Cama-apitalists kufanele njalo bakhe izindlela zokunqoba izinkinga ezingapheli zesistimu yabo ewohlokayo. Omunye umthombo oyinhloko walezi zinkinga ukuthambekela kokuthi izinga lenzuzo lehle. Esinye isici iqiniso lokuthi ubunxiwankulu bubukela phansi izimo zobukhona babo (kanye nawo wonke umuntu) ngokucekela phansi imvelo ukuze buthelele izinsiza.
Isigaba sonxiwankulu sinenqwaba yezinhlangano, ezivame ukuhlonzwa ngokuthi "ama-think tanks" noma "izinhlangano zenqubomgomo," ezenza imisebenzi yokuphatha uhlelo yokuhlela kusengaphambili-okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kwemibono, ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubomgomo, inkulumo-ze, kanye nesenzo sezombusazwe. Enye yezinhlangano ezimaphakathi nezinamandla kakhulu kulezi zinhlangano zonxiwankulu i-US Chamber of Commerce efunde kancane, Washington Post muva nje ibizwa ngokuthi "iqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke esizweni." Isebenze kakhulu ngesikhathi senhlekelele yamanje yemali futhi imisebenzi yayo isifana nempi evuselelwe ngokumelene nezintshisakalo zabasebenzi ekhaya naphesheya.
Isithombe se-US Chamber of Commerce
Yasungulwa ngo-1912, i-Chamber, ngamagama ayo: "Inhlangano yebhizinisi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni emele izithakazelo zamabhizinisi angaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu zawo wonke amasayizi, imikhakha, nezifunda, kanye nezahluko zombuso nezendawo kanye nezinhlangano zezimboni." Izinkulungwane zamaChambers of Commerce wesifunda nawendawo kanye namakhulu ezinhlangano zamabhizinisi ziyingxenye ye-US Chamberโilinganiselwa ukuthi inamalungu angaba ngu-300,000.
Yize igcizelela ukuxhumana kwayo namabhizinisi amancane, inhlangano ikhombisa kakhulu izintshisekelo zamalungu ayo amakhulu ezinkampani. Isibonelo, ubuholi obuphezulu be-Chamber buhlanganiswe ngabantu abacebile kakhulu abanobudlelwane obuseduze nezinkampani ezinkulu zase-US. Umongameli wamanje weChamber kanye ne-CEO (kusukela ngo-1997) u-Thomas J. Donahue-okhokhelwa umsebenzi wonyaka owodwa (2008) wawungu-$3.7 wezigidi-futhi ungumqondisi we-Union Pacific Corporation. Amalungu ebhodi kaDonohue ahlanganisa usihlalo osewathatha umhlalaphansi u-Conoco Phillips, uzakwabo jikelele kaBrown Brothers Harriman, owayengusihlalo kanye no-CEO we-Weyerhaeuser, kanye nabaphathi bangaphambili beDuPont, Phelps Dodge, kanye neLouisiana Pacific.
I-Chamber futhi (kusukela ngo-2004) iyilungu lebhizinisi loMkhandlu Wezobudlelwano Nangaphandle (CFR), enye inhlangano emaphakathi yesigaba sonxiwankulu baseMelika uDonahue ayilungu layo. Usihlalo webhodi le-Chamber, u-Thomas D. Bell, Jr., uyilungu le-CFR futhi ube yisikhulu esiphezulu kwa: Ball Corporation (inkampani yezimboni enabasebenzi ababalelwa ku-14,000); Abancane nabakwaRubican (isikhungo sokukhangisa esinabasebenzi abangaba ngu-16,000); I-Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation; Norfolk Southern; kanye ne-SecurAmerica. Usihlalo wamanje we-Chamber of Commerce kanye nosihlalo wamanje wekomidi eliphezulu le-Chamber u-Robert S. Milligan, ophinde abe ngusihlalo we-MI Industries, futhi osebenza eMkhandlwini KaMongameli Wenhlangano Kazwelonke Yabakhiqizi. Umkakhe useBhodini Labaqondisi be-Wells Fargo Bank nezinye izinkampani.
I-Chamber kanyekanye iyinhlangano yokucabanga, inhlangano yobulungu, kanye nenhlangano yezepolitiki ehlangene (eyiRiphabhulikhi kakhulu) enamagatsha nemisebenzi eminingi. Imisebenzi ebalulekile ye-Chamber kanye nezinhlangano ezincane zihlanganisa ifemu yabameli bangaphakathi, i-National Chamber Litigation Center, evame ukufaka amacala amasha angaphezu kwe-100 unyaka ngamunye. Ngo-2009, isibonelo, lafaka icala enkantolo izikhathi ezingu-134, laphonsela inselelo izinhlobonhlobo zalokho iChamber ekubiza ngokuthi "izinyathelo zokulwa nebhizinisi."
I-US Chamber iphinde ixhase "Isikhungo Samandla Ekhulu Lama-21," umsebenzi waso ohlanganisa ukufunda i-geopolitics yezingozi zokuphepha kwamandla e-US, okugxile ekutholeni ukunikezwa kukawoyela negesi eMpumalanga Ephakathi ngokusebenzisa ukubuswa kwe-US kwamanye amazwe kanye nezempi. UJenene James L. Jones, Jr., umongameli walesi sikhungo, wacelwa uMongameli Obama ukuba abe nguMeluleki wakhe Wezokuphepha Kuzwelonke. Ngaphambi kokungena kuhulumeni, uJones wayengumqondisi we-Chevron kanye ne-Boeing Corporation, izinkampani ezimbili ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe. Iphini likamongameli wamanje we-Institute ngu-Frederick C. Smith, ofana noJones, owayeyisikhulu sezempi sase-US. USmith wachitha isikhathi e-Iraq phakathi neminyaka kaBush njengomeluleki omkhulu wezempi. Umsebenzi wakhe kwakuwukuhlakaza amasosha ase-Iraq futhi akhe "uMnyango Wezokuvikela" omusha we-Iraq ngemigqa yase-US. Ukhumbule ukuthi abeluleki baseBrithani asebenza nabo e-Iraq benza "igalelo elikhulu kakhulu" ngenxa "yesizinda sabo sobukhosi," okwabenza bakwazi ukufaka isandla kakhulu "ekwakhiweni kwesizwe" (okungukuthi, ukudala ikoloni yase-US) imizamo lapho. wayethembisene umshado.
I-Chamber futhi iphethe i-Centre for International Private Enterprise (CIPE), eyingxenye ye-National Endowment for Democracy (NED) exhaswe nguhulumeni wase-US. Ngo-2009, sonke isabelomali sokusebenza se-CIPE savela ku-NED, uMnyango WezoMbuso, kanye ne-USAID. Njengoba kwenzeka kwezinye izinhlelo zeChamber, inhloso ye-CIPE ukusunduza ubunxiwankulu bebhizinisi elizimele kanye "noguquko olugxile emakethe" emazweni nabantu abasengozini, ikakhulukazi labo bamazwe asathuthuka kanye neMpumalanga Yurophu. Izizwe ezingaphansi kombuso wezempi wase-US noma ezisongelwa udlame oluvela emabuthweni ahlomile ase-US ziphakathi kwezinto ezibalulekile ezihlosiwe ze-CIPE. Lokhu kuqala kuboniswa izindawo zamahhovisi alo ayisithupha kusukela ngo-September 2010โi-Afghanistan, i-Iraq, iPakistan, i-Egypt, iRomania, neRussia. Okunye okukhomba izinto ezibalulekile ze-CIPE uxhaso lwayo ngokwezifunda. Amaphesenti aphelele angama-45 ohlelo lwayo loxhaso lwezimali ngo-2009 aya eMpumalanga Ephakathi naseNyakatho Afrika, amanye amaphesenti ayi-14 aya e-Asia, amaphesenti ayi-12 aya e-Eurasia, namaphesenti ayi-10 aya eLatin America. Njengoba kubikwe kuMbiko Wonyaka we-CIPE ka-2009, isebenze kakhulu "ekuthuthukiseni isimo esivumayo sokutshala imali" e-Iraq ngokuyalela osomabhizinisi base-Iraqi ngezihloko ezinjengokuphathwa kwenhlangano, ukuhlaziya indawo yebhizinisi, ukuthuthukiswa kwesu lokutshala izimali zesifundazwe, kanye nokumaketha. Emsebenzini wayo ibambisana eduze nehhovisi lenxusa laseMelika e-Iraq, okuyihhovisi lenxusa elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni (futhi elikhulu kunawo wonke elakhiwa yinoma yiliphi izwe emlandweni womhlaba).
Ibhodi yabaqondisi ye-CIPE yabantu abangu-21 iqukethe uhlobo olufanayo lwabaholi besigaba esibusayo sezinkampani abaphethe iChamber. Abayisithupha kwabangu-21 bangamalungu oMkhandlu Wezobudlelwano Nangaphandle, okuhlanganisa nomongameli weChamber kanye ne-CEO uThomas J. Donohoe. Abangama-21 bonke banezikhundla zamanje noma zangaphambili ezinkampanini eziholayo zase-US, eziningi zazo ezinentshisekelo enkulu yezempi noma yezamabhizinisi angaphandle. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-Intel, Raytheon, Rand, Nike, Bankers Trust, Northwest Capital, Gap, Google, Facebook, kanye neFairfax Group.
Enye ingxenye ebalulekile yomsebenzi weChamber ukunxenxa ipolitiki kanye nemisebenzi yokuxhasa ngezimali imikhankaso. Isebenzisa imali eningi icindezela osopolitiki ukuthi benze intando yabo, okwenza kube, ngokwamagama New York Times, "i-lobbyist enkulu kunazo zonke e-United States." Umzamo "uyi-bi-partisan" ngoba womabili amaDemocrats namaRepublicans anxenxwa kakhulu yiChamber. Kodwa cishe amaphesenti angama-90 eminikelo yomkhankaso weChamber aya koxhaso. hlasela izikhangiso ngokumelene nama-Democrats noma usize ngokuqondile amakhandidethi e-Republican. I-Chamber yachitha amashumi ezigidi zamadola ngonyaka wokhetho ka-2010, ikakhulukazi ukusiza ukukhetha amaRiphabhulikhi, igxile kakhulu emijahweni esondelene enqume ukulawula kweNdlu yabaMeli.
Imali yalolu hlelo oluphambili iphuma kubaxhasi abambalwa. Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngabakwa New York Times (10/22/10) ithole ukuthi, nakuba iChamber ithi imele amabhizinisi ayizigidi ezi-3 futhi inamalungu angaba ngu-300,000, cishe ingxenye yeminikelo yayo eyizigidi ezingu-140 ngo-2008 ivela kubanikeli abangama-45 kuphela. Akungabazeki ukuthi laba baxhasi abakhulu, ngokuvamile abanikela ngemali engaphezu kwesigidi esisodwa ngesikhathi, banikeza iChamber njengendlela yokukhwabanisa imali yabo futhi bafihle inzalo yabo, njengalapho i-Dow Chemical inikela ngezigidi ezingu-1 zamaRandi ngo-1.7 ukuze iChamber isebenze. ngokumelene nemithethonqubo ephikiswe yi-Dow. Nakuba iChamber izama ukugcina abaxhasi bayo beyimfihlo, i Times bathole ukuthi abanye abaxhasi bakamuva bezinkampani ezinkulu ku-Chamber bafake u-Goldman Sachs, u-Chevron/Texaco, i-Prudential Financial, i-News Corporation (umnikazi we Wall Street Journal kanye ne-Fox News), kanye nesisekelo esixhumene kakhulu ne-American Insurance Group (AIG).
Izinqubomgomo Zamanje Zethimba
Ngomhla ziyi-14 kuJulayi, i-2010 i-US Chamber of Commerce yabeka izikhundla zayo zenqubomgomo yokuphendula "encwadini evulekile" ebucayi eya kuMongameli Obama. Ngale ncwadi iChamber ikhombise ukuthi onxiwankulu abaneliseki ngaphandle uma umongameli engamaphesenti ayi-100 osomabhizinisi abakhulu nabacebile. U-Obama ubhekwa njengomi ezingeni elingenele cishe ngamaphesenti angama-90. I-Chamber yasho ekuqaleni kwencwadi ukuthi isekele ukutakulwa kwabaphathi baka-Obama kwezinkampani ezinkulu ku-Wall Street kanye nezimboni zezimoto nemishwalense, kanye nohlelo lokuvuselela umnotho (ingxenye enkulu yalo bekuwusizo lukahulumeni ebhizinisini). I-Chamber yathi, nokho, u-Obama uhambe kakhulu, ephambuka "ezimisweni ezifakazelwe zebhizinisi lamahhala laseMelika" "nokukhuphuka okukhulu kwentela," "ukushoda okukhulu," kanye "nomthethonqubo ocekela phansi umsebenzi."
Inganaki izindima ezibalulekile zezinqubomgomo zemakethe yamahhala yonxiwankulu jikelele kanye neRiphabhulikhi Yeqembu ikakhulukazi ekudaleni inkinga yanamuhla, iChamber yasola abaphathi baka-Obama kanye nombuso wonxiwankulu ngokuntuleka kwemisebenzi, ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi, ukuzethemba okuphansi kwabathengi, izindlu ezidangele nezimakethe zamasheya, kanye nokuhlambalaza. ukusimama komnotho. Iphikisana ngokuthi indima kahulumeni "ukumisa izimo ezifanele" zezinkampani ezizimele ukuze "zikhuthaze ukukhula komnotho" (okungukuthi, ukuvikela uhlelo lwezigaba, ukukhulisa inzuzo, kanye nokuqongelela imali eyengeziwe kulabo asebecebile), iChamber yathi. ukuthi abaphathi baka-Obama kanye neCongress abazange bazifeze izindima zabo. Esikhundleni salokho, iChamber ithe amaDemocrats adale "ukungaqiniseki," okwenza amabhange "anqikaze" ukuboleka kanye nezinkampani zaseMelika zesaba ukutshala imali. Okwakwenziwa uMkhandlu ngalesi sitatimende kwakuwukuthethelela isiteleka songxiwankulu samabhizinisi, sikhuthaza ukungatshali kwezimali ngoba ikholelwa ukuthi amabhizinisi angathola izibonelelo zikahulumeni futhi akhubaze ukuthambekela kwenguquko ebuthaka kuhulumeni okhona ngaleli qhinga.
I-US Chamber ihlonze izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni enomuzwa wokuthi zizobeka "izimo ezifanele" zebhizinisi laseMelika ukuqeda isiteleka sonxiwankulu. Lokhu kubandakanya:
ยท ukukhululeka kwentela yebhizinisi
ยท "ukwenziwa kwamalungelo esimanje" (amagama ekhodi okukhipha izinzuzo ze-Social Security kanye ne-Medicare ukuthi ukusebenza umhlalaphansi osekukhokhelwe ngokugcwele)
ยท ukumba ngokuphelele "kuwoyela, igesi, nokuqashiswa kwe-shale" emhlabeni kahulumeni
ยท ukuvunwa kwezingodo ngokugcwele ezindaweni zamahlathi kazwelonke
ยท ukuvula izimakethe zangaphandle
ยท ukwenza kwangasese ingqalasizinda yezokuthutha nezamanzi yesizwe ngokususa imithetho nemikhawulo yezomthetho neyezimali ekutshalweni kwezimali kwangasese
ยท ukumisa "izinqubomgomo ezivimbelayo zendawo yokusebenza" zoMnyango Wezabasebenzi kanye "nezinguquko ezinkulu" ezizayo "ebudlelwaneni bokuphatha inyunyana" okulindeleke kuBhodi Likazwelonke Lezobudlelwano Bezabasebenzi.
ยท izikhuthazo kanye "nesiqiniseko esisemthethweni" sokutshalwa kwezimali "kubuchwepheshe bamalahle ahlanzekile, izinhlelo zokubamba ikhabhoni, nokwanda okukhulu kwamandla enuzi"
ยท ukuphela "komthwalo olawulayo" ebhizinisini okuzokwenza ukuthi imisebenzi "ivele inyamalale noma ithunyelwe kude nolwandle"
Empeleni, iChamber ithi: "Phoqelela phansi amaholo abasebenzi futhi usiqinisekise ngenzuzo eyengeziwe noma sizoqhubeka nesiteleka sethu semali ngokuthumela imali yethu kwezinye izizwe."
I-Critique of Chamber's Reactionary Programme
Uhlelo lokusabela ngokuzimisela lwe-US Chamber of Commerce lungahlaziywa ngamaleveli amaningana. Okokuqala, nakuba kuyinhlangano okuthiwa iphikisana nezindleko, isikali, namandla kahulumeni wobumbano, kusobala ukuthi iChamber kanye namabhizinisi amaningi angaphakathi kwayo bayalwamukela usizo lukahulumeni lwezinkampani zabo kanye nesigaba sonxiwankulu ngokuvamile. I-Chamber iyavuma ukuthi yeseka ukukhuthazwa kanye nokukhishwa kwebheyili kwezinkampani eziphezulu ze-Wall Street, izinkampani zezimoto, kanye ne-American Insurance Group, ezikhokhelwa abakhokhi bentela. Uhlelo lwayo lwe-CIPE nalo luxhaswe nguhulumeni ngokuphelele. Encwadini yalo evulelekile eya kuMongameli u-Obama, iChamber iphinde yafuna ukunxeshezelwa kanye nokuvikela umthetho kuhulumeni. Kodwa-ke, ifuna ukusikeka kwe-Social Security kanye ne-Medicare, ishiya iqiniso lokuthi lawo "malungelo" akhokhwe abamukeli ngokudonswa kweholo. Ubuzenzisi beChamber buyamangalisa njengoba ijabulela ukuthatha izinhlaka zikahulumeni zezenhlalakahle, kodwa ingafuni ukuthi ezinye izinhlaka zomphakathi, ikakhulukazi abasebenzi, zithole isenti lenzuzo.
IChamber nayo yenza iphutha uma ikhala ngemithetho "ecekela phansi umsebenzi". Amafemu aseWall Street, iBritish Petroleum, i-American Insurance Group, i-Massey Coal, i-Exxon-Mobil (ukubalula nje izibonelo ezimbalwa), nezinye eziningi ezibulalayo, ukubulawa kwamathuba emisebenzi, kanye nemvelo ecekela phansi izinhlangano zonxiwankulu bezilokhu zingaphansi kokulawulwa futhi namanje azikalawulwa. . Lezi kanye nezinye izinhlangano ezinamandla ziye zakwazi ukubulala njalo abantu abasebenzayo ngokwephula ukuphepha kwazo, ziqothule imisebenzi ngokuqagela kwazo, futhi zenze umonakalo omkhulu emvelweni ephilisayo ngokugxambukela kukahulumeni okuncane.
Okwesibili, umthetho weChamber noma izinqubomgomo zencithakalo ziyimpi yekilasi evela phezulu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukugqugquzela isiteleka sonxiwankulu kanye nemisebenzi ethunyelwa ngaphandle. I-US Chamber ithatha ukuthi i-capitalism iwuhlelo lwaphakade, olungekho ngaphansi kwenselelo noma ushintsho. Ikhathalela kakhulu inzuzo kanye nokuncane ngempilo yomuntu, intuthuko yomuntu, isiko eliphakeme, noma ukuhlanzeka kwemvelo. Abakholelwa elungelweni laphezulu lokubusa, abaholi beChamber bafuna ukusebenzisa umkhakha kahulumeni njengomsebenzi wabo siqu. I-Chamber ithatha ukuthi imali eyinhloko idala wonke amanani futhi abasebenzi bayizindleko kuphela.
Nweba noma Die
Okokugcina, njengokwenziwa samuntu kwekhephithali, iChamber of Commerce kumele igxekwe ngokubheka ngaphandle kohlelo lonxiwankulu. Umbono othathwe njengokufanelekile uwukugxeka kwezimali kusuka kumbono we-ecosocialist. (Bheka ekaJoel Kovel Isitha Semvelo: Ukuphela Kobunxiwankulu noma Ukuphela Kwezwe.) Njengoba u-Kovel ebonisa, inkinga yamanje ebhekene nesintu, ikakhulukazi inkinga yezemvelo, ikhula kusukela ekusebenzeni okuvamile konxiwankulu. Lokhu kusebenza okuvamile kufaka phakathi ukucekela phansi kwemvelo okukhulu okushumekwe ku-DNA yenhloko-dolobha, okufingqiwe ngegama elithi "nweba noma ufe." Ukuba nalesi simiso esikhula njalo (esihlala sigcizelela futhi sisebenza phezu kwesidingo sokukhula okungapheli) obusa intuthuko yezomnotho nenhlalakahle kulo mhlaba olinganiselwe onezinsiza ezilinganiselwe, kuzokwenza, futhi kuholele isintu nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zokuphila enhlekeleleni. Ukusebenza okuvamile kwe-capitalism nakho kuyayivimbela ekuguqulweni nganoma iyiphi indlela ebucayi. Njengohlelo alukwazi ukwenza izinguquko zangempela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi thina, basebenzi, kufanele siqhubeke nokuhlasela, sibhekane, futhi siketule amandla esigaba esincane sonxiwankulu abacebile njengoba bemelwe iChamber futhi siqede ukubusa kwayo kokuzihlukanisa noma sibhekane nokubhujiswa komhlaba wethu.
Okufanele kudalwe esikhundleni sako, ngomzabalazo omkhulu wokuhlangana kwethu, "izinhlangano zamahhala zabakhiqizi," umphakathi lapho izindlela zokukhiqiza (ingxenye ye-commons) zizofinyeleleka kubo bonke futhi abantu bazokwakha futhi zinqume ngokukhululekile ukuthi iyiphi inhlangano ehlangene abafuna ukuyihlanganyela ukuze benze umsebenzi ozuzisayo. Lezi zinhlangano zamahhala zizokhiqiza ikakhulukazi ukusetshenziswa komuntu ngamunye kanye neqoqo (okungukuthi, amanani okusebenzisa ingcindezi) futhi kunciphise kakhulu isizinda senani lokushintshisana (okungukuthi, ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa nokudayiswa kwempahla ukuze kuqoqwe imali). Lokhu kusho umsebenzi ogcwele nomsebenzi ozuzisayo abantu abazilawulayo. Kulolu hlelo lwe-ecosocialist, amafomu (kokubili izindlela neziphetho) zomsebenzi okhiqizayo wevelu ekhuthaza ubuqotho be-ecosystem azogqanyiswa futhi izinqubo ezilimaza lobo buqotho zizoqedwa. Inqubo yentando yeningi ngokugcwele izophinde ibe ngumgogodla kulelikusasa le-ecosocialist, okubandakanya ukungena emandleni ethu ezinhlobo ezehlukene, ngale kwemibono yamanje yendawo kanye nombuso.
Ngamafuphi, umbono wenguquko esiphokophele kuwo kumele ube banzi futhi ujule kunanoma yikuphi okucatshangelwe ngaphansi kwamalebula emizabalazo edlule. Kufanele sifise ukwakha izimpilo ezikhululekile ezinencazelo ephakeme kunokuqongelela izinto kanye nokugomela amandla phezu kwemvelo nokunye. Kuphela ngokuthuthukisa ngokuqaphela amandla ethu obuntu, nokuhlanganisa emzabalazweni wesigaba kusuka ngezansi, lapho singazenza khona kabusha futhi sizuze ubuntu bethu obugcwele.
Z
ULaurence H. Shoup isazi-mlando nombhali ohlala e-Oakland, California. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva ithi Ababusi nabavukeli: Umlando Wabantu WaseCalifornia Early, 1769-1901 (iUniverse, 2010).