NgoFebhuwari 2012 kuzobe kuphawula iminyaka engu-15 ye-US Space Command isimemezelo sempi emhlabeni, okungukuthi isifiso sayo sokuzuza i-Full Spectrum Dominance yomhlaba, ulwandle, umoya, nomkhathi ongaphandle ngo-2020, "ukuvala igebe elihlala likhula phakathi kokunciphisa izinsiza kanye nokwandisa ukuzibophezela kwezempi. " Ephawula ngesimemezelo se-Space Command, uRebecca Johnson we-UN Disarmament Commission waphawula ukuthi, โImibono yokubusa okugcwele kwe-spectrumโฆ ibonwa njengosongo lwezokuphepha emazweni angenaso isifiso sezombusazwe noma inhloso yokusongela izwe. I-united states, kodwa obekungalindelwa izakhamizi zabo kanye namasosha ukuthi enze izindlela zokuthiba I-united states noma kunjalo.โ
Esinye sezici eziningi eziyingozi ze-Full Spectrum Dominance yimfundiso ye-US Air Force's Prompt Global Strike, ezonikeza I-united states, โikhono lokuhlasela ngokushesha okuhlosiwe okudlula ngokushesha noma okuvelayo okunenani eliphakeme ngaphandle kwesixwayiso, noma kuphi emhlabeniโโngamazwi e-US Air Force (USAF). Inkampani yaseBrithani i-BAE Systems yakha i-Taranis unmannned air vehicle (drone), eklanyelwe "ukuhlola ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukwakha i-UCAV) yokuqala ezimele, engakwazi ukushaya izindiza ngokushesha. ububanzi, ngisho nakwelinye izwekazi,โ yaziqhayisa inkampani, ikhombisa amandla endiza engaba khona ePrompt Global Strike.
Ukulandela ukuxhashazwa kwe-9/11, i-Pentagon kanye Whitehall yaphumelela ekutholeni izifunda ezimbili zamandla amakhulu emhlabeniโiMpumalanga Ephakathi kanye Asia Ephakathi. Ngaphansi kwezaba zokuzijuba kwesibopho sokuvikela, bakha izindlela zokulawula ingxenye yesithathuโiNyakatho Afrika (esikhundleni sokuhlasela kwe-NATO ngo. Libya). Abahleli bempi bacabanga izindawo ezibalulekile zamandla futhi, ekugcineni, umhlaba uwonke, ugadwa ngama-drones ukuze "uvale igebe elilokhu likhula," i-Space Command ethintekayo ngalo. Ngo-2009, kwabikwa, ngephutha, ukuthi uNobhala Wezokuvikela waseMelika uRobert Gates wayekhansele uhlelo lweFuture Combat Systems lwesikhathi sikaBush lwamadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-340, olwaklanyelwe "ukwakha ibutho elisha ngokuphelele, eliphinde lahlelwa kabusha ukwenza umsebenzi wamaphoyisa womhlaba."
Kuvele ukuthi uhlelo belungaqhubeki nje kuphela (ingxenye Yemoto Engalawulwa Phansi nje ibisikwa), kodwa empeleni, ibinwetshwa. Iqanjwe kabusha ngokuthi i-Army's Brigade Combat Team Modernization Initiative, lolu hlelo empeleni lubandakanya ukutholwa kwama-drones amaningi kunalokho obekulindelwe ngaphambilini, kuphawulwe u-PW Singer ku. Intambo Yempi, isifundo sakhe esivamile sentshiseko ngempi yamarobhothi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkontileka eziyinhloko zinikezwe i-Boeing corporation.
Lawa, kanye namanye ama-drones, avumela i-USAF ukuthi ikwazi ukufeza umgomo wayo omkhulu, "ukuthola, ukulungisa, ukulandelela, ukukhomba, kanye nokubandakanya noma yikuphi okuqondiwe komhlabathi onyakazayo noma kuphi emhlabeni."
Ukufa Kwezakhamuzi
Selokhu kwethulwa i-Boeing-co-produced Hellfire missile yasungulwa ku-Predator drone ngo-2002, izindleko zomuntu zama-drones ziye zanda. โ[U]de nomngcele osempumalanga onentaba Afghanistan, kubikwa ukuthi i-Predator ilandele yabulala abantu base-Afghan abathathu abasolisayo, kuhlanganise nendoda ende egqoke izingubo okucatshangwa ukuthi u-bin Laden. Izisulu kuvele ukuthi bekuyizakhamuzi ezingenacala ebeziqoqa izinsimbi,โ kusho uNksz New Yorker kubika. NgoNovemba walowo nyaka, abantu abayisithupha, ngamunye wabo okusolwa ukuthi bangamasosha e-al-Qaeda, nabo babulawa ngokucindezela inkinobho ngesikhathi bedlula. Yemen emotweni.
The US okwamanje isebenzisa imisebenzi emibili ye-drone: eyezempi kanye ne-CIA. Ezokugcina zihlukaniswa, futhi imiyalo yokubulawa iphuma ngokuqondile kumongameli. Ngesikhathi sikaGeorge W. Bush, i-CIA yenza ukuhlasela kwe-drone okwaziwayo okungu-45. Ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphatha kuka-Obama, i-CIA yenza ukuhlasela kwe-drone okwaziwayo okungu-53.
Ngokusho the Ijenali Yenqubomgomo Yangaphandle, uhlelo lwe-CIA โlunwebeka [kunamasosha], lufinyelele emazweni anjengala Pakistan, Yemen futhi Somalia.โ I-drone iyangena Somalia futhi kwezinye izindawo, โkuthukuthelisa umphakathi futhi kwenza amavukela-mbuso amaSulumane adume kakhulu.โ Encwadini yayo yomphakathi eya ku-Obama, i-Human Rights Watch iphawule ukuthi, "Uhulumeni wase-US uthi [umthandi wamaphekula, u-Anwar] u-al-Awlaki uxhumene ne-al Qaeda ezinze e-Yemen eNhlonhlweni yase-Arabia, kodwa akazange ambeke amacala asemthethweni. ,โ ephetha ngokuthi ukuqondisa abantu ekufeni ngaphandle kwenqubo yomthetho โkuyokwephula nakanjani umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe futhi kube isibonelo esiyingozi emibusweni ehlukumezayo emhlabeni wonke.โ Ukuchithwa kuka-Obama kwe-Executive Order 12333 kunikeze umongameli ilungelo azikhethele lona lokubulala. US bezizwe (al-Awlaki) ngesisekelo sezinkolelo zabo (noma ngabe lezo zinkolelo zinyanyisa futhi zicunula).
Ngo-2009, uKathy Kelly wabika ukuthi zingu-30 izikole Afghanistan ibisivaliwe ngoba izingane zesaba kakhulu ama-drones ukuthi zingakwazi ukuya futhi ezizile azikwazanga ukugxilisa ingqondo. Ijenali Yenqubomgomo Yangaphandle ibike ukuthi, "Kusukela ngoJanuwari 2008, ngaphezu kuka-1,000 ama-Predator andiza aphuma e-Balad," i-Air Base elawulwa yi-US Iraq, โethatha amahora angaphezu kuka-20,000 XNUMX.โ I New York Times bathi ngo-2007, i-US yethula iziteleka ezingama-46 e-Iraq, ezingama-77 ngo-2008, nezingu-6 ngo-2009. Njengoba iziteleka ngokusobala zehla Iraq, banda kakhulu Pakistan futhi Afghanistan.
NgoJanuwari 2010, iBloomberg yabika ukuthi uhulumeni wasePakistan โuthe awusekeli US Ukuhlasela kwezindiza ezikhumulweni zezindiza endaweni yayo njengoba kungenanzuzo, ngemuva kwemibiko yokuthi ukuhlaselaโฆkubulale amasosha angu-17 [okusolwa, asolwa] endaweni esenyakatho-ntshonalanga emngceleni. Afghanistan.โ Ngo-2010, kwabikwa ukuthi selokhu kuqale ukusebenza kwe-drone ku Pakistan ngo-2004, abaqhubi babulale abantu abayi-1,200. Kulelo nani, amaphesenti angama-32 bekuyizakhamizi, ngokusho kwenhlangano eyeseka ukuhlaselwa ngama-drone, iNew America Foundation.
Lokhu kuzobukeka kuwukubukelwa phansi okukhulu uma sicabanga ukuthi umeluleki wezempi kaGeneral Petraeus, uLt. Col. David Kilcullen, wazisa i New York Times ukuthi abantu abangu-714 babulawa abaqhubi be-drone ePakistan kusukela maphakathi no-2008 kuya maphakathi no-2009 kuphela, abangu-14 kubo "abasolwa be-al-Qaeda" kanye / noma baseTaliban-okusho ukuthi amaphesenti angu-98 ezisulu kuleso sikhathi esisodwa kwakungabantu abavamile. (Isibalo sika-Kilcullen sihlanganiswe nezinye izici ezikhona ocwaningweni lwe-New America Foundation.)
Ezinyangeni ezimbili zokuqala zika-2010, okungenani abantu abangu-140 babulawa ekuhlaselweni kwe-drone. Ngalowo nyaka, i- US sethule iziteleka eziyi-118. Ngokusho kweChannel 4 News Online, i-New America Foundation ilinganisela ukuthi phakathi kwabantu abangu-607 kuya ku-993 babulawa abaqhubi be-drone ngo-2010 futhi "isisekelo [sic] siphakamisa ukuthi amaphesenti amabili kuphela abe yizibalo eziphezulu zeTaliban noma ze-al-Qaeda," isibalo. okuhambisana nesilinganiso sika-Kilcullen sonyaka odlule. Esifundeni sase-Afghanistan-Pakistan, "inani lokuhlasela liye lenyuka lisuka koyedwa ngesonto laya kokukodwa ngosuku," Ijenali Yenqubomgomo Yangaphandle kuphawulwe.
NgoMashi 17, 2011, i-Associated Press yabika ukuthi โinduna yamasosha ePakistan [u-Ashfaq Kayani] ikugxeke kakhulu ukuhlasela kwe-drone yase-US eyabulala abantu abangaphezu kweshumi nambili, yathi imicibisholo ihlasele umhlangano onokuthula wabadala bezizwe eduze nomngcele wase-Afghan.โฆ Kayani's Ukulahlwa kwecala kuphambana nezitatimende ezinikezwe izikhulu zezobunhloli zasePakistan,โ okubike i-AP ekuqaleni ukuthi "abantu abangu-38 ababulewe kanye nabalimala abayisikhombisa kulokhu kuhlasela bekungamaphekula abehlangene ukuze adingide ngokuthumela amanye amasosha empini. Afghanistan. "
Ukuhlaselwa kwe-Drone kubonakala kuhlotshaniswa nentuthuko entsha ethusayo ekubulaweni kwezempi/okuyimfihlo: โama-nanotags,โ noma ama-Radiofrequency Identification (RFID) chips. โNganikwa u-US$122 ukuthi ngiwise ama-chips ayegoqwe ngephepha likagwayi ezindlini ze-al-Qaeda neTaliban. Uma ngiphumelela, ngatshelwa, ngangizonikezwa izinkulungwane zamaRandi,โ insizwa yaseWiziristan yavuma phambi kweTaliban ngaphambi kokuba idutshulwe ngokuvukela umbuso. โBengicabanga ukuthi umsebenzi olula kakhulu lona. Imali yayinhle kakhulu ngaqala ngalahla ama-chips wonke. Ngangazi ukuthi abantu bayafa ngenxa yento engangiyenza, kodwa ngangiyidinga imali.โ I US Isazi-mlando nomphenyi, uGareth Porter, sabika ukuthi โizakhamuzi zase Waziristan, okuhlanganisa nomfundi oyedwa ohlonzwe ngelika-Taj Muhammad Wazir, ukuqinisekisile ukuthi indoda yesizwe ikhokhelwe ukuze ibeke imishini ukuze ihlasele iziteleka zama-drone."
The New Yorker iphinde yabika "amahlebezi okuthi abakhokhi bentela be-CIA bebetshala imishini emincane ye-silicon-chip homing yama-drones ezindaweni zezizwe." Zikhona kudala US izinhlelo zezempi zokuthi "nanotag" yonke into.
I-Radicalizing "Abangane Bethu Abancane be-Paki"
eBrithaniINkosana uHarry uyisibonelo sokucwasa okungapheli kwenkathi yobukoloni UK lapho ebiza omunye wozakwabo eMbuthweni, u-Ahmed Raza Khan, ngokuthi โumngane wethu omncane kaPakiโโokwakuyihlaya nje. Ukubukela phansi abantu bezinye ubudala, ubuzwe, ubulili, isizwe, inkolo, njll., kuyingxenye edingekayo yenqubo yokwehliswa kobuntu, yona ngokwayo edingekayo ukuze uzame ukuthethelela ukubulawa nokuhlukunyezwa kwabanyeโikakhulukazi kuyena. Uma kukhulunywa ngama-drones, nokho, kubonakala kunohlobo olusha lokuhlukaniswa ngokwengqondo phakathi kwesenzo nomphumela. Ngo-2009, i-UN Reporter on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, u-Philip Alston, waxwayisa ngokuthi opharetha basengozini yokuba โnomqondo we-Playstation [sic]โ wokubulala. Ngempela, amaphaneli amaningi okulawula ama-drone namarobhothi amodelwa ku-PlayStation naku-Xbox joypads.
Izithombe ezisanhlamvu, ezinombala omhlophe, nezinokulungiswa okuphansi kwezakhiwo eziguquguqukayo zibonakala ziyingxenye yenqubo yenkulumo-ze yokuhlakazeka enkathini โyezimpi ezihlanzekile.โ Abezindaba abavamile ukubika ukuthi ngubani owayesebhilidini elinikeziwe futhi, lapho benza kanjalo, bavame ukusho izinsolo zamasosha ezingaphikiswanga zokuthi izisulu bekungamasosha e-al-Qaeda noma ama-Taliban. Lokhu akumangazi. Uhlelo lwe-USAF lweminyaka engama-46 lokunwetshwa kwendiza engenazindiza yasho ngo-2009 ukuthi i-Air Force izofuna ukuphatha yonke imininingwane ekhishwe kwabezindaba mayelana nokuhlaselwa kwe-drone.
"Ukuze kwenziwe umkhankaso wokuxhumana ophumelelayo, imisebenzi yezindaba zomphakathi igxile ezindaweni ezintathu eziyinhloko zokusebenza-Ubudlelwano Bemidiya, Ulwazi Lwangaphakathi kanye Nobudlelwane Bomphakathi," ngokohlelo olunemininingwane. โNgaphezu kwalokho, amasu okuxhumana enziwa emazingeni aphezulu kahulumeni ngobuholi obufanele be-Air Force ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqonda kwabaholi nabenzi bomthetho nge-UAS [izinhlelo zasemoyeni ezingalawulwa] indima yamanje neyesikhathi esizayo.โ
โUngaba nobunzima bokuthola umuntu wasePakistani noma kuphi emhlabeni, kungakhathalekile ukuthi ukuliphi izinga, imfundo, noma ubuzwe, ongaphikisani neziteleka zase-US ezibulale amakhulu abantu abangenacala ePakistan selokhu uMengameli uBarack Obama athatha izintambo, โ Iviki Lebhizinisi kubika, wengeza ngokuthi, "Kungaba nzima futhi ukuthola umuntu wasePakistan ongaphikisani nohulumeni e-Islamabad ukuthi avumele iziteleka ziqhubeke."
U-Liaquat Ali Khan ubike ku-CounterPunch ukuthi, "Ecaleni elifakwe eNkantolo Ephakeme yasePakistan," isicelo sasifundeka kanje: "AmaMelika, njengasesikhathini [sowayenguMongameli wasePakistan] u-Mus-harraf, nawo anikezwe inkululeko nguMongameli Zardari. kanye namalungelo ayisisekelo abantu (bendabuko) ephulwa nsuku zonke ezindaweni zezizwe kanye (ezindaweni ezisenyakatho) ye-Dir, Swat, ne-Chitral. Isibalo esikhulu sabantu (bendabuko) sithuthele kulezi zindawo futhi balahlekelwa kakhulu bengenathemba lokubuyela ezindlini zabo ngenxa US ukuhlaselwa kwe-drone, kodwa uhulumeni uhlezi njengesibukeli esithule. "
โUkucabanga lokho Pakistan isekela ngasese iziteleka ze-drone," kuqhubeka u-Ali Khan, "amasosha aziphindiselela aseqalile ukuhlasela amadolobha asezintabeni Lahore futhi Islamabad. Njengoba ukuhlasela kwe-drone kuqhubeka kubulala futhi kudala ama-IDP [abantu abaxoshwa ngaphakathi] phakathi kwabantu bomdabu futhi njengoba amasosha enza izinyathelo zokuziphindiselela emadolobheni amakhulu, ahlome ngezikhali zenuzi. Pakistan kubikezelwa ukuthi izongena ezinxushunxushwini ezingalawuleki nasezibhicongweni ezisongela ukuthula nokulondeka komhlaba wonke.โ
Ekuhlaziyeni kwabo inani lokufa okuphelele ku Pakistan kusuka ezitelekeni ze-drone phakathi kwasekuqaleni- kuya maphakathi no-2009, i-BBC South Asia-ngokushoyo, hhayi i-BBC UK-igqamise ukuhambisana phakathi kokuhlasela kwe-drone nokuziphindiselela kwamaphekula. Phakathi kuka-2009 no-2010, "cishe abantu abangu-2,500 babulawa Pakistan ngomphumela we US ama-drones kanye nokuhlasela kwamasosha amaSulumane.โฆ Izinqaba zamasosha amaSulumane endaweni eseduze nomngcele Afghanistan kuhloswe ngu US Izindiza ze-drone, kuyilapho, ngesikhathi esifanayo, izidlamlilo zamaSulumane ziye zahlasela ngaphesheya Pakistan. "
I-BBC iqhubekile nokuchaza ukuthi kanjani, โMissile attack by US ama-drones phakathi PakistanIzizwe zezizwe zezizwe ziphindwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezintathu ngaphansi kombuso ka-Obama.โฆ Uma kuqhathaniswa neziteleka ezingama-25 phakathi kukaJanuwari 2008 noJanuwari 2009, kube nokuhlaselwa okunjalo okungenani okungama-87 phakathi kukaMongameli Obama ethatha izintambo zingama-20 kuJanuwari 2009 kanye ekupheleni kukaJuni 2010. More bangaphezu kuka-700 abantu asebebulewe ekuhlaselweni okunje ngaphansi kukaMnu. Obama, uma kuqhathaniswa nabangaphansi kuka-200 ngaphansi kukamanduleli wakhe, uGeorge W Bush. Ukuhlehla kwamasosha ngesikhathi esifanayo kube nodlame nakakhulu. Ontamolukhuni bahlasele izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-140 ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zasePakistan, kwashona abantu abangaphezu kuka-1,700, kwalimala nabanye abangamakhulu.โ
I-BBC iphethe ngokuthi, โPakistan ubelokhu ephikisana ngokuthi ukuhlasela kwe-drone kuvimbela kunokuba kusize empini yokulwa no-extremism, ethi kubhebhezela intukuthelo yomphakathi ngokumelene nohulumeni kanye US futhi sikhulise ukwesekwa kwamasosha.โ Ulwazi mayelana nembangela kanye nomphumela we-drone mayelana nokuthi ukubulawa kwabantu okunje kwenza kube nenani labantu akuvamile ukubikwa yizinkundla zezindaba zethelevishini zaseNtshonalanga, okwenza ubushokobezi bamaSulumane (obuhlale bubikwa) bubonakale bungavunyelwe.
Muva nje, iReuters ibike โintukuthelo ekhulayo yabantu basePakistan abagxeka uhulumeni ngokukhothama US izifiso.โ Mhlawumbe emzamweni wokushweleza okwandayo ukuphikiswa kwezakhamizi ekuhlaselweni ngama-drone, uMongameli u-Zardari uvumile ukuthi "ama-drones enza abantu abaningi bahlanganyele neTaliban," kubika u-Arnaud de Borchgrave.
Ngo 2009, PakistanUNdunankulu, u-Yousuf Raza Gilani, "uthe imicibisholo igadla US ama-drones ezindaweni zezizwe ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga ezisemngceleni Afghanistan empeleni babeqinisa amasosha,โ the Izikhathi Zezezimali (London) kubika. UMehdi Hasan ku Guardian wachaza ukuthi u-Obama โusekela ukubulawa kwabantu ngokungakhethi Pakistan ingakhuthaza kuphela amagagasi amasha ezempi.โ UDavid Kilcullen ukubonile ukuthi "Bonke kulaba abangamasosha abashonile bamele umndeni ohlukanisiwe, impindiselo entsha, kanye nabaningi ababuthela umbutho wezidlamlilo okhule kakhulu njengoba kwanda iziteleka ze-drone."
U-Kathy Kelly ubike ku-Huffington Post, "Ama-drones anika ulwazi lwezobunhloli ngehora US abakhuzi bezempi, kodwa imishini ayikwazi ukwazisa abantu mayelana nentukuthelo ekhulayo njenge US iqhuba imisebenzi yokubulala emazweni kuwo wonke amaSulumane anamandla ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.3.โ U-Kelly ucaphune uFred Branfman ethi, โIthengiswa njengokuvikela abantu baseMelika โฆ[empeleni] ibeka thina sonke engozini. Labo ababhekene nakho, ngokuyinhloko uGeneral Petraeus, bafuna inzuzo yesikhashana yesikhashana ngenkathi benza iphutha elikhulu lesikhathi eside elingase liholele ekufeni kwabantu abaningi baseMelika eminyakeni namashumi eminyaka ezayo. "
Ngokufanayo, Le Monde diplomatique ukuqinisekisile lokho, โAma-drones enza kube nzima ukucasuka kwabantu basePakistan: Umbono womphakathi, osevele ubheka uhulumeni wawo njengokhohlakele, ubona ama-drones njengokuhlasela ukuba semthethweni kwamandla ezwe. Ngenkathi iningi lomhlaba linikeza u-Obama udumo oluningi kunomanduleli wakhe, izilinganiso zakhe zingenile Pakistan ziphakeme kancane kunezikaGeorge Bush.โ
Ngaphezu kwalokho, Iviki Lebhizinisi ibike ukuthi idolobha okwazalelwa kulo ibhomu le-Times Square elihlulekile, uFaisal Shahzad, "liseduze nesifunda sasePakistan lapho amasosha manje esehlaselwa khona. US ukuhlaselwa ngama-drone.โ Ungoti wobuphekula uJerrold Post ucashunwe ethi, โKunemizwa eshubile emelene neMelika Pakistan. Lokhu kukhuliswe ngokunye kokubulawa kwe-drone, [kanye] nokubulawa okuhlosiwe.โ Iviki Lebhizinisi wengeze ngokuthi, "UShahzad wazizwa edangele lapho uhulumeni wasekhaya ehluleka ukumisa iziteleka zezindiza eziqhutshwa nguhulumeni wezwe lakhe. Kubonakala sengathi uye wabhekana nohlobo oluthile lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, okwathi ngemva kwalokho wayengasachazwa umkhaya nomsebenzi, kodwa ngalokho ayenomuzwa wokuthi ukwehluleka kwawo womabili la mazwe.โ
I-Human Rights Watch iphawule embikweni wayo waminyaka yonke womhlaba wonke ukuthi, "Imizwa emelene ne-US yajula kakhulu ePakistan ngo-2009 ngenxa yokubonwa kwe-US yokwephula ubukhosi basePakistan ngokusebenzisa iziteleka zezindiza ezindaweni zezizwe ezabulala amakhulukhulu ezakhamizi kanye namahemuhemu aqhubekayo, aphikwa ngabasePakistan. iziphathimandla, ukuthi abasebenzi benkampani ezimele yamasosha i-Xe Services ([eyayiyi-Blackwater) baqhuba imisebenzi ecashile ePakistan," ephetha ngokuthi "Izingxenye ezinkulu zomphakathi wasePakistani, ikakhulukazi abenzi bemibono kanye nabezindaba, basola ukuziphatha kwe-US ngokwanda kokuhlasela kwamaphekula. ezweni, njengoba bezwakalise ukweseka okubanzi kukahulumeni ekulweni neTaliban namaqembu angaphansi kwayo. "
Ukumelana ne-Drone kubonakala kunzima, njengoba โinkantolo yasePakistan ibambe [ibambe] ukuchithwa kwesicelo esiphikisayo. US ukuhlaselwa ngama-drone,โ kusho Ijaji kubikwe ngo-2009. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uKathy Kelly nabangane bakhe abathathu baboshwa I-united states ngokungena ngokungemthetho, โlapho ngemva komlindelo wezinsuku eziyishumi ngaphandle kwesizinda samasosha asemoyeni [eCreech], sangena kuso nencwadi esasifuna ukuyisakaza phakathi kwezisebenzi, ichaza ukumelana kwethu nohlelo olukhulu lokubulala okuhloswe ngalo.โ
Le Monde diplomatique yagqamisa โiqiniso lezomnothoโ lokubulala abantu ngamarobhothi. โKubiza u-$2.6m ukuqeqesha a US umshayeli wendiza kanye no-$135,000 nje kuphela wokuqeqesha umshayeli wendiza eyi-drone.โ UMicah Zenko, weCouncil on Foreign Relations, ucashunwe ethi ngo-2008, "abaphathi bakaBush bathatha isinqumo sokuguqula i-CIA ibe ibutho lasemoyeni eliphikisayo elisebenzela uhulumeni wasePakistan ... Ukuhlaselwa kweCIA kuyimfihlo. , evimbela ukuba kube nenkulumo-mpikiswano yomphakathi mayelana nokusebenza kwawo.โ
Kukhona into ejwayelekile kubahlaziyi bezobunhloli, okubonakala kungangeni ekuhlaziyweni okujwayelekile noma okulwa nempi, okusho ukuthi i-destabilised Pakistan isentshisakalweni yePentagon ngenxa yomphumela wayo oqeda amandla China. Ucwaningo lweNational Intelligence Council (NIC) lwaveza ngo-2008 ukuthi iPakistan "izoqhuma," izophazamisa isifiso sikawoyela negesi saseSino-Iranian sokwakha ipayipi elinqamula ePakistan ukuze linikeze iChina izinsiza ezishibhile zase-Iran (i-China isivele balahlekelwa uwoyela wase-Iraq ngenxa yokuqashwa kwamaNgisi namaMelika, ama-Iraqi alahlekelwe kakhulu ngokungenakuqhathaniswa). โChinaukukhathazeka mayelana nokuphepha ku Pakistanโฆzimise izinhlelo zepayipi likawoyela ePakistan-China,โ kugcizelela i-NIC. Ngo-2025, i-NIC yabikezela ocwaningweni lwangomuso, โizinhlelo ezibambezeleke isikhathi eside โzomzila wokuthulaโ oxhumanisayo. Iran, Pakistan, kanye ne-India (IPI) zibuyele endleleni futhi futhi ipayipi le-IPI linganwetshwa ukuze China,โ yingakho isidingo sokungaqini Pakistan. Okuwukuphela kwemizila engenzeka yepayipi idlula Afghanistan futhi Pakistan-enye yazo ingaphansi kwe-Anglo-American futhi enye ibhekene nokuhlaselwa okukhulayo kwe-drone.
Le midlalo โye-chessboardโ, njengoba amakoloni aseBrithani ayevame ukubhekisela ekonakaleni kwezimpilo zabantu, inamandla engeziwe, anamandla okubulala emhlabeni wanamuhla ohlome ngezikhali zenuziโnjengoba uLiaquat Ali Khan, nabanye, baye babonisa. Njengoba imingcele yezohwebo yehliswa ye-nanotech nobunye ubuchwepheshe obuyingozi kakhulu, uhlanga lwesintu lududulelwa kulokho uMartin Rees, omunye wezazi zezinkanyezi ezihamba phambili emhlabeni, akuxwayisa encwadini yakhe. Ihora Lethu Lokugcina?, okungukuthi amathuba esintu โamashumi amahlanu nanhlanuโ okusinda eminyakeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye ezayo โngaphandle kwesithikamezo esingathi sรญna.โ
I-Robot Ethics?
Eminyakeni embalwa ngemva kwesexwayiso sikaRees, ucwaningo olujutshwe yi-US Navy mayelana nezimiso zamarobhothi lwaphawula ukuthi โamasistimu amakhompiyutha omphakathi ahlulekile futhi aphakamisa ukukhathazeka okungadlulela ezicelweni zempiโฆ Ngakho, kuyasikhathaza ukuthi nathi singase singakwazi. ukumisa uchungechunge lwezenzakalo (ezingase zibe yingozi) ezibangelwa izimiso zamasosha ezizimele ezicubungula ukwaziswa futhi ezingenza ngesivinini esingaqondakali kithi, ngokwesibonelo, ngezindiza ezihamba ngesivinini esiphezulu ezingenamuntu.โ Ngokufanayo, uMnyango Wezokuvikela Wase-UK (MOD), eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, wabikezela ukuthi ngo-2040, โukwanda kobunzima bokuxhumana kungase kwandise ubungozi, kanye nomthelela wokwehluleka kwezinhlelo eziyinhlekelele [ukugcizelela ekuqaleni].โ
Lezi zinhlelo eziyingozi kakhulu zizoba yingozi nakakhulu njengoba abantu bekhishwa "ekuhambeni," ukuze basebenzise inkulumo yezempi, ngezinhlelo ezizimele. Ngokohlelo lokunwetshwa kwendiza engenazindiza ye-USAF, โNgokwanda kwabantu ngeke besaba โku-loop,โ kodwa kunalokho babe โku-loopโโbegade ukukhishwa kwezinqumo ezithile. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo olujutshwe yi-US Navy-Commissioner luthi, "Enye yezinto ezimbalwa eziseduze ekuthuthukisweni kwamarobhothi ezempi ukuthi ukugcina umuntu esesimweni sokuthatha izinqumo kuzokwehlisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwempi," okusho ukuthi ukuphepha kuwuphawu. iphutha lesikhungo lezempi.
Izinselelo ezinkulu zobuntu mhlawumbe zabekwa kangcono ocwaningweni lwesikhathi esizayo olwenziwa yi-MOD, olwanyatheliswa eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambi kwalolu olucashunwe ngenhla: โOkuningi okukhathazayo ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha kusekuvikelekeni kwabo, okuhlanganisa namandla okuba nemiphumela eyinhlekelele, ehleliwe futhi engahleliwe.โ Singase sifise ukunaka igama elihleliwe. โNgokwesibonelo, kuthiwa i-nanotechnology ingaba nomthelela omubi endaweni ezungezile, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kungase kungalawuleki nokuthi i-AI [intelligence yokwenziwa] ingaba ngaphezu kweyabantu, kodwa ngaphandle komphumela ovimbelayo wesimo somphakathi somuntu.โ I-MoD iphethe ngokuthi, "Izimo ezihlukahlukene zosuku lwembubhiso ezivela ngokuphathelene nalezi zindawo kanye nezinye zentuthuko ziveza amathuba okuba nemithelela eyinhlekelele, ekugcineni ehlanganisa ukuphela komhlaba, noma okungenani kobuntu."
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U-Tim Coles ungumbhali nomenzi wefilimu okuvele kundatshana yakhe Umagazini we-Z futhi Ukuthula Buyekeza.