Nango ekhona, nxazonke zethu, esiza ngomkhulu kunakuqala: u-Oscar
Wildeโwit, umgxeki, umfelโ ukholo, isitabane, nesithandwa semidiya. Unyaka wezi-2000 uphawula
iminyaka eyikhulu yokufa kukaWilde futhi, njengokungathi ubuyisela impatho yakhe enyantisayo ezandleni zika
umphakathi ohloniphekile eminyakeni eyi-100 edlule, ukwakhiwa kwe-hagiography kuyaqhubeka.
Ngonyaka odlule umdlalo wedokhumentari kaMoises Kaufman Ukuziphatha Okubi kuvulwe ngaphandle kwe-Broadway
futhi wawina indondo ye-Obie. Ngenyanga edlule u-Liam Neeson uvule njengoWilde ku-Broadway kaDavid Hare
shaya, UJudus Kiss. Ifilimu kaJulian Mitchell Wilde, okulingisa uStephen Fry, is
manje ukukhululwa okubanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona okungenani izincwadi eziyishumi ezintsha mayelana nokuba uWilde
eshicilelwe kuhlanganise I-albhamu ye-Wilde, iqoqo lezithombe elihlanganiswe ngeyakhe
umzukulu, uMerlin Holland; UJonathan Fryer's U-Andre kanye no-Oscar ukuhlolwa kwe
ubungane bukaWilde noGide; Lena indawo ka-Philip Hoar Ukuma kokugcina kuka-Oscar Wilde: Decadence,
Uzungu kanye Nokuhlolwa Okubi Kakhulu Kwekhulu Leminyaka, ukubheka kwezepolitiki kaWilde
ifa; UJerusha McCormack UWilde ungumbungazi ovelele" kanye noJoel H. Kaplan Theater
kanye nemfashini: u-Oscar Wilde kuma-Suffragettes, echaza ubudlelwano bababhali bemidlalo
ukuguquguquka kokugqoka, ukushintsha kwezenhlalo, kanye nokulwela amalungelo abesifazane.
Kuphinde kwaba nokuqhuma kwe-Oscar Lite-inqwaba yezinto ezintsha
Izincwadi "zobuhlakani nobuhlakani" eziphinda zisebenzise yonke i-epigram, i-aphorism, kanye nokuphenduka okuhlakaniphile kwazo
isigaba uWilde wake wabhala, wakhuluma, noma wezwakala evungazela kuye. Wayengomunye walabo
abantu bokuqala bomphakathi ukuhlakulela inkolo yobuntu. U-Adam Gropnick uphawule muva nje ku
the New Yorker ukuthi uWilde "wasungula isivakashi sombukiso wezingxoxo ngaphambi kokuba kube khona
khuluma nohlelo lokumamukela."
Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwesimanje kuka-Oscar Wilde (noma yimuphi umlando
figure) kwenzeka ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo samanje somphakathi. I-Bloomsbury mania yakamuva
1970s-echaza kabanzi mayelana nama-pan-sexual shenanigans ka-Edwardian bohemians-kwakuyimpendulo eningi.
emthelela ubufazi kanye nenhlangano yezitabane ezinawo ezimpilweni zabantu njengoba kwenzeka nge
ukwazisa okusha kwemibhalo kaVirginia Woolf noLytton Strachey. Okuphindiwe
ukuvuselelwa kukaJack Kerouc kanye nezigqi zikhuluma nezidingo zabafundi ukuthola (futhi) a
umuzwa wenkululeko emphakathini okhulayo ocindezelayo.
Izithombe ezimbili ezimaphakathi-izinganekwane, ngempela-ze-Wilde, ezithuthukisiwe kulokhu
inqwaba yesiko elidumile nelezemfundo yilena: u-Oscar, umfel' ukholo ongqingili kanye/noma u-Oscar the
i-cocktail party wit. Womabili lawa maWilde persona anencazelo enkulu yezenhlalo kanye
ngokuyisisekelo ikhala iqiniso kodwa futhi bayaphuthelwa ingqikithi ka-Oscar Wilde. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, i-
ukuthandwa okugxilile komuntu ngamunye kungase kuveze isifiso sokugwemaโngisho nokuqedaโokungokoqobo
usongo lwezombangazwe nezenhlalo olwethulwe u-Oscar Wilde, futhi usaqhubeka nokwethula, ku
umphakathi.
Inganekwane yokuqala: USanta Oscar, umvikeli wezitabane ezicindezelwe. Nakhu
akungabazeki ukuthi u-Oscar Wilde waphathwa ngendlela enyanyekayo umphakathi ayehlala kuwo. I
Ukuklolodelwa kwakhe ngokuba yisitabane kwakukukhulu, kanti neLabouchere Amendment,
ngaphansi kwayo wagwetshwa iminyaka emibili esebenza kanzima, wenza isenzo sodomy njengecala
"ngasese." (Isimo asihlukile kangako e-US namuhla; ngo-1986
INkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha isinqumo sokuthi alikho ilungelo "elingokomthetho" lobumfihlo.)
Ukwehla okumangalisayo nokumangalisayo kukaWilde kusuka kumculi onconyiwe kanye ne-VIP kuya kumuntu wezenhlalo kanye nobugebengu
iyinganekwane eyisixwayiso yokuthi ukucwaswa kwabantu abathandana nobulili obufanayo kungalingana kanjani nabadume kakhulu. Umuntu wayengafisi
ukuze uthole uphawu oluphoqelelayo lokuthi ingakanani isiko elivamile elingazonda ubungqingili. Phakathi ku
isiko elisanqaba ukuvuma ukulimala okubangelwa yi-homophobia, i-Wilde-as-icon-of-
ukucindezelwa akuwona umqondo omubi. (Nakuba kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuthi abafana abambalwa
uWilde abenezindaba naye beneminyaka engaphansi kwe-17: ukube uWilde ephila namuhla, ubezokwenza
ube ngaphezulu kwe-Sexual Offenders Registry, kanye nenunu exoshiwe kwabaningi kwizitabane kanye
umphakathi wamalesbian.) Le nqubo yokwenziwa i-canonization edumileโvox media, vox populiโyaqala
1960 nge Izivivinyo zika-Oscar Wilde"futhi U-Oscar Wilde, izindawo ezimbili
Amafilimu amaNgisi aguqule uWilde ekubeni ohlanekezela ocansini ohlukumezayo futhi odabukisayo waba i
isisulu esingenacala sokucwaswa okuphambene nobulili. Le "sainthood" iyaqhubeka namuhla ngo
yomibili imidlalo kaHare noKaufman kanye nefilimu kaMitchell. Nakuba iqiniso likhona
okusobala, njengoba uWilde ashushiswa umphakathi onomqondo omncane, ozenzisayo, omelene nobulili,
kuyiqiniso elilula, futhi empeleni elingathakazelisi, abahwebi abazwelana nalo
ukuzimela, isisulu sokuzimela. Kuyiqiniso futhi iningi labo
abezindaba (izitabane nezivamile)โkanye nabantu abaningiโbanethezekile. Manje sisesikhathini
lapho ukuhlupheka okudabukisayo kubonakala njengemali engcono yokushintsha umphakathi kunokuthola
ethukuthele futhi elwa.
Inganekwane yesibili: u-Oscar Wilde, osezingeni eliphezulu nobuhlakani. Cha
ukungabaza ngakho, imidlalo kaWilde, izindatshana, nengxoxo kugcwele ezinye zezingoma
i-pithiest, ama-bon-mots amafishane ake abhalwa ngesiNgisi seNdlovukazi. Ngenkathi amanye amaBritish
ababhali benkathi (nakamuva) badlulisa amahlaya nokuqonda ngokusebenzisa indida, ukuhlehla, kanye
indidaโuJerome K. Jerome, uSaki, noRonald Firbank abaphawuleka kakhuluโuWilde angathatha
isikweletu ngokusatshalaliswa kwayo, uma kungekona ukusungulwa, njengendlela yobuciko. Kodwa ukuncishiswa kwe
Wilde emshinini wokuhlekisa, umbhali we-gag weklasi, uphuthelwa okubili, futhi okuhlobene ngandlela-thile, okubalulekile
amaphuzu. Amagama ahlekisayo kaWilde, awakheke kahle ayenokuqonda, ngokuvamile ejulile,
okubonwayo emphakathini, emhlabeni, nangemvelo yomuntu. โBabehlakaniphileโ embhalweni
umqondo wokuqala wegama: ulwazi, ukukhalipha, ukubona. Uma bengavezanga bajule
"iqiniso" iningi "lamahlaya" kaWilde ngabe asehlehlile ekufiphaleni kwe
izincwadi ezikhohliwe. Amaqoqo amaningi kaWilde "ubuhlakani nobuhlakani" enza
Iphutha elibi, elicishe lingaxoleleki, lokuhlukanisa "ama-liner oyedwa" kulawo
umongo kanjalo uwenza angasho lutho, uma asahlekisa. Umphumela uba ukufuya
Wilde, ukususa unqenqema nokuqonda, ukumenza uDandy ongenacala okhona
"kuhle," hhayi ukusongela; enonya, hhayi ukusongela.
Izinganekwane zikaSaint Oscar no-Oscar the Dandy zikhona kakhulu
ukuzwela amandla kaWilde njengomgxeki wezenhlalo nomcabango. U-Queer theorist uJonathan
Dollimore, encwadini yakhe Ukuhlukana Kwezocansi: Augustine kuya Wilde, Freud kuya Foucault
kusikisela ohlelweni lukaWilde lwezenhlalo olukhulu lapho ehlola ukuqonda kombhali kwe
ukubaluleka kobuciko ebudlelwaneni babantu kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi. Izimangalo zikaDollimore
UWilde njengomuntu we-post-modernist ongaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe ukuthi "isimanjemanje" asikho.
esaqanjiwe. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi uWilde ngokuphindaphindiwe "udalula" ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwe
izinhlangano zomphakathiโkusuka kubantu bakahulumeni kuya ezikhungweni ezifana nomshado nomthethoโzikhona
yakhiwe ngokwezwi nezwi ukuze ivumelane nezidingo zalabo abaphethe. Futhi, ngokwesibonelo, kanjalo
izikhungo zingakhiwa, kufanele, zakhiwe futhi zakhiwe kabusha ukuze zilungele umphakathi omkhulu
kuhle. Ngisho namanje, lona umbono oshaqisayo wokuthi umhlaba usebenza kanjani, noma ungase usebenze.
Kodwa ngisho nalokhu akufiki emsukeni womphakathi kaWilde
i-radicalism, etholakala ekwamukeleni kwakhe yomibili imibono ethi "art for art's
sake" kanye nesidingo sakhe sokuthi izidingo zomuntu ziqale kuqala
izidingo zesakhiwo senhlalo esimisiwe. Umbono wokuthi ubuciko bungaba - kufanele - bukhona
ngaphandle komsebenzi we-utilitarian kwaba ukwenqatshwa ngokuphelele kwemibono yezenhlalo yama-Victorian. Ku
Iningi lobumnandi besiko laseNtshonalanga libukwa ngezinsolo kanye ne-alamu. Ukuthi injabulo art
okungase kukhiqizwe kwakuwukuthethelelwa ngokwanele ukuba khona kwakho kwakuwumqondo oshaqisayo, futhi kusasele
kanjalo kwabanye ngisho namanje. Lo mbono uxhumene eduze nombono - uvame kakhulu ku
Ithiyori yezenhlalo yama-Victorian - ukuthi umuntu umane nje ungumuntu osebenza emishinini emikhulu
inhlangano yezenhlalo. Ku Umphefumulo Womuntu Ngaphansi Kwe-Socialism UWilde uyakuphikisa lokho
"ubuntu" bunamandla akhuthazayo ezombusazwe namasiko; lokho
ngaphandle kwegunya lokuhlola i-self society ngeke ukhule futhi ushintshe. Ukusetshenziswa kukaWilde
igama elithi "individualism" alihumushi neze namuhla njengoba incazelo yalo isithathe ku-Ayn
Imibono yamaRandi ye-libertarianism.
Ukusetshenziswa kukaWilde kusikisela ukuthi kuphela ngemuva kwezidingo zomuntu siqu
okuqondwayo nokuvezwayo kungenza ushintsho olubanzi emphakathini.
Ngokulindele izinkolelo-mbono zabacabangi abanjalo bango-1960, njenge
U-Marcuse, u-RD Laing, no-Norman O. Brown, uWilde nabo bagcizelela ukuthi "ipolitiki,"
"isiko," kanye "nomuntu siqu" kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa. Lokhu
ukucaciswa komqondo wokuthi "umuntu siqu ungokwepolitiki" wafika ikhulu leminyaka eligcwele
ngaphambi kokuba yamukelwe cishe emhlabeni wonke. Manje lapho sesiqale ukuntengantenga kwenye
isiqondiso kuyamangaza ukuthi "ukuhlakanipha nokuhlakanipha" kukaWilde -kwahlukaniswa phakathi kwayo
umongoโidume ngendlela emangalisayo kuyilapho kungekho muntu ofundayo Umphefumulo Womuntu Ngaphansi
I-Socialism. Ngenkathi inkulumo kaWilde lapha ibonakala ingenangqondo ngezikhathi zethu uvamisile
uphawu. Ubhala ngempahla yangasese: "Ngokuqedwa kwempahla yangasese,
khona-ke sizoba nobuntu beqiniso, obuhle, obubodwa. Akekho ozomosha impilo yakhe
ukuqongelela izinto kanye nezimpawu zezinto. Umuntu uzophila. Ukuhlala entweni eyivelakancane
emhlabeni. Abantu abaningi bakhona. Yilokho kuphela." Ku-Wilde nge-liberal reformism:
โBazama ukuxazulula inkinga yobumpofu, ngokwesibonelo, ngokugcina abampofu bephila;
noma esimweni sesikole esithuthuke kakhulu, ngokuhlekisa abampofu. Kodwa lesi akusona isixazululo:
kuwukubhebhetheka kobunzima. โInhloso efanele wukuzama ukwakha kabusha
umphakathi ngesisekelo sokuthi ubumpofu ngeke bube khona.โ Akumangalisi Umphefumulo we
Umuntu Ngaphansi KweSocialism ayitholi ukucashunwa okuningi kulezi zinsuku.
Imithelela yocansi yezobuciko nezenhlalo kaWilde
amathiyori nawo acacile. Uma "ubumnandi" kufanele buthethelelwe, ubungqingili kuphela
futhi ukukhiqiza kabusha kungavunyelwa. Kodwa uma ubumnandi bungaba khona ngaphandle kokulungisiswa (art, so
ukukhuluma, ngenxa yabo), ubungqingili abuyona nje into embi, kodwa ubuhle. Ezocansi
inkululeko ibiyoba khona ngokwengxenye lapho izenzo zobulili obuhlukile zingahlanganiswa nokuzala.
Ngokwengeziwe, abesifazane babezokhululeka kuphela lapho ukuzala kungafunwa (noma ngisho
kulindeleke) kubo. Ngokuphindaphindiwe emidlalweni yakhe kanye nemibhalo ebucayi uWilde uyayincoma
ukubaluleka kwenjabulo phezu kokusebenziseka okulula kanye nokubaluleka kwesenzo somuntu ngamunye kanye
umfutho phezu kwezidingo zomphakathi. Umlayezo kaWilde usenamandla futhi uyesabisa manje.
Kule nkathi yokuthi "vele uthi cha," ukuguguleka njalo kwelungelo lomthethosisekelo
ukuhushula isisu namanye amalungelo okuzala, ukuhlaselwa kobulili obufanayo namalungelo ezitabane,
ukuncipha kwengculazi kanye nemfundo ephephile (kanye nokuphikelela ekugqugquzeleni ukuzithiba njengomthetho
kuphela "okuqinisekile" indlela yokuvimbela ingculaza), umyalezo ka-Oscar Wilde wenjabulo kanye
inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye idingeka njengoba kwakunjalo eminyakeni eyi-100 edlule. Kodwa ingabe zizozwakala?
Umphakathi wama-Victorian wasabela ekusongeleni kukaWilde ngokumvalela ejele; siphendula nge
isisulu-isimo esivusa imizwa futhi sizenza nje enye indlovukazi ehlakaniphile enokubhuqa
nesimo sengqondo.