In
ukuvela kwakamuva kwamagama emfashini kanye nama-clichés esesivele sagaya,
iphelelwe amandla, futhi yadlulisa ukwesulwa komthetho, ukwenziwa kwangasese, kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha, kanye
ixhumeke “ekukhanyeni” kanye nezihlobo zayo eziseduze, ukuziphendulela kanye
umthwalo wemfanelo. Ukube bekunokucaca okwengeziwe ngesi-Indonesian (i-Thai,
Mexican) ibhizinisi kanye nokwenza kukahulumeni besingeke sihlupheke ngale ndlela
ukweqisa kokutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokuguquguquka; futhi ngokuhambisanayo, uma nje singathola
labo bantu ukuba bavuleleke kakhudlwana, baziphendulele, futhi babe nomthwalo wemfanelo, ngokwethembeka
ukuqondisa, izimakethe zamahhala zingenza iqhinga kahle kakhulu. Kuye futhi
ngezinye izikhathi kuthiwa sidinga ukubeka izinto obala kuhulumeni, ukuze siqinisekise
ubuqotho bezezimali nokwenza izisekelo zenqubomgomo zivuleleke ekuqwashiseni umphakathi kanye
inkulumo-mpikiswano; kodwa ukuphumela obala kukahulumeni kucindezelwa ikakhulukazi abaguquli benkululeko,
hhayi ngabantu ababalulekile, futhi ikakhulukazi mayelana nezindawo zokuzivikela,
ezobunhloli, kanye nenqubomgomo yangaphandle isidingo sokubeka izinto obala njalo
abasunguli emadwaleni okucatshangelwa “kwezokuphepha kwezwe”.
Ukucaca kuyi-falutin ephezulu
igama lalokho okwakuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi “ukudalula okugcwele,” okwakugunyazwe ukuba kwenziwe
izibambiso ezithengiswa ezimakethe zomphakathi e-US ngaphansi kwe-Securities Act of
1934. Eyodwa yeKhomishini Yezokuphepha Nokushintshisana esanda kusungulwa
(SEC) imisebenzi esemqoka ngaphansi kwalowo mthetho kwakuwukuphoqelela ukudalulwa okugcwele
ezitatimendeni zezimali zebhizinisi. Lo mthetho waba khona ngoba
Ukuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho kwabangelwa ingxenye enhle ukweqisa kwezimakethe zamasheya
yama-1920s, ehlanganisa ulwazi oluncane (kanye nolwazi oluningi lwamanga) kuya
abanikazi bamasheya, okusize ngokungangabazeki ukuphusha izintengo zesitoko ziye emazingeni angazinzile,
okuholela ekuphahlazekeni.
Wenza obala
izidingo zika-1934 zixazulula izinkinga zethu zokudlulela kwezimakethe zamasheya kanye
ukungazinzi? Cha, abazange. Uma singazange sibe nokuphahlazeka okuqhathaniswa no-1929,
lokhu kungumphumela wokuzinzisa kukahulumeni omkhulu, i
Inguquko ye-Keynesian kanye nenqubomgomo yemali-yezimali enolaka, nokuningi
ukutholakala kwekhredithi okulinganiselwe emakethe yamasheya. Ukuphahlazeka okukhulu kwagqugquzelwa
izimali ezinkulu ezibolekiwe ukuze kuxhaswe ukuthengwa kwesitoko—ukuqedwa kwaleyo khredithi njenge
imakethe yawa, ngokungenelela okulinganiselwe kwe-Fed, kube nesandla kakhulu
ukwehla okude nokulimazayo kwangemva kokuphahlazeka. Manje kukhona “i-margin
izidingo” (izinkokhelo ezansi ezidingekayo) ekubolekeni ukuthenga isitoko, kanye ne-Fed
inqubomgomo, ngisho noma kunoshishi wemakethe yamahhala u-Alan Greenspan ophethe, uyaphendula
ngodlame ukuthunaza ukuthambekela kwemakethe. Kodwa naphezu kwalezi post-1934
izici eziqinisayo, sisenezinguquko eziphawulekayo zemakethe yamasheya
i-euphoria, ngesikhathi se-conglomerate movement (1966-1969),
Isikhathi se-Reagan-Milken sokuhlanganisa okusekelwe kudoti kanye nokuthenga okunenzuzo
(1981-1986), nangesikhathi seClinton sekwephuzile sokuhlangana okunolaka komsebenzi nesitoko
ukuchuma kwemakethe. Ukwehla kwamandla emali kwamanje kwezitoko ze-inthanethi kungase kumake okokugcina
isigaba se-boom yenkathi kaClinton. Ukwenyuka kwamanani emali ezimakethe ngakunye kwafika
ukumiswa okumangazayo, ukwehla kwango-1987 kwacishe kwaphuma esandleni.
Izizathu zokuthi kungani
ukuveza izinto obala akukayixazululi inkinga yokungazinzi kuleli zwe,
okokuqala nokubaluleke kakhulu, ukuthi inqubo yokutshala imali ngaphansi kwe-capitalism ijikeleza
futhi iyaguquguquka, futhi ukushintshashintsha kwayo kuyohlale kuyithinta kakhulu imakethe yamasheya
amanani. Okwesibili, ulwazi oluhlinzekiwe ngisho nangaphansi “kokudalulwa okugcwele”
ungalokothi uphelele futhi ugcwale, futhi kuhlale kunokungaqiniseki ngokuthi yini
ulwazi luhambisana ngempela nenzuzo yesikhathi esizayo. Ekugcineni, imakethe
opharetha bathonywa ekuziphatheni kwabo kokutshala imali ngalokho abakulindele
lokho abanye abaqhubi bezimakethe okungenzeka bakwenze. Omunye kaKeynes ovame ukucashunwa
okwabonwa ukuthi imakethe yamasheya ifana nomncintiswano wonobuhle lapho i
owinile yilowo “okukhethwa kwakhe kufanelana ngokusobala nesilinganiso
okuthandwa yizimbangi wonkana,” ukuze inkinga ingabi khona
khetha okuhle kunakho konke kodwa leyo “ethanda ukubamba ubuhle kwenye
izimbangi.” Lesi kwakuyisizathu esibalulekile esenza ukuthi abheke imakethe yamasheya njenge
kakhulu njengekhasino, othambekele ekweqiseni nasekungazinzini, kunokuba njengongqondongqondo futhi
imakethe ephumelelayo. Lesi futhi esinye sezizathu esenze wazizwa ukuthi ehlelekile
ukungenelela kukahulumeni kwakudingeka ukuvimbela kanye nokunciphisa izimakethe
ukuthambekela okuphazamisayo. Kwamenza futhi umvikeli; ngokukholwa okuncane
ukuthi imali engenamingcele kanye nokugeleza kohwebo phakathi kwamazwe kungaba
okuhambisana nokusebenza kahle kwezwe kanye nobukhosi.
Umbono kaKeynes we
ubunjalo obuyisisekelo bezimakethe zezimali buqinisekiswe ngokuphindaphindiwe yibo bobabili
ucwaningo lwama-empirical (isb, uRobert Shiller, Ukuguquguquka Kwemakethe, I-1989;
Louis Lowenstein, "Ingabe Ukuqagela 'I-Essential Native Genius of the
I-Stock Market'? Ukubuyekezwa Komthetho waseColombia, 1992) nezomlando
isipiliyoni. Uchungechunge lwakamuva lokwethuka kwezezimali eRussia naseMpumalanga Asia lube nalo
kube ukuboniswa okuphoqelela ngokwanele kokuziphatha okufana nomhlambi
ukuthambekela kwabahlanganyeli bemakethe ukuthi kubangele ngisho namalungu abalulekile we
i-regulatory elite (iBhange Lomhlaba nakwezinye izindawo), kanye nabaxhumanisi babo bezemfundo,
ukunxenxa ukusetshenziswa kokulawulwa kwezimali ukuze kuvunyelwe izifundazwe ukuthi zizivikele kuzo
amandla ezimakethe ezikhungathekisayo. Umbono ovelele, nokho, kuseyilokho
ukukhululeka kwezezimali kufanele kuqhutshekwe phambili, kodwa nokuningi
“transparency.”
Futhi kwabanye, obala
izovela ngokwemvelo emandleni emakethe ngokwawo. Umqondo wokuthi
uhulumeni uyadingeka ukuphoqelela ukubeka izinto obala bekulokhu kuyisithuko eChicago
Osomnotho bezikole. Izimakethe ngokwazo kufanele zenze umsebenzi, ngabatshalizimali benqaba
ukutshala imali ngaphandle kwamaphrimiyamu engcuphe enqatshelwe ngaphandle kolwazi olwanele, noma
ngabaphathi ngokunikela ngokuzithandela ulwazi olwanele kwenkampani
abanikazi njengengxenye yomsebenzi wabo njenge-ejenti yabanikazi bamasheya. Enye yaseChicago
Umakadebona wesikole, uGeorge Benston, uphikisana nombono wokuthi okuncane
imininingwane yezezimali enikeziwe abatshalizimali ngeminyaka yawo-1920 yayingenele, kusho
ukuthi: “Uma abaphathi bekholelwa ukuthi imali encane kubanikazi bamasheya
njengeqembu lingadlula izindleko ezilinganiselwe zokulungiselela nokuhlinzeka
imininingwane, bazodalula imininingwane yabo yezezimali neminye imininingwane. ”
(“Ukudalula Okudingekayo kanye Nemakethe Yamasheya,” Ukubuyekezwa Kwezomnotho KwaseMelika,
1973.) Lo mbono wokuthi abaphathi babeyinceku engaguquki yabo bonke
abanikazi bamasheya kwakungeyona nje inhlekisa ngokwayo, yayingqubuzana enkulu nayo
umbono ovezwe osomnotho baseChicago School phakathi nenkathi yobutha
ukuthatha (1976-1987) ukuthi ukuphikiswa okuvamile kwabaphathi kumabhidi wokuthatha
yayisekelwe ekuphishekeleni kwabaphathi izithakazelo zabo siqu.
Esinye sezikole zaseChicago
Izindatshana ezicashunwe kakhulu zikaGeorge Stigler owawina uMklomelo kaNobel, “Umphakathi
Ukulawulwa Kwezimakethe Zezibambiso,” yenzelwe ukufakazela ukuthi i-SEC kanye
ukudalulwa okudingekayo akwenzanga lutho oluwusizo ezimakethe zezibambiso. Lapha futhi, the
imakethe ingenza umsebenzi ngokwawo, asidingi mthetho kahulumeni. (Okunye kwe
okuhlangenwe nakho kwalo mbhali okujabulisa kakhulu kocwaningo eWharton kwaba a
ukusebenzisana noSolwazi Irwin Friend lapho sikhombise khona lokho
Ubufakazi buka-Stigler bokungasebenzi kwe-SEC bebusekelwe kudatha
ukukhwabanisa—ukuhlola kabusha isampula kuphela yedatha yakhe, sithole amaphutha edatha ayi-18, angu-17
okwasiza ukusekela icala lakhe futhi kwathinta imiphumela yokuhlolwa. Lokhu kwakusemoyeni
unyaka uStigler aklonyeliswa ngawo uMklomelo KaNobel.)
Ubutha lobu ku
ukulawulwa kukahulumeni nokholo ezimakethe akugcini nje e-Chicago
Isikole; ngoba lo mbono usekelwa izithakazelo zemali ukuthi
ukubusa izimakethe futhi sibe namandla e-veto phezu kwenqubomgomo, cishe ngeke sithole
noma yikuphi ukuhlehla kwemikhuba yamanje ebheke ekukhululweni, noma ngisho nezinyathelo ezisebenzayo
maqondana “nokungafihli,” kuze kube omunye umonakalo nezinhlekelele zemakethe
kuwenza buthaka amandla abo ngokungathi sína, njengoba kwenzeka ngesikhathi Sokuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho.
Do
opharetha bemakethe ngempela bafuna obala? Impendulo ithi: ngezinye izikhathi ku-a
idigri elinganiselwe; kodwa ngokuvamile abafuni nhlobo futhi balwe nayo
ngobudlova. Bakwamukela ngezinga elilinganiselwe ngo-1934 ngoba ngemva kwe-
ukuphahlazeka kwezimakethe zamasheya kanye nezambulo zokukhwabanisa okukhulu kwezimakethe, uhlelo lwe
ukudalulwa okugcwele okuqinisekiswe uhulumeni kwakudingeka ukuze kuhungwe abatshalizimali ukuthi babuye
ebakholisa ukuthi imakethe manje isithembekile. Kwamukeleka futhi ngoba
isidingo sokudalula sasinomkhawulo futhi singagwenywa futhi siquliswe amacala, futhi
ngoba izinto ezibucayi zingagqitshwa zijule emibhalweni emikhulu eyisicefe
ukuthi abemba abashisekayo kuphela abangazithola. Noma kunjalo, uhlelo cishe lwaluyi-a
inzuzo enkulu emphakathini futhi yenze ngandlela thize ukubamba ukweqisa kwebhizinisi.
Kodwa thatha icala
ukutshalwa kwezimali e-Suharto's Indonesia, lapho obala bekungekho. Ngo-1992 egcwele
isikhangiso sekhasi esibekwe ku New York Times by Chevron and Texaco yayinesihloko
"I-Indonesia: imodeli yokuthuthukiswa komnotho," nezinye izinkampani zikawoyela
babenentshisekelo efanayo ngamathuba okutshala imali e-Indonesia. Lokhu kwaba
uhlelo lwenkohlakalo enkulu, ukufumbathisa, nokuxhashazwa okuyilungelo
izinsiza ezazincike emandleni, ukwesabeka kombuso, kanye nemfihlo. Isikole saseChicago
umbono wokuthi imakethe izophoqelela ukudalulwa ngoba izobe inembile
iprimiyamu enobungozi obukhulu ibingasebenzi ngenxa yesistimu yelungelo plus
ukwesaba okukhiqizwe imbuyiselo ephezulu kakhulu kubo bobabili amaphekula kanye nawo
ozakwethu bezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, ngisho nenani eliphezulu lokufumbathisa.
Imfihlo izuzise bonke ozakwethu, njengoba ukuphumela obala bekuzodalula
imininingwane yokubulawa kwabantu abaningi, ukuxhashazwa kwezisebenzi, ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, ukweba,
kanye namazinga embuyiselo e-monopolistic aphezulu kakhulu.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1970
kuqhubeke kwaqashelwa ukuthi izindleko zokugwazelwa zokungena e-Indonesia zaziphezulu
nokuthi izikhulu ezincane ezilawulayo zazintshontsha amaphesenti angama-30 emali mboleko
kanye nezimali zosizo. Kodwa ngoba kwakunenzuzo kuChevron, Texaco, Mobil, kanye
amakhulu amaningana ezinye izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zase-US nezingezona zase-US, e-Indonesia
yanikezwa usizo olukhulu yi-World Bank Lending Group unyaka nonyaka, kwaba njalo
avunyelwe ukuthatha iMpumalanga Timor futhi abulale ingxenye yesine yalelo zwe
izakhamuzi ngaphandle kwempendulo evela "kumphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe," kanye
akekho obalulekile obize “ukuba sobala”. Kuphela ngemva kwemiphumela
Ukuwa "kwe-genocidist enhle" i-US, IMF, kanye neBhange Lomhlaba baqala khona
khuluma ngesidingo sokubeka izinto obala. Ukuphangwa kwabo okukhethekile
othishanhloko base bephelile okwesikhashana futhi amandla enkululeko manje ayengadinga
ukuziphatha okufanele kokunye ukubonakaliswa okumangalisayo kokuzenzisa. (Isicelo esisha
ukuveza izinto obala nakho bekuyingxenye yephrojekthi yokuphoqa lelo zwe elikhahlamezekile ukuba
zivuleleke kutshalomali olukhulu lwangaphandle.)
Enye isethi ebalulekile ye
Imifanekiso yobutha benkampani ekukhanyeni ingathathwa ku
irekhodi lemboni yamakhemikhali, imboni iye yaphikisana ngokufutheka
izimfuneko ukuthi amalungu ayo (noma ama-ejensi kahulumeni) adalule amakhemikhali wona
bafake emvelweni; futhi sekuyisikhathi eside bezama ukugcina ucwaningo
ukulimala kwamakhemikhali ngaphansi kokulawula kwabo ukuze kube lula ukungadalulwa noma
obfuscation ngokwanele ukugcina inkululeko yabo ubuthi. Lokhu kuyi-
Icala elibalulekile lobutha obala ngoba lithinta ilungelo loku
ukweqa imibandela yezempilo yomphakathi; nangosizo lukahulumeni kanye ne
abezindaba abaningi imboni yenze umsebenzi oncomekayo ukuthola lelo lungelo
okwejwayelekile.
Umzabalazo we
ukwenza izinto obala kuhulumeni kube yingxenye ebalulekile yomzabalazo
intando yeningi uqobo. Ukucaca kubalulekile ukusiza ukuvimbela ukweba
izikhulu zikahulumeni, ukwenza kube nzima ukuthi bazibandakanye ezindlini zangasese
iphathelene nezithakazelo zangempela ezikhethekile (okungukuthi, umphakathi wamabhizinisi), kanye noku
hlinzeka isakhamuzi ngesisekelo solwazi ukuze sikwazi ukwenza kanjalo
iqhaza ekuthathweni kwezinqumo zikahulumeni.
Nakuba obala has
mhlawumbe lenyuke ngombono weminyaka eyikhulu, isalokhu iyindlala
futhi ikhombisa izimpawu zokuhlehla ku-New World Order. Abaholi ababalulekile abafana
U-Thatcher noReagan babenobutha obala futhi bedelela uhulumeni
ukuvuleleka, futhi lokhu akukaze kulimaze ukuma kwabo nemithombo yezindaba yezinkampani. Okusha
I-World Order ingenye lapho ukwehlukana kweholo lezigaba kwanda khona futhi kunabantu abakhethekile
ukubusa kwenqubomgomo kuye kwaba namandla futhi akuyekethisi kancane. Lokhu kwenza
ukubeka izinto obala ekuphazamisekeni kukahulumeni; futhi empeleni enye yezitayela eziphawulekayo
emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule kube ukuthuthukiswa kwezikhungo kanye
izivumelwano ezifana neNhlangano Yezohwebo Yomhlaba, iNorth America Free Trade
Isivumelwano, kanye neSivumelwano esihlongozwayo se-Multilateral Agreement on Investment ukuthi
yakhelwe ukuba nezinqumo ezithathwe yizinhlangano eziyimfihlo ezingaphenduleki kuzo
izifunda zentando yeningi.
Lezi intuthuko ziye
kuqhubekele phambili, futhi ukukhanya kubuyiselwe emuva, ngoba okuvelele
i-corporate-political elite ifuna ukubeka obala okulinganiselwe, kanye nokubeka endaweni eyodwa
abezindaba bezinkampani, abangamalungu eqembu elifanayo lamandla, bayasebenzisana.
Ohulumeni basengagcina ulwazi lubalulekile ukuze umphakathi uzwisise
imfihlo nabaholi bangaqamba amanga cishe ngaphandle komkhawulo. Eqinisweni, omunye omkhulu
izifundo zenqubo yokubekwa icala kukaClinton yilezi: abaholi bangaqamba amanga futhi bazoqamba amanga,
kodwa akufanele neze bakwenze ngaphansi kwesifungo. Z