V
ictor
U-Tan Chen, umhleli wephephabhuku eliku-inthanethi i-INTHEFRAY.com, wahlangana naye
USolwazi Chom- sky engxoxweni eyathatha ihora lonke ngesimo se
ukunyakaza komphakathi kwanamuhla.
TAN
I-CHEN:
Ucabanga ukuthi sinjani isimo sezinhlangano zomphakathi
emhlabeni jikelele manje?
I-CHOMSKY:
Kunzima ukucabanga ngesikhathi lapho kube khona okuthile okusondelayo
leli zinga lobushoshovu, ukubamba iqhaza, futhi, ikakhulukazi, ukuxhumana.
Lokho kuyinto entsha impela. Izinhlobo zokusebenzisana ezikhona
kuboniswe ku-World Social Forum, isibonelo, noma emazweni ngamazwe
imibukiso eCancún. Kwakungakaze kube khona into enjalo
ukuthi esikhathini esedlule. Izinhlangano ezithandwayo eNtshonalanga—izisebenzi
ukunyakaza, ukunyakaza kwesobunxele kusukela ekhulwini le-19-kwakuhlala njalo
ukukhuluma nge-internationalism. Yingakho yonke inyunyana ibizwa
owamazwe ngamazwe. Kodwa abakaze bafane namazwe ngamazwe.
In
EBrazil, okwenzeka kamuva kwakumangalisa kakhulu ngokomlando.
Kungokokuqala ukuthi ukunyakaza okudumile kufinyelele kulesi sikali.
Idlanzana labo—i-Workers Party, izinyunyana, i-Landless
Workers Movement, eyadlala indima ethakazelisa kakhulu kwabaningi
izindlela. Bafinyelela izinga elanele ukuze bakwazi ukuthatha ezombangazwe
amandla phezu kwezingqinamba ezinkulu-ukufakwa endaweni eyodwa kwezimali kanye
igebe labacebile nabampofu nokunye. Abangakwenza ngakho ngomunye umbuzo.
Kuke kwaba nemizamo kule ndlela esikhathini esidlule. Eminyakeni engamashumi amane edlule
bakhetha umongameli onobuzwe obumnene—lutho kude
njengoLula futhi akukho okufana ne-Populist Workers Party. Kodwa ke
isanda kuketulwa ngokushesha ukuketulwa umbuso kwezempi, okuhlelwe kusuka
IWashington futhi igujwa ngama-liberals aseMelika njengento enkulu kakhulu
okwake kwenzeka lokho.
So
kukhona lezi zingozi zangaphandle izinhlangano zomphakathi ezibhekana nazo.
Yilokho
ishintshile. Ngeke kube khona ukuketulwa kwamasosha ukuze kuketulwe
Lula. Phakathi kokunye, ngoba inani labantu lalingeke lisavuma
khona, lapha noma lapha. Kube nezinguquko ezanele kokudumile
ukwazi, kokubili eNingizimu futhi, manje, emazweni acebile,
eNyakatho. Awukwazanga ukubalekela ukuketula umbuso kwamasosha manje
ngendlela obungenza ngayo eminyakeni engama-40 edlule lapho kungekho muntu owanaka.
The
okunye, uhlangothi olubi ukuthi abaludingi manje, ngoba
izindlela ze-neoliberal zeminyaka engama-30 edlule zidale izimo
okubukela phansi kakhulu usongo olungenzeka ngentando yeningi
umsebenzi. Ngakho-ke izimakethe zezimali zomhlaba wonke zibambe iqhaza
phezu kweBrazil nakwamanye amazwe oMhlaba Wesithathu ngenxa yalezi zinyathelo.
Cishe akudingekile ukucabanga mayelana nokuketula umbuso kwamasosha.
Eqinisweni, uLula uphoqeleka ukuthi alandele izinqubomgomo eziphendulayo
kunohulumeni owandulele, uhulumeni waseCardoso. Kunjalo
okungemnandi ukukubuka. Ngaphandle uma befuna ukuphuma kweyamazwe ngamazwe
uhlelo lwezezimali—dala ibhulokhi entsha ezimele yamazwe
abangafuni nje ukwamukela le mithetho-inqobo nje uma
banquma ukudlala ngemithetho, kufanele bagcine ukuthi yini
babize “ukwethembeka” kwabo emabhange nakubatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe
kanye ne-IMF nokunye. Futhi kufanele basebenze kanzima ukwenza lokho kunokuba
uhulumeni ophikisayo uyakwenza, ngoba abatshalizimali bahlala njalo
ulinde ukugxumela phezu kwabo uma kukhona umnyakazo omncane oya kuwo
ukuguqulwa komphakathi ezinsizeni zezempilo nanoma yikuphi.
Kuyini
isimo sezinhlangano zomphakathi e-United States njengamanje?
The
izimo ziwukuthi kufanele bakwazi ukuzuza okuningi.
I-United States iyizwe eliyinkimbinkimbi. Kukhona okuncane
ngendlela yamaqembu ezombusazwe, uhlelo lwezombangazwe cishe
okungahlobene nokunyakaza okudumile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona
inani elikhulu lamandla nobushoshovu, obungahlelekile kakhulu.
One
izizathu eziyinhloko ngiya ukunikeza inkatho izinkulumo ukuthi kuletha
ndawonye abantu balelo dolobha noma idolobha noma isifunda abasebenza
ngemigqa efanayo, noma okungenani imigqa ehambisanayo, futhi ungakwenzi
kuningi okumele kwenziwe omunye nomunye. Uma nje uthatha iBoston, lapho
kukhona amaqembu amaningi. Kodwa abazi ngomunye nomunye.
Isamba sezinga lokubamba iqhaza cishe likhulu impela.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinga lokuhlanganisa lincane kanye nezinga
ukubandakanyeka kuyahlukahluka. Lokho kusho ukuthi akukho okuningi endleleni
yokucabanga noma ukuhlela noma isu lesikhathi eside.
Kungani
ucabanga ukuthi kukhona ukuhlukana okunjalo phakathi kwezinhlangano zomphakathi
e-United States?
In
kwamanye amazwe ezimboni, lezi zinhlangano zithande ukuhlangana
embuthweni wabasebenzi noma emaqenjini ezepolitiki entando yeningi yezenhlalo
noma ezinye izinhlobo zezikhungo eziqhubekayo ezizinakekelayo.
I-United States ayinazo lezo zikhungo. Ngakho uma nginikela
inkulumo kwelinye izwe lezimboni, ngokuvamile izoba phakathi
ihholo lezinyunyana. Cishe angikaze nginikeze inkulumo ehholo lezinyunyana
US
Lokho
inakho kokubili uhlangothi oluhle kanye nohlangothi olubi. Uhlangothi oluhle
ukuthi ukunyakaza lapha akukho ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwentando yeningi,
izikhungo ezisemthethweni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kusho ukuthi kukhona
asikho isikhungo ongalokhu ubuyela kuso, azikho isipiliyoni sokufunda.
Okwenziwa eminyakeni eyishumi edlule kuyakhohlwa ngoba abantu aba
ingabe manje kukhona kwenye indawo futhi kufanele uqale kabusha futhi
funda amasu afanayo—kunezinto okufanele uzazi:
uwasabalalisa kanjani amapheshana, ubahlela kanjani abantu,
ukhuluma kanjani nabantu.
In
iUnited States, isikhungo esisodwa esiqhubekayo yibandla.
Ngakho-ke, iningi lokuhlela kanye nobushoshovu kuzungeze amasonto.
Akuphi amanye amaqembu anamahhovisi awo? Ngokuvamile kokukodwa noma kwenye
isonto.
Akuve
futhi izwe elikhulu, izwe elingavamile kakhulu, elingakhokhi
ukunaka ngaphandle. Kukhona inani elikhulu lokuhamba
uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amazwe ezimboni-abantu abakwenzi
bahlala lapho bakhulele khona, abanye bavela ngaphandle kwezwe futhi
kusho ukuthi kukhona ukushoda kwezibopho. Futhi, lokhu kuyinto engavamile
umphakathi ophethwe amabhizinisi. Amanye amazwe ezimboni nawo kakhulu
ukuqhutshwa kwebhizinisi, kodwa lapha kuyamangalisa. Ibonisa
wonke umlando. I-U.S. inomlando wezabasebenzi onodlame kakhulu. I
izikhungo ezinkulu ze-propaganda eziqhutshwa ngamabhizinisi, ubudlelwano bomphakathi
imboni, ise-U.S. noma, okwesibili, iBrithani, nayo ekhona
lapho babenemvelaphi yabo emikhulu njengengxenye yomzamo wokulawula
izimo zengqondo nezinkolelo.
Lapho
yimizamo emikhulu yokuzama ukubukela phansi izinhlangano ezidumile.
Aphakathi nendawo kakhulu futhi ayaqhubeka, futhi akwenzile
isizinda sesikhungo futhi banolwazi lokufunda-bona
thatha kusukela ngesikhathi sokugcina njalo njalo njalo njalo. Ngakho ngokwemibandela yesikhungo
izakhiwo, yimpi engalingani kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi
isandla, isibalo sabantu abahlukene. Ngakho uma ubheka
izimo zengqondo zabantu, kubukeka sengathi kufanele kube okomhleli
ipharadesi.
In
muphi umqondo?
Thatha
iMpi yaseVietnam. Kwaba nenani elikhulu lezishoshovu empini
futhi kube nezifundo eziningi zezimo zengqondo zabantu
phezu kwakho. I-Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, isibonelo, yenza
izinhlolovo ezijwayelekile mayelana nesimo sengqondo sabantu ezindabeni zamazwe ngamazwe
njalo eminyakeni emine. Kunombuzo ovulekile, "Wenzani
ucabangani ngeMpi yaseVietnam?” Futhi kukhona ukukhetha okuyishumi.
Futhi leyo ebineningi kakhulu kusukela ngo-1969
uwukuthi, “Okungalungile ngokwesisekelo nokuziphatha okubi, akulona iphutha.”
If
wenze inhlolovo e-Harvard Faculty Club noma emahhovisi okuhlela
noma okuthize, akekho ongakusho lokho. Wonke umuntu uthi, “Kwakunjalo
iphutha. Bekuqinisile, kodwa bekuyiphutha. Kwakungalungile ngoba
kwasibiza kakhulu, kodwa kwakuyiphutha, kwakuyinhlekelele, yona
sabiza kakhulu, sangena obishini”—futhi kunjalo
wento. Nokho, ngokusobala, leso akusona isimo sengqondo esithandwayo.
Manje, baqonde ukuthini abantu uma bethi, “Okungalungile ngokwesisekelo
nokuziphatha okubi, akulona iphutha”? Yebo, ukuze uthole lokho,
kufanele ubuze eminye imibuzo. Kodwa leyo mibuzo ayinakho
kufika ezingqondweni zabacwaningi—abaphenyi bezemfundo.
In
Eqinisweni, uma ubheka incazelo yabo ngakho, abakushoyo ukuthi,
kahle-hle, lokhu kumele kusho ukuthi abantu bebengathandi abalimala.
Hhayi-ke, mhlawumbe. Kodwa lokho akuyona incazelo ecacile. “Ngokuyisisekelo
okungalungile nokuziphatha okubi” kungase kusho okuthile okungaphezu nje kokuningi kakhulu
Izisulu zase-U.S. Kodwa yakhelwe ohlelweni lwezimfundiso
ukuba into ebizwa ngokuthi “Vietnam Syndrome,” okusho ukuthi
awufuni ukuthatha abalimele. Eqinisweni, ama-polls anjalo
kwenziwe kukhombisa ukuthi akusilo iqiniso. Muva nje, isifundiswa esikhulu
isikhungo sokuvota ezweni—uHlelo Lwezizwe Ngezizwe
Izimo Zenqubomgomo e-Maryland—ziphenye lokhu futhi zihlala njalo
bonisa ukuthi abantu abacabangi ukuthi abalimala bayizindleko abayizo
engafuni ukwamukela uma imbangela ilungile.
Futhi
idlulela ngalé kwalokho.
Amashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu
amaphesenti abantu ngaphambi kokhetho lokugcina—abekhona
iphrojekthi yeHarvard kulokhu—bathole lokho ngaphambi komongameli wokugcina
okhethweni, amaphesenti angama-75 abantu bakubheka njengento ehlekisayo.
Lokho kuphambi kweFlorida, ngaphambi kweNkantolo Ephakeme. Uma ubheka
kulo lonke leli bhizinisi lokhetho elintshontshiwe, kuyakhathaza kakhulu
phakathi kwezihlakaniphi, kodwa cishe akukho resonance ethandwayo.
Abanandaba.
If
ubheka iVanishing Voter Project ubona izizathu.
Ngaphambi kokhetho abantu babengakuthathi ngokungathi sína, ngoba
ngabantu abacebile kanye nemisebenzi yobudlelwano bomphakathi. Uma u
buza abantu, “Ingabe uhlelo lwezomnotho lunobulungiswa?” Ngokumangalisayo,
akulungile. Buza abantu ngomshwalense wezempilo kazwelonke. Kukhona
kube ukusekela okungaguquki kwayo, ezinye zezibalo zakamuva
cishe amaphesenti angama-75. Uma kuxoxwa ngakho, kubizwa
“Akunakwenzeka ngokwezombangazwe”—okusho ukuthi, izinkampani zomshuwalense
ngeke akwamukele.
Kungani
abahleli? Uma kunezinga elinjalo lezikhalazo
mayelana nokunakekelwa kwezempilo, mayelana neholo elincane, mayelana nokuntuleka kwe-UN
indima kunqubomgomo yangaphandle, kungani abantu benganyakazi?
Thatha
indima ye-UN kunqubomgomo yangaphandle. Ngo-April, ngaphambi yonke into
e-Iraq yaqala ukuba inhlekelele, kwakucishe kube izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu
ukuze i-UN ithathe izintambo zokwakha kabusha futhi ihole
ezingxabanweni zamazwe ngamazwe. Babuza imibuzo ngezindlela ezitshekile,
kodwa okuyisisekelo ukuthi kufika phansi ukuthi abantu nabo kakhulu
ngokumelene nezivumelwano zezomnotho zamazwe ngamazwe.
In
okhethweni luka-2000, isibonelo, udaba obekufanele lube
emnyombweni kwakuyi-Free Trade Area of the Americas, eyayilungile
eza kanye. Kodwa akekho noyedwa owakhuluma ngakho. Izizathu zilula:
inani labantu liyaphikiswa, abaphezulu bayalithanda. Ngakho akunjalo
ingxenye yesimiso sezombangazwe.
Can
ukhuluma kancane ngemvelaphi yakho emibuthanweni yomphakathi kanye
yiziphi izifundo ezingase zisetshenziswe namuhla?
I
wayekhuthele futhi ezombusazwe esemncane, kodwa-ke kwakunjalo kakhulu
Okuhlobene nePalestine. Ngangihileleke kulokho okwakubizwa ngokuthi iZiyoni
ukunyakaza - manje sebezobizwa ngokuthi abaphikisana neZiyoni. Bese ku-
Ngawo-1960 ngahlanganyela kulokho okwakwenzeka. Inhlangano yamalungelo abantu,
umnyakazo wokulwa nempi. Ngaba matasa ekuhleleni ukumelana
ngokumelene nempi, futhi izinkulumo, ukubhala, imiboniso. Bese uqhubeke usuka
Lapho.
In
ngawo-1980, ngangihileleke kakhulu emikhankasweni yobumbano
mayelana ne-Central America. Okube yintuthuko yangempela. Bona
kwakuyilokho abantu ababengakubiza ngokuthi ukondla ezicini eziningi—i
ibandla, Midwest. Kodwa kwakungokokuqala emlandweni we
I-Europe noma i-United States, ngokwazi kwami, lezo zibalo ezinkulu
labantu abavela emphakathini wasebukhosini bahamba bayohlala nezisulu.
Ngesibindi kakhulu. Ukuze ubasize, ukunikeza ukuvikeleka okuthile ngoba
kunobuso obumhlophe nxazonke. Abaningi babo bahlala. Kunjalo
ingxenye yesimo esiholele ebunyeni bamazwe ngamazwe samanje
ukunyakaza.
Do
uyakubona ukuqhubeka okuthile nenhlangano yezobulungiswa emhlabeni wonke?
The
ukunyakaza kobulungiswa bomhlaba wonke kwavela kulokhu, ngohlobo lwe
imfashini engahleliwe, bavele bathuthukela kulokhu kusebenzisana okwengeziwe
kanye nentuthuko. Abantu bacabanga ngokunyakaza kobulungisa bomhlaba wonke njenge
odabuka eSeattle. Kodwa lokho kuyadukisa kakhulu. Kade
enamandla kakhulu eNingizimu. Kodwa babenganakwa.
Lapho ifika edolobheni laseNyakatho, awukwazanga ukungayinaki
eside. Uma kungabalimi abagasela ephalamende laseNdiya kanye
ukubenza bavotele phansi e-Uruguay Round-kungase kwenze a
inothi elincane ekhasini elingemuva, nakuba linamandla kakhulu
ukunyakaza.
Thatha
cishe izigidi zabantu abaye babulawa eCongo
eminyakeni emibili edlule. Akekho owaziyo. Akekho onendaba. Ungasho ukuthi,
kahle, sithumela amasosha e-Iraq ngezizathu zobuntu.
Noma ngabe ucabangani ngaleyo mpikiswano, ingxenye yalawo mandla
e-Eastern Congo bekuzovimba futhi mhlawumbe kumise ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi,
ngale kwanoma yini lapho [e-Iraq]. Yiqiniso, abakwenzi
babe ingcebo kawoyela futhi ababalulekile kakhulu ukulawula, ngakho-ke akunjalo
Woza.
Mhlawumbe
udaba olukhulu lwamazwe ngamazwe ngeminyaka yawo-1980, olwalubusa
umshini wokunyathelisa ngaphezu kwanoma yini enye, kwakuyiNicaragua. Ingxenye enkulu ye
izwe lalingazi ukuthi sikuluphi uhlangothi. Abantu abaningi
wacabanga ukuthi i-U.S. yayisekela uhulumeni.
Ini
uhlobo lomnikelo ocabanga ukuthi izinhlangano zomphakathi zinganikeza kulokhu
isithombe esicindezelayo emhlabeni wonke?
The
imingcele ayipheli. Khetha okuthandayo. Abantu bahambisana nentando yeningi
ukulawula, abafuni ukusebenza ngobudlova bezinkampani, bona
bangathandi uchuku nokubulala abantu abaningi, bangathanda ukuba nakho
izinsiza zomphakathi.
Njalo
enye yalezo zinto ithuba lokuhlela. Lezi kakhulu
izinhlelo ezintekenteke zokulawula nokubusa. Abantu abakuzo bayazi
ukuthi—bahlale bekhathazeke ngokujulile nganoma yikuphi ukubonakaliswa
yobushoshovu obudumile futhi usabele ngamandla ukuzama ukukuchoboza.
Omunye wemiphumela yempi yokulwa nobufascist kwaba ukukhula okuqinile,
uhlobo lomqondo oqinile, wentando yeningi—kuhlanganise ne-United
Amazwe. Ubulokhu uzwa izingcingo zokuthi kuthathwe abasebenzi embonini futhi
izinto eziye zafika kude kakhulu. Futhi lwashaya uvalo lwangempela
ezikhungweni eziphakeme. Bahlela imikhankaso emikhulu yokuzama ukuchoboza
yona. Bengicabanga ukuthi kukhona engikwaziyo ngakho kuze kube yizifundiswa ezithile
umsebenzi waqala ukuphuma futhi kuyamangaza ukubona izinga
kanye nokuxhumana kanye nokugxila ekuzameni ukunqoba lokho
babiza, “ingozi ebhekene nosozimboni ekukhuphukeni
amandla epolitiki yabantu abaningi.”
Ngokusebenzisa
ngawo-1950 kwadambisa izinto. Kwabe sekufika iminyaka yawo-1960
futhi yonke into yavele yaqhuma, yaba nokusabela okufanayo. Sikhona
phakathi kwalokho khona manje. Kukhona ukwesaba okukhulu
"yenhlekelele yentando yeningi" -intando yeningi ngokweqile.
Amaqembu acabangayo aphiko lwesokudla ahleleka ukuzama ukushintsha ezombangazwe
i-spectrum. I-spectrum yezingxoxo nenkulumo-mpikiswano yashintsha. Ezemfundo
uhlelo lushintshile.
In
Eqinisweni, izinhlelo eziningi ze-neoliberal ezivela ekuqaleni
1970s—ungaphikisana ngokuthi uyini umthelela wabo kwezomnotho. Kunjalo
kahle kabi, ngombono wami. Kodwa kuyaphikiswana okungenani.
Nokho, okungenakuphikiswana ngakho umphumela wabo ekucekeleni phansi
intando yeningi. Cishe zonke izici zazo zenzelwe ukunciphisa
inkundla yokubamba iqhaza okudumile kanye nokwenza izinqumo. Futhi lokho kugijima
kusukela ekugelezeni kwezimali kwamahhala—njengoba [isazi sezomnotho uJohn Maynard] Keynes
bekwazi ngaso sonke isikhathi—ukuze kwenziwe ezizimele. Ukunciphisa inkundla yokudumile
ukukhetha.
Do
ucabanga ukuthi abantu bazothi uma benikwa ithuba bahlele
ukushintsha ezinye zalezi zinto? Ngo-February 15, waba nezigidi
labantu emhlabeni jikelele kanye namakhulu ezinkulungwane e-United
Amazwe abhikishela impi yase-Iraq. Nokho abanye abantu baphuma
yaleso sisho, “Awu, ngabhikisha futhi akukho okushintshile. I
inqubomgomo yezangaphandle ayizange ishintshe."
Yilokho
hhayi indlela noma yiziphi izinhlangano zomphakathi ezake zasebenza—ukuqeda nya,
amalungelo abesifazane, amalungelo abasebenzi, noma yini, okufanele uyilindele
ukugcina kukho usuku nosuku. Uphumelele ingxenye, ukwehluleka—wena
athathe aqhubeke.
Kodwa
umqondo wokuthi uzoba nohlobo oluthile lokwaneliseka ngokushesha,
noma bekungento yalutho, kuwumbono ojwayelekile waseMelika. Kunjalo
esimweni sendlela izwe elisebenza ngayo. Kukhona ithani
inkulumo-ze ngayo. Kufanele ubheke ukuzanelisa ngokushesha.
Uma ingasebenzi, kuhle, akusizi. Yeka. Ngiyakhumbula,
isibonelo, ngesikhathi sesiteleka saseColumbia ngo-1968, abafundi
babejabule kakhulu. Ngaba nezingxoxo nabo, ngizama ukudambisa
umdlandla. Ngokufanayo neFrance ngo-1968. Abantu abasha abathintekayo
babezinikele kakhulu, benesibindi kakhulu, futhi babekholelwa ngempela ukuthi uma
bahlala amasonto ambalwa noma benza izinto zabo emigwaqweni
yaseParis, lonke uhlelo lwaluzobhidlika. Lokho akunjalo
kuzokwenzeka, uyazi? Ungenza isifaca. Kodwa wena
ngeke kuzuzwe izinguquko zesikhungo zesikhathi eside ngokuhlala
ehhovisi likamongameli we-Columbia University.
Nini
abantu behlulekile ukufeza izinhloso zesikhathi eside, bakuthatha njenge
ukwehluleka. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukunyakaza okukhulu okudumile lapha-i
intsha—iningi layo laqala ukuzilimaza kakhulu
izikhombisi-ndlela-amaqembu e-Maoist, i-Progressive Labor, i-Weathermen.
"Sikhombisile ukuthi ukuguqulwa akusebenzi." Wena
abazange babonise lutho. Uwubonisile lowo mboniso owodwa
akusebenzanga-kodwa kwenzeka nini?
The
kunjalo nango February. Lena kwakuyimibhikisho engakaze ibonwe. Kwe
Yebo, ngeke bamise izinhlelo zamandla nanoma ubani
ababebambe iqhaza bekufanele bakuqonde lokho. Kodwa bangase babe
isithiyo esinyathelweni esilandelayo, uma uphikelela nabo. Kodwa unakho
ukuba nokuqonda okungokoqobo kokuthi amandla akhona, angakwazi kanjani
zijwayelane nemibhikisho emikhulu, nalapho kufanele baye khona uma bethanda
ukushintsha izinto ngempela. Lokhu bekufanele kusetshenziselwe ukuqhubeka
ukuhlela imizamo. Ukuthi, yebo, asizange siyimise impi,
besingakulindele ngempela, kodwa sifuna ukukwenza kube nzima
labo bafana ukugijima impi elandelayo. Sifuna ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi sikhona
bazosebenza ukuze baguqule uhlelo lwamandla, olubavumela ukuthi ba
yenza izinqumo ezinjalo.
Do
ucabanga ukuthi ukunyakaza namuhla kuba ngcono ekwakheni amabhuloho
kuzo zonke izigaba zohlanga, isigaba, ubulili, inkolo, nezinye imigqa yobunikazi?
Lapho
kukhona abaphumelele kahle kukho. Kungakanani lokho jikelele
kunzima ngempela ukusho. Ngoba futhi kulula kakhulu kumasistimu
wamandla kanye nokubusa ukuhlukanisa abantu ngalezi zindaba. Thatha
the Immigrant [Workers Freedom] Ride. Akuthathi ubuhlakani
ukuthola ukuthi ungabathola kanjani abokufika kanye nabasebenzi ukuthi babhekane
izinhlangothi. Ngokufanayo ezindabeni zohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Kunezinkinga zangempela
abathintekayo. Uma imisebenzi ilahleka lapha, iya kwenye indawo.
Ubhekana kanjani nalokho? Abantu kanye nabalimi baseChina banakho
ukudla futhi, ngakho awukwazi nje ukungawunaki lowo mbuzo.
I-NAFTA
yayincane ngokwanele ukuze ukwazi ukubhekana nemibuzo
ngokuyikho. Kwakujabulisa kakhulu ukubona impikiswano mayelana ne-NAFTA.
Cishe akwaziwa ukuthi inhlangano yabasebenzi yayinesikhundla
phezu kwakho. Lokho kwacindezelwa. Kukhona iLabour Advisory Council, yona
ngamaqembu ezinyunyana zabasebenzi, ngokuyisisekelo. Ngokusho kukakhongolose
imithetho yezohwebo, kufanele kukhulunywe nayo kunoma yikuphi okuhlobene nohwebo
udaba. Kodwa abazange baze balulekwe ngokuthi i-NAFTA yayixoxwa
kuze kube usuku olulodwa ngaphambi kwevoti likakhongolose. Ngicabanga ukuthi babenjalo
unikezwe isaziso samahora angama-24.
Nokho,
bahlangana, nokho, futhi bahlanganisa okuthakazelisayo
isiphakamiso seSivumelwano Sokuhweba Ngokukhululekile saseNyakatho Melika—kodwa hhayi
Lena. Baveze ukuthi lo usezoba ngusozimali
isivumelwano samalungelo, sasizolimaza abantu abasebenzayo. Kodwa kwakungenzeka
kwenziwe ngendlela ehlukile, ngezimali eziyisinxephezelo nezinye izinto,
imodeli yenyunyana yaseYurophu ingxenye lapho balethe khona eSpain futhi
IPortugal neGreece ngendlela yokuthi ngeke idicilele phansi
Amalungelo abasebenzi baseNyakatho. Imibono eminingi yacaciswa.
Kwasatshalaliswa. Akukaze kubikwe. Ukukhulunywa ngakho kuphela enginakho
engake ngayibona isezintweni engibhale kuzo
Umagazini we-Z
ngaleso sikhathi,
kanye nencwadi yakamuva ehlanganisa nayo.
Zabo
isiphakamiso sicishe sifane nesenziwe yi-OTA,
iHhovisi Lokuhlola Ubuchwepheshe, eselihlakaziwe,
kodwa ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyinhlangano yocwaningo lukakhongolose. Bona
wenze ukuhlaziya okuningiliziwe kwe-NAFTA-okufinyelele kakhulu
iziphetho ezifanayo-okungukuthi, i-NAFTA ingaba yinhle lapha, kodwa
hhayi lena, ngoba lena yayihloselwe ukuhola kancane, ukukhula kancane.
imiphumela enenzuzo ephezulu. Kungenziwa ngendlela ezoholela
ekukhuleni okuphezulu, amaholo aphezulu, mhlawumbe inzuzo ephansi, futhi lokho
indlela okufanele kwenziwe ngayo. Nokho, lawa akuwona ama-radicals; lokhu
i-OTA. Angicabangi ukuthi umbiko wabo wake washiwo.
Wena
yazi, uma bekukhona ukunyakaza kwezishoshovu ezithandwayo, bebengaba
wephule kulokho. Ubungaba nohlobo oluhluke kakhulu
ye-NAFTA, okungenzeka ukuthi yayingasiza abantu esikhundleni sokulimaza
kubo.
The
okufanayo kwenzeka engqungqutheleni yaseQuebec ngo-April 2001, lapho
Udaba oluphambili kwakuyi-FTAA, eyayizomodela ku-NAFTA, futhi
izimemezelo zongqongqoshe bezohwebo kanye nezihloko ze
abezindaba bahalalisela impumelelo enkulu ye-NAFTA. Ingqungquthela ayizange ifike
phezulu emkhankasweni wobumongameli noma okhethweni, obekuthakazelisa
ngoba izindaba ezikulo zibaluleke kakhulu kubantu. Bona
yizindaba eziseqhulwini ezinhlelweni zokuvota. Ayizange iqhamuke. Iza njalo
ingqungquthela yaseQuebec. Awukwazi ukuyicindezela, ngoba lapho
kwakuyimibhikisho emikhulu, abantu bebhidliza imigoqo, futhi
kwakukhona ukuphawula kwabezindaba. Kodwa incazelo yayicishe iphelele,
“Imodeli ye-FTAA yi-NAFTA, ebe yimpumelelo enkulu
futhi manje kufanele silethe ku-hemisphere. Nalaba ababhikishi abahlanyayo
bazama ukubukela phansi abampofu, njalonjalo.”
Lapho
kwakuyizifundo ezimbili ezinkulu ze-NAFTA ezabekelwe isikhathi sokukhululwa e-
isiqongo. Babephezu kwetafula ngalinye labahleli ezweni. Eyodwa
bekuyiHuman Rights Watch, okunzima ukuyiziba. Enye kwakungu
I-Economic Policy Institute, bonke abayaziyo. Amalungelo Abantu
Umbiko wokubuka wawumayelana nomphumela we-NAFTA kumalungelo abasebenzi kwabathathu
amazwe. Bekungekuhle kuwo womathathu amazwe. Umbiko we-EPI
bekuwucwaningo oluthokozisayo nolunemininingwane yongoti kulaba abathathu
amazwe mayelana nemiphumela ye-NAFTA kubantu abasebenzayo. Iziphetho
ingabe kwakuyingozi kuwo womathathu amazwe futhi kuyingozi kakhulu eMexico—futhi
hhayi nje kubantu abasebenzayo, kodwa kosomabhizinisi kanye nawo wonke umuntu.
Lapha
ziyizifundo ezinkulu ezenziwa yizinhlangano ezaziwayo, ezibekelwe isikhathi sokukhululwa
engqungqutheleni, lapho udaba kwaba impumelelo enkulu NAFTA kanye
singayinweba ifike ku-hemisphere. Nganginomngane owenza i-database
sesha ngemva kwalokho. Kukhulunywe ngakho kukholamu ku-a
iphephandaba elincane eMadison, Wisconsin. Izinga lokufakwe ngaphakathi
isiyalo sikhulu kangangokuthi awusho lokho obekusobala
kubaluleke kakhulu, kodwa isiphetho esingalungile.
So
ukuletha abantu emigwaqweni kungafaka lezo zinkinga
esikrinini se-radar?
It
akazange. Okuwukuphela kwento eyakwenza kwaba ukuvumela isithombe ukuthi senziwa
yababhikishi abahlanyayo namahippie angajwayelekile nabantu abanezigqoko ezihlekisayo
ababezama ukulimaza abampofu ngoba bezama
vimbela izinzuzo ze-NAFTA. Kodwa uhlobo oluhlukile lokuhlela
bekungaphoqa lokhu ku-ajenda. Kwesinye isikhathi kuyasebenza. Thanda
ku-Multilateral Agreement on Investments, isebenzile.
Ini
uhlobo lokuhlela lungasebenza kangcono?
Akuve
kufanele kube into engaqondisiwe nje embukisweni
eQuebec bese kuthi lapho wehluleka, uthi, “Kulungile, siyayeka.”
Kufanele kube usuku nosuku, inhlangano eqhubekayo. Amanxusa ayahamba
kuya
Boston Globe
ihhovisi lokuhlela futhi sithi sifuna wena
ukubika umphumela wale mibiko, futhi uma ungenzi kanjalo, sinjalo
ngizobhala idolobha lonke futhi ngithi niyinqwaba yalokhu,
lokho, nenye into. Uyazi, lolo hlobo lokucindezela lwalungaba
asebenze futhi angabhodloza. Ezinye izintatheli zingaba nazo
ukwenzile. Bambalwa kakhulu abakwenza. Bambalwa kakhulu ababekwazi ngisho nakho.
If
uya enkathini endala—uthatha, ake sithi, inkathi lapho ubuKhomanisi
Iphathi ibiphila. Futhi kunezinto eziningi neziningi ezingalungile
neQembu lamaKhomanisi, ubuStalin, nakho konke okunye. Kodwa yona
kwakuyinhlangano ebaluleke kakhulu ngoba yayikhona futhi yayikhona
eqhubeka. Unabantu abafanayo abeza bezogaya i-mimeograph
imishini isonto nesonto, noma ngabe wehlulwe empini yokugcina. Ngiyakhumbula
kusukela ebuntwaneni bami—umkhaya wakithi wawungamaJuda amaningi angasebenzi
ikilasi. Iningi labo bebengaphakathi naseduze kweQembu LamaKhomanisi. Bona
akazange anikeze i-damn mayelana nokuhlanzwa kwe-Stalinist noma yini enye-uma
kwadingeka banqekuzise amakhanda endaweni efanele, banqekuzise kwesokudla
iphuzu. Kodwa babenendaba nalezo zindaba ezazixatshaniswa
mayelana. O-anti bami babengabathungi abasebenza ngezithunga,
kodwa bathola amasonto ambalwa ehlobo ehlobo lenyunyana
ekamu futhi bathola ukuvikeleka emsebenzini kanye nokunakekelwa kwezempilo okuthile.
Babenemfundo yabasebenzi.
Wena
abafuni ukuhlanganisa kabusha i-Stalinist Party endala, ngokusobala.
Kodwa ufuna ukwazi ukuthi yini eyayilungile ngayo, nokuthi yayiyini
okungalungile ngakho. Okwakulungile ngakho kwakuyizinto ezinjengalezi.
Ini
indima edlalwa yintando yeningi emibuthanweni yomphakathi namuhla?
Ngaphandle
babambe iqhaza ngempela, ngeke bahlale
amandla, futhi akufanele. Futhi lezi akuzona izinto ezilula ukuzithuthukisa.
Noma ubani oke waba kunoma yimuphi umnyakazo odumile, noma ngabe ukhona
iqembu labantu abangu-20 noma into enkulu, liyazi ukuthi kukhona abangaphakathi
ukuthambekela okuholela ezikhundleni eziphezulu. Izinga lokucikeka kwabantu liyahlukahluka.
Kukhona abazoyinamathisela ihora nehora
emihlanganweni nakwabanye abathi, "Ngeke ngisakwazi ukukuthatha lokhu,"
futhi ngubani ozogcina enezinhlobo zangaphambili kube ngabathatha izinqumo.
Isuka ezintweni zokusebenzelana nabanye njengalezo iye ekuthambekeleni kokudlulisela
gunyaza futhi uhambe uyokwenza okunye futhi ubayeke bawuqhube. Bese kuba
izomane iphenduke izikhundla futhi ibuswe futhi ibuswe
futhi uzogcina usuyinceku futhi. Lokho kuyiqiniso ku
noma yiluphi uhlobo lwenhlangano. Kufanele kube nzima ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Kufanele kufakwe ngaphakathi, kuyingxenye yokuqonda
ukubamba iqhaza ekunyakazeni, ukuthi yilokhu okuzokwenzeka
thatha.
The
New York Times
ukhuluma ngokuvela kwe
“amanye amandla amakhulu” ukuncintisana namandla aseMelika.
They
bakhathazekile ngakho. Njengoba nje bekhathazekile ngenhlekelele
yentando yeningi. Lowo musho owodwa ku
New York Times
emelelwe
uvalo lwangempela lokuthi kungenzeka izwe liyaphuma ekulawuleni. Kuyakhombisa
phezulu nangezinye izici, futhi. Thatha yonke le Old Europe, New Europe
ibhizinisi. Kwakumayelana nani lokho? Ngokwengxenye, kwakuyinkulumo nje
yenzondo egcwele, enentshiseko yentando yeningi phakathi kwezikhulu zase-U.S.
okuyinto ephawulekayo ngempela. Iqiniso lokuthi i-Old Europe iyalahlwa
ngoba ohulumeni bathatha isikhundla esifanayo neseningi labo
labantu kanye neYurophu Entsha inconywa ngoba ohulumeni
kudlule iningi labantu abaningi.
Kodwa
kunezindaba ezijule kakhulu kunalokho. IYurophu yakudala yiFrance
kanye neJalimane. Leyo yizimboni nezohwebo kanye nezezimali
inhliziyo yaseYurophu. Ukukhathazeka ngalokho kubonisa ukukhathazeka okudala—ukuhamba
emuva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili—ukuthi iYurophu yayizogadla
isifundo esizimele. Uma kwenzeka, izoholwa yinhliziyo yayo,
France kanye Germany. Ngakho lapho bephuma emgqeni, kunjalo ngempela
kuyingozi. Ngoba bangase bathathe iYurophu kanye nabo endaweni
inkambo yokuzimela ezindabeni zomhlaba. Okuningi ukukhathazeka mayelana
I-China ne-Japan iyafana. I-Northeast Asia iyona enamandla kakhulu
isifunda sezomnotho emhlabeni. I-GDP yayo inkulu kakhulu kunaleyo ye
I-the united states. Ingahle ihlanganiswe. Ingahamba
ngendlela ezimele.
So
akuwona nje amandla amakhulu esibili—uyazi, adumile
umbono. Kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi umhlaba uyaphikisana
izikhungo zamandla. I-U.S. yenzeka ibuse kwezempi, kodwa hhayi
kwezinye izilinganiso. Lokhu ukukhathazeka isikhathi eside. Ikakhulukazi nge
IYurophu, phakathi nengxenye yesibili yekhulu leminyaka elidlule, kodwa wena
uzokhumbula ukukhathazeka ngeJapan ngeminyaka yawo-1980.
International
izinqubomgomo ziqondiswe kakhulu kulokhu. Isho, ukulawula
kawoyela wase-Iraqi noma uqinisekisa ukuthi amapayipi oLwandle lweCaspian aya e
Entshonalanga. Okuningi kwalokhu kusekelwe ekukhathazekeni okwenzeka eNyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Asia
ingase ifune ukuzimela kwamandla. Okusho ukulahlekelwa kakhulu
i-lever enamandla yokulawula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma i-U.S. inokulawula
phezu kwezinsimbi zamandla futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi banquma ngokuyisisekelo ukuthi yini
kwenzeka - leyo yindlela yokuvimbela ukuzimela okwengeziwe
ukuthuthukiswa ezikhungweni zezomnotho nezepolitiki nezenhlalo ezikhona
ngokulingana, noma ngisho nakakhulu kune-United States. Ngakho konke lokhu
kucatshangwa ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Nini
abanye abantu baseMelika babona imibhikisho emhlabeni wonke ephikisana nayo, ngokwesibonelo,
I-Iraq War, babona lokho njenge-anti-Americanism.
The
umbono uyathakazelisa. Imiqondo efana ne-anti-Americanism ikhona kuphela
ezifundeni zobushiqela. Ake sithi abantu base-Italy bayabhikisha
Berlusconi. Ingabe lokho kubizwa ngokuthi i-anti-Italianism? ERussia, yayibizwa
anti-Sovietism. E-Brazil, ngaphansi kojenene, uma ubhikisha
wawumelene namaBrazilian. Kodwa okuwukuphela kwendlela lowo mqondo ongaba khona ngayo
uma ukhomba ubuholi nomphakathi, isiko,
abantu, izifiso zabo, njalo njalo. Uma wenza lokho, uma
yamukele leyo mfundiso ejulile yobushiqela, ungaba nemibono efana nayo
anti-Sovietism, anti-Brazilianism, anti-Americanism, njalonjalo.
The
ukuba khona kwalo mqondo kukhombisa ukulandelana okujulile kobushiqela
emcabangweni we-U.S. AmaNtaliyane angahleka ngakho ukube ubunakho
incwadi e-Italy ebizwa ngokuthi
I-Anti-Italianism
, ebhekise kubantu
abaphikisana nezinqubomgomo zikaBerlusconi. Lapho unencwadi ngaphakathi
i-United States yabiza
I-Anti-Americanism
by Paul Hollander,
ebhekisela kubantu abagxeka izinqubomgomo zase-U.S. noma okuthize, abantu
ungahleki, ithola isibuyekezo esihle ku
I-New York
Times
.
The
Umqondo ubonisa umqondo ojulile wokuthi kufanele ube ngaphansi
ngokwakho ebuholini. Uma ubugxeka ubuholi,
noma ngabe ucabanga ukuthi leli yizwe elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, unjalo
anti-American.
Ini
ucabanga ukuthi ikusasa lezinhlangano zomphakathi lizoba, futhi nguwe
unethemba noma ongenathemba?
I
cabanga ukuthi ukuthambekela kule minyaka engu-30 noma engu-40 edlule kunethemba elikhulu.
Kodwa ngempela umbuzo we-trajectory; kukhona abancintisana kakhulu
ama-trajectories emhlabeni. Kukhona eyodwa ebheke ku-centralization
kanye nokubuswa kwezempi nokubusa. Futhi inhlekelele, ngoba ibhekene
inhlekelele. Kukhona okunye mayelana nokwanda kokukhathazeka ngomuntu
amalungelo, ezindabeni zokuthula, phezu, “Ngabe lokhu kuzoba i
indawo abangahlala kuyo abazukulu bethu?”—kanye
ku. Umbuzo uthi iyiphi kulezi zindlela ezibusayo.
UVictor Tan Chen
ungumhleli wephephabhuku eliku-inthanethi i-INTHEFRAY.COM kanye nomuntu ozofundela ubudokotela
kunqubomgomo yezenhlalakahle e-Harvard University. Umbhalo ogcwele we
le ngxoxo iyatholakala ku- www.inthefray.com.