Umthombo: Ingxoxo
Ibutho laseMelika lama-39 eSeattle, ligqoka imaski ukuvikela umkhuhlane. Dec. 1918. Amasosha ayesendleleni eya eFrance phakathi nobhadane loMkhuhlane 'waseSpain' ngo-1918-19.
Isithombe ngu-Everett Historical/Shutterstock.com
ENdiya, phakathi nobhubhane lomkhuhlane we-1918, isimangaliso Kwafa abantu abayizigidi eziyi-12 kuya kweziyi-13, iningi phakathi kwezinyanga zika-September no-December. Ngokukafakazi wokuzibonela, โKwakungekho okhipha izidumbu futhi izimpungushe zenza idili.โ
Ngesikhathi sobhubhane, i-India yayingaphansi kombuso wamakoloni waseBrithani iminyaka engaphezu kwe-150. Inhlanhla yamakoloni aseBrithani ibilokhu ihluke kakhulu kweyabantu baseNdiya, futhi akukho lapho uqhekeko lwalugqame kakhulu kunangesikhathi sodlame lomkhuhlane, njengoba ngathola ngenkathi ngicwaninga. i-Ph.D yami. ngendaba.
Ukucekelwa phansi okuwumphumela ekugcineni kuzoholela ezinguqukweni ezinkulu eNdiya - kanye noMbuso WaseBrithani.
Ukusuka eKansas ukuya eMumbai
Nakuba ngokuvamile ubizwa ngokuthi umkhuhlane waseSpain, ubhubhane lwango-1918 kungenzeka waqala eKansas futhi yabulala abantu abaphakathi kwezigidi ezingu-50 neziyi-100 emhlabeni jikelele.
Ezinyangeni zokuqala zika-1918, leli gciwane lahlala kulo lonke elase-American Midwest, lagcina selibheke empumalanga, lapho lafika khona. wadabula uLwandlekazi i-Atlantic namasosha asebenzela iWWI.
Lethulwa emiseleni eseWestern Front yaseYurophu, leli gciwane ladabula amasosha asevele abuthaka. Njengoba impi isisondela esiphethweni sayo, leli gciwane lalandela yomibili imizila yemikhumbi yezentengiselwano kanye nezokuthuthwa kwezempi ukuthelela cishe kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba. It wafika eMumbai ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi.
Ukusabalala okungalingani
Lapho kufika igagasi lokuqala lobhubhane, alizange libulale ikakhulukazi. Okuwukuphela kwesaziso izikhulu zaseBrithani ezisithathayo kwaba umphumela wawo kwabanye abasebenzi. Umbiko waphawula, โNjengoba inkathi yokusika utshani iqala โฆ abantu babebuthaka kangangokuthi babengakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wosuku lonke.โ
NgoSeptemba, indaba yaqala ukushintsha. IMumbai yayiseyisizinda sokutheleleka, cishe ngenxa yesikhundla sayo njengendawo yezohwebo neyomphakathi. Ngo-September 19, iphephandaba lesiNgisi labika ukuthi abantu abangu-293 babulawa umkhuhlane lapho, kodwa laqinisekisa abafundi balo ukuthi โOkubi kakhulu sekufinyelelwe kuwo.โ
Esikhundleni salokho, leli gciwane ladabula izwekazi elingaphansi, lilandela imizila yohwebo neyeposi. Izinhlekelele nokufa kwakhungathekisa amadolobha namadolobhana asemaphandleni ngokufanayo. Amaphephandaba aseNdiya abike ukuthi izindawo zokulothisa zazithola izidumbu eziphakathi kuka-150 kuya ku-200 ngosuku. Ngokwesinye isibukeli, โIzidumbu ezivuthayo nezindawo zokungcwaba kwakugcwele izidumbu; kuyilapho isibalo esikhulu nakakhulu sisalindele ukususwa.โ
Kodwa umkhuhlane awuzange uhlasele wonke umuntu ngokulinganayo. Iningi labantu baseBrithani eNdiya lalihlala ezindlini ezivulekile ezinezingadi namagceke, uma kuqhathaniswa nezigaba eziphansi zamaNdiya ahlala emadolobheni, ayehlala ezindaweni eziminyene. Abaningi baseBrithani baphinde baqasha abasebenzi basendlini ukuthi babanakekele - ngezikhathi zezempilo nokugula - ngakho-ke bathintwa kancane yilolu bhubhane futhi babenganakwanga yisiphithiphithi esigcwele izwe lonke.
Ezincwadini zakhe ezisemthethweni ekuqaleni kukaZibandlela, uLieutenant Governor Wezifundazwe Ezihlangene akazange ngisho akhulume ngomkhuhlane, kunalokho waphawula ukuthi โYonke into yomile kakhulu; kodwa ngikwazile ukuthola ama-snipe angamakhulu amabili kuze kube manje kule sizini.โ
Ngenkathi lolu bhubhane lwalungenamthelela omncane kubahlali abaningi baseBrithani baseNdiya, umbono wawuhluke kakhulu kubantu baseNdiya, owakhuluma ngokucekelwa phansi kwendawo yonke. Incwadi eyanyatheliswa kumagazini wakhononda, โMhlawumbe i-India ayizange ibone izikhathi ezinzima kangaka ngaphambili. Kukhale isililo nhlangothi zonke. โฆ Alikho idolobhana noma idolobhana kulo lonke ubude nobubanzi bezwe elingazange likhokhe imali eningi.โ
Kwenye indawo, uKhomishana Wenhlanzeko wasePunjab waphawula, โimigwaqo nemizila yamadolobha kwakugcwele abantu abafile nabafayo . . . cishe yonke imizi yayikhala ngokufa, futhi yonke indawo kwakubusa ukwesaba nokudideka.โ
Ukuwa
Ekugcineni, izindawo ezisenyakatho nasentshonalanga ye-India zabona izinga lokufa phakathi kuka-4.5% no-6% wabantu bazo, kanti eningizimu nasempumalanga - lapho leli gciwane lafika khona ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba lalincipha - ngokuvamile lilahleka phakathi kuka-1.5% kanye 3%.
I-geography bekungeyona yodwa into ehlukanisayo, nokho. EMumbai, cishe izikhathi eziyisikhombisa nengxenye amaNdiya asezingeni eliphansi afa uma kuqhathaniswa nozakwabo baseBrithani - 61.6 ngenkulungwane uma kuqhathaniswa no-8.3 ngenkulungwane.
Phakathi kwamaNdiya ase-Mumbai, ukungafani kwezenhlalo nezomnotho ngaphezu kohlanga kubalele la mazinga okufa ahlukahlukene.
Isikhulu Sezempilo saseCalcutta saphawula ngomehluko omkhulu wamanani okufa phakathi kwamaNdiya aseBrithani nasezingeni eliphansi: โUkufa ngokweqile eKidderpore kubonakala kubangelwa ngokuyinhloko abantu abaningi abapholile, abangenalwazi nabampofu, abaphila ngaphansi kwezimo ezingcolile kakhulu ezweni. amaqhugwane anomswakama, amnyama, angcolile. Bayikilasi okunzima ukubhekana nalo.โ
Shintsha phambili
Izibalo zokufa kulo lonke elase-India zivame ukukhuphuka ngo-Okthoba, futhi zehla kancane ngoNovemba nangoDisemba. Isikhulu saseBrithani esisezingeni eliphezulu sabhala ngoDisemba, โImvula enhle yasebusika izolungisa yonke into futhi โฆ izinto zizozilungisa kancane kancane.โ
Nokho, isimo esivamile asizange sibuyele eNdiya. Intwasahlobo ka-1919 yayizobona Unya lwaseBrithani e-Amritsar futhi ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho kwethulwa Inhlangano Ka-Gandhi Engasebenzisani. Umkhuhlane waba esinye isibonelo sokungabi nabulungisa kweBrithani okwagqugquzela abantu baseNdiya ukuthi baqhubeke nokulwela inkululeko. A eshicilelwe ngamalungelo abantu isishoshovu uMahatma Gandhi sathi, โAlikho kwelinye izwe eliphucuzekile uhulumeni obengashiya izinto zingalungiswanga njengoba kwenza uHulumeni waseNdiya ngesikhathi kubhebhetheka ubhadane olubi kangaka noluyinhlekelele.
Ukufa okude, kancane kancane koMbuso WaseBrithani kwase kuqalile.
yi-Community Faculty, Metropolitan State University.
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