiswe ngamaphesenti angama-40, ukuzuza ukulingana komhlaba wonke ezingeni lamanje lase-Italy eliyisisekelo lokusebenzisa amandla njengoba abameli be-Foster kuzophumela โekuthuthukiseni isimo somuntuโ ngokuqeda ubumpofu bamandla emhlabeni wonke emashumini ambalwa eminyaka alandelayo aleli khulu leminyaka, kuyilapho kuhlangatshezwana ne-1.5 deg. Ithagethi yokufudumala kwe-C izodinga umthamo wamandla owengeziwe kunamanje njengoba kuxoxiwe ngaphambili.
Njengoba i-GDP iye yagxekwa ngokuphumelelayo ngabatshalizimali njengesilinganiso somnotho osimeme, kuyilapho beqaphela imithelela emibi emikhulu yomnotho we-GDP ephezulu obuswa imali yezinsalela, izinga le-GDP ngokwalo aliyona ngempela inkomba yokukhula komnotho okungamukeleki. Ukuhlaziywa kwekhwalithi kuyadingeka. Ingabe izingxenye zomnotho ezibhekene ne-GDP zineqhaza ekukhuleni komnotho okudingekayo ukuze kubhekwane nezidingo zabantu nezemvelo noma zikhuthaza ukwanda kosongo lwenhlekelele yesimo sezulu kanye nokuwohloka kwesimiso semvelo? Noma kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuhoxiswa kokukhula komnotho emiphumeleni emibi ngaphansi kokukhiqizwa kabusha kwezimali ku-GGND kuzofezeka kancane ngaphandle uma kufinyelelwa uguquko oluqinile lwe-ecosocialist. Ngakho-ke akumangazi ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezomnotho wonxiwankulu kuze kube manje bekusezingeni eliphansi kakhulu.[21]
Kunezibonelo ezimbalwa zezimo zokuwohloka kwamandla aphansi.[22] Zibonakala nge-GDP ephansi, abukho ubuchwepheshe obungebuhle bokukhishelwa ngaphandle kokuthuthukisa izitolo zekhabhoni enhlabathini, kanye nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla emhlabeni jikelele. Siphikisa ngokuthi uma zingase zisetshenziswe zizoshiya iNingizimu nembulunga yonke nobumpofu bamandla, kanye nomhlaba ongenawo amandla anele omhlaba wokunqanda isimo sezulu futhi uvumelane nezimo, okubeka engcupheni yokwephula umgomo wokufudumala ongu-1.5 deg C. Ngokuphambene, isimo sethu singabandakanya i-GDP emaphakathi ukuya phezulu, ukudala amandla aphezulu omoya/amandla elanga emhlabeni jikelele, futhi uma amandla anele omoya/elanga esesendaweni ukuqaliswa okungenzeka kokubanjwa komoya okuqondile kwe-carbon dioxide/isitoreji unomphela kuqweqwe. [14]
I-Foster ikhomba ngokucacile isibopho sesikweletu semvelo.
โNgaphezu kwalokho, umthwalo esikhathini sethu kufanele ubekwe ikakhulukazi emazweni acebile, njengoba kuyiwo asebenzise ingxenye enkulu yesabelomali sekhabhoni yomhlaba, anomnotho ophakeme ngomuntu ngamunye, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphakeme kakhulu ngomuntu ngamunye, i-carbon ephakeme kakhulu. imilobo yezinyawo ngomuntu ngamunye, futhi iphinde ilawule iningi lobuchwepheshe. Uhlelo lonxiwankulu oluwumgogodla eGlobal North luyimbangela enkulu yokwanda kwesikhutha esiqoqwe emkhathini kusukela kuNguquko Yezimboni. Namuhla, ingxenye enkulu yokukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide emhlabeni wonke igxile ezinkampanini zomhlaba ezingamakhulu ambalwa kanye nezindleko zezempi. Konke lokhu kugcizelela ukuthi amazwe onxiwankulu acebile asenkabeni yesimiso somhlaba akweleta imvelo emhlabeni wonke.โ[23]
I-GGND ye-ecosocialist inamandla okwenza indlela eya i-electrified solar communism ekhulwini lama-21,[24, 6, 25] the I-Solarcommunicene. [26] U-Foster no-Clark baqambe iminyaka ye-post-Capitalinian (umhlaba obuswa ukuzala kabusha) ngokuthi IKhomanisi.[27]
amanothi
[1] Matt Huber 2021, Indlela Yokuphila Engokwemvelo Ayisoze Yanqoba Abasebenzi, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2021/08/lifestyle-environmentalism-will-neveโฆ.
[2] Matt Huber 2021, Isimo Sezulu Ngeke Sisindise Iplanethi, https://www.jacobinmag.com/ 2021/07/working-class-vision-climate-change-green-new-deal.
[3] UPeter Schwartzman noDavid Schwartzman 2019, Umhlaba Awudayiswa: Indlela Yokuphuma Ku-Capitalism Yezinsalela Iya Komunye Umhlaba Esengenzeka. I-Singapore: Isayensi Yomhlaba.
[4] UGeorge Monbiot 2019, Inkinga I-Capitalism, https://www.monbiot.com /2019/04/30/ inkinga-ubunxiwankulu.
[5] UGiorgos Kallis 2019, I-Socialism Ngaphandle Kokukhula. I-Capitalism Nature Socialism 30 (3): p.192.
[6] p.42, uDavid Schwartzman kanye noSalvatore Engel Di Mauro 2019, Impendulo ku-Giorgios Kallis 'Notions of Socialism and Growth, I-Capitalism Nature Socialism, 30 (3): 40-51.
[7] Giorgos Kallis 2019, Capitalism, Socialism, Degrowth: A Rejoinder. I-Capitalism Nature Socialism 30 (3): 266-272.
[8] UJason Hickel 2020, Impendulo kuPollin noChomsky: Sidinga Idili Entsha Elihlaza ngaphandle kokukhula, https://www.jasonhickel.org/blog/2020/10/19/we-need-a-green-new-deal-wiโฆ.
[9] UDavid Schwartzman 2020, A Critique of Degrowth: I-Ecosocialist Alternative, http://www.globalecosocialistnetwork.net/2020/12/17/a-critique-of-degroโฆ.
[10] David Schwartzman 2021, Cuba and Degrowth?, http://www.globalecosocialistnetwork.net/2021/07/13/cuba-and-degrowth/.
[11] URiccardo Mastini et al. 2020, Ukuze Isivumelwano Esisha Esiluhlaza Sisebenze, Kufanele Senqabe โUkukhulaโ, https://inthesetimes.com/article/green-new-deal-decarbonization-economiโฆ.
[12] U-Juan Bordera kanye no-Fernando Prieto 2021, I-IPCC ibheka ukuwohloka njengokhiye ekunciphiseni ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu (Ukuhumusha kwe-Google kusuka kusi-Spanish), https://ctxt.es/es/20210801/Politica/36900 /IPCC-cambio-climatico-colapso-medioambiental-decrecimiento.htm.
[13] Isb., Robert Ayres 1998, Eco-thermodynamics: ezomnotho kanye nomthetho wesibili. I-Ecological Economics 26: 189-209.
[14] Peter Schwartzman kanye noDavid Schwartzman 2021, Ingabe umgomo wokufudumala ongu-1.5 โ ungahlangatshezwana nawo ekushintsheni komhlaba wonke ukuya ku-100% wamandla avuselelekayo? IZINHLOSO Amandla 9 (6): 1170-1191, doi:10.3934/energy.2021054.
15] AGI nd, American Geosciences Institute. Ukugaywa kabusha konga kanjani amandla? https://www.americangeosciences.org/critical-issues/faq/how-does-recyclโฆ, inkomba yakamuva: 2019.
[16] UJohn Bellamy Foster et al. 2021, Against Doomsday Scenarios: Yini Okufanele Yenziwe Manje? Ukubuyekeza Kwenyanga 73 (7): k. 10.
[17] Imithombo yedatha yase-Italy: BP 2021, p.10; https://worldpopulationreview.com.
[18] UNDP ka-2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy.
[19] U-John Bellamy Foster et al. 2021. p.12.
[20] UJohn Bellamy Foster et al. 2021. p.14.
[21] Jason Hickel 2018, Kungani ukukhula kungeke kube luhlaza, https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/09/12/why-growth-cant-be-green/.
[22] Isb., u-Arnulf Grubler et al. 2018, Isimo sesidingo samandla esiphansi sokuhlangabezana nethagethi engu-1.5โยฐC kanye nemigomo yentuthuko esimeme ngaphandle kobuchwepheshe bokukhishwa okungalungile. Nature Energy 3: 515-527; U-Lorenz T. Keyรer no-Manfred Lenzen 2021, izimo zokuwohloka okungu-1.5โยฐC ziphakamisa isidingo sezindlela ezintsha zokunciphisa. Nakusho uComm. 12: 2676, doi.:10.1038/s41467-021-22884-9.
[23] UJohn Bellamy Foster et al. 2021. p.14-15.
[24] David Schwartzman 1996, Solar Communism. Sisayensi nomphakathi 60 (3): 307-331.
[25}Matt Huber 2020, Ubukhomanisi Bakagesi: Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Kwamandla Enguqukweni. Ku: I-Lenin150 (Samizdat), Hjalmar Jorge Joffre-Eichhorn (ed.) Hamburg, Germany: KickAss Books, pp.187-199.
[26] UDavid Schwartzman 2020, Umbono We-Ecosocialist ku-Gaia 2.0: Omunye Umhlaba Osengenzeka. I-Capitalism Nature Socialism, I-31 (2): 40-49.
[27] UJohn Bellamy Foster noBrett Clark 2021, The Capitalinian. Ukubuyekeza Kwenyanga 73 (4): 1-16.
UDavid W. Schwartzman ubhala ngamandla elanga. UnguSolwazi Emeritus, waseHoward University (USA), futhi uyilungu leGreen Party yase-USA nezinye izinhlangano zomphakathi. Umbhalo wakhe uyatholakala ku- I-Solar Utopia futhi Umhlaba Awuthengiswa amawebhusayithi.
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