The Philadelphia
Obuzayo (inki) ithathwa kabanzi njenge
iphephandaba elihle kakhulu. Lesi sithunzi sitholakala ku
ingxenye ekuphakameni kwayo okukhulu phezu kwayo
owandulelayo, kaWalter Annenberg Obuzayo,
edume kabi njenge-partisan Republican rag futhi
ithuluzi lika-Annenberg's personal vendettas
(okudume kakhulu, ukwenqaba kwakhe ukuvumela ukuba kukhulunywe ngakho
igama loMbusi weDemokhrasi okhululekile we
Pennsylvania, Milton Sapp). Ngemva kweKnight
isistimu ithole i-Inky (kanye ne-Annenberg).
I-Philadelphia Daily News) ku
Ngo-1970-U-Knight uhlanganiswe ne-Ridder chain
1974 ukwakha i-Knight-Ridder-yangena
abaphathi abangochwepheshe, bazithuthukise kakhulu izindaba
ukusebenza, futhi yanqamula iphepha
isevisi njengemoto yomuntu siqu yezepolitiki
umnikazi.
Iphepha liyathandeka
idumela nalo lincike kokuthi okuhle
okufeziwe. U-Knight-Ridder ube nakokuqala
izinga izintatheli ezifana noFrank Greve noJuan
Tamayo, omibiko yakhe ivela ngezikhathi ezithile encwadini inki
(lezi zintatheli zinamathiselwe ngqo kuzo
umnikazi we-Knight-Ridder Miami Herald). I
inki ube nenani elifanelekile lasendlini
izindatshana zezindaba kanye nezifundo zophenyo zezindaba
njengamaxhaphozi, ukuhlukunyezwa kwamaphoyisa, indawo
inkohlakalo yezombangazwe, kanye nezinye ezimbi kakhulu
ubuntatheli obuhle. UBarlett noSteele
imibiko yophenyo yezingxenye eziningi ngezikhathi ezithile
umthwalo wentela kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwemali engenayo, noma kunjalo
ukulinganiselwa (okuphawulwe ngezansi) kuyimizamo efanele. I
iphepha alivaliwe, futhi lishicilela izihloko zezindaba
kanye nemibono yezikhathi ezithile engqubuzanayo
umugqa weqembu iphepha lisekela
ngokuhlela.
Ngaphandle kwalezi zinto ezinhle,
kepha, inki bekulokhu kuyi-
ukusungulwa isikhungo esigcina izindaba kanye
umbono kakhulu ngaphakathi kwemingcele
ukusungulwa nemingcele. Kuqhutshwa imakethe
iphepha, ngokuya ngakho kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, futhi
ngenxa yalokho wenze umsebenzi omubi kakhulu we
ukugcina "indawo yomphakathi" ngaphakathi
okuyizinto ezibalulekile kuso sonke izakhamizi
kuxoxwa ngokukhululeka futhi kuxoxiswane ngakho. Ingalo yayo yezindaba
inokuntuleka kwakho konke ukuhweba okujwayelekile
amaphepha-kuncike kakhulu ekusemthethweni
imithombo, ukuze iholwa njalo ngekhala
endleleni izikhulu ezifisa ngayo; futhi kuphi
izikhulu zifuna ukuthula futhi zithole imikhondo embalwa, i
iphepha liyehluleka ukulandela indaba bese livumela ukuthula
ukunqoba. (Imvamisa, lapho izikhulu zifuna khona inki
ukuya abahleli bayo bafuna ukuhamba noma kunjalo.) Umphumela owodwa
yilokho inki isebenze njalo njenge
ingalo ye-propaganda yombuso, njengasendabeni ye
izindaba/ukuphathwa kokuhlela kwenkulumompikiswano ye-NAFTA
kanye nebheyili yaseMexico, lapho izindaba zazikhona
izacile futhi ayigxeki, ikhasi lokuhlela kakhulu
uchemile futhi une-demogic.
Iqhutshwa Emakethe
I-journalism
The Inky's
umzali, u-Knight-Ridder (KR), ungowomphakathi
inkampani ehweba ngeNew York Stock Exchange,
futhi ngenxa yalokho ingaphansi kwengcindezi ezinzile
lalela iphuzu elibalulekile. Le ngcindezi
elibukhali kule minyaka eyishumi edlule phakathi nayo
inzuzo yamaphephandaba ihlaselwe ukuwohloka komnotho, iphezulu
amanani e-newsprint, nokuncintisana ngokukhangisa
kusuka kukhebula nezinye izimbangi. John Knight, a
liberal Republican ngenhlonipho yakudala
kwezobuntatheli obuphenyayo, washona ngo-1981; i
Ingxenye ye-Ridder yenhlanganisela yayihlale ingaphezulu
egxile kwezamabhizinisi, kanye noTony Ridder, manje oseyi-CEO,
uyaziwa ngokugxila kwakhe kwezokukhangisa. Ngaphansi kwe-Ridder,
kanye nomanduleli wakhe njengomongameli, uJames Batten,
I-KR ilandele amasu amaningana: ikwenzile
izamile ukuguqukela kumidiya emisha
(ayiphumelelanga), isizibandakanye ekuqothulweni kwezinyunyana
eDetroit, futhi izamile ukunciphisa izindleko kukho konke
amaphepha ayo ngokunciphisa abasebenzi. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni
ukusuka kwe inki'Ima
isikhulu, u-Eugene Roberts, ngo-1990, bese kuthi
ukwesula komhleli omkhulu uJames
Naughton ngo-1995 Philadelphia
Daily News ngo-1995, umhleli wekhasi lokuhlela
URichard Aregood uphawule ukuthi u-KR "kwakunjalo
ekubeni inkampani ngemodeli ejwayelekile ye
izinkampani esikhundleni se-Knight
model." UDavid Von Drehle, owake wasebenza
Okwe Miami Herald,washo ukuthi
ukuwohloka kwakamuva kwamazinga e-KR kumholele
ukuphetha "ukuthi yisikhathi sokusho i
ukuhlolwa kwamaphephandaba adayiswa esidlangalaleni a
ukwehluleka."
Omunye umugqa wokuhlasela ngu
U-Knight-Ridder ube nolaka kakhulu (noma
sycophantic) enikeza abafundi nabakhangisi.
UJames Batten, umongameli we-KR kusukela ngo-1988 kuze kube wakhe
ukufa ngo-1995, waphayona lesi sigaba esisha
ubuntatheli obuqhutshwa yimakethe, futhi yavezwa ku
izincwadi zakamuva Lapho ama-MBA Ebusa Izindlwana Zezindaba
(Doug Underwood) kanye Ubuntatheli obuqhutshwa yimakethe
(UJohn McManus). Kusukela ngo-1988 uBatten wakhankasa
ngaphakathi kwe-KR ngalokho akubiza ngokuthi "ikhasimende
obsession," igama elihlanganisa ikhasimende
kokubili abafundi nabakhangisi. Ukumaketha
ukusekela lokhu "obsession" kwaba
clear: ukugxila okuqinisiwe emaphethelweni enzuzo
targets, kanye ne Wall Street Journal kuphawulwe
emuva ngo-1990 ukuthi i-KR yayibonakala "iboleka
kakhulu ekusungulweni kwe-Gannett Co USA
Namuhlaโฆ[nge] ihluzo nemibala egqamile
[ezigqamisa] izindaba ku-baby-boomer 'hot
izinkinobho,' njengesehlukaniso, imali yomuntu siqu,
izitayela zezindlu kanye nendawo yokusebenza." Ngokusho
kuya Miami Herald umhleli ophethe uDoug
Clifton, iphepha kufanele libe liphendula okubalulekile
umbuzo obuzwa ngabafundi: "Kuyini lokhu
usho kimi na?" Ngokunjalo, iphepha lakhe
yehlisela phansi izindaba ezingezona ezendawo futhi, njengendaba
inqubomgomo, ukutholakala kwezindaba ezindaweni eziyisishiyagalolunye
amaqembu okugxilwe kuwo abonisiwe abenentshisekelo enkulu
kubafundi (uhlu aluyifaki ipolitiki kazwelonke
kanye nezindaba zomhlaba). UDavid Remick wabhala encwadini New
York ukuthi i Miami Herald kwaba manje
"mncane futhi une-anemic, ishidi elikhuthazayo."
I-Boosterism kanye
Phony Empowerment
The inki yahamba kancane
kunalokho Miami Herald ukuzithoba ku
"i-obsession" iphushwa yi-KR kuyo
izinkampani ezingaphansi, kodwa kuthathe amahithi okunciphisa izindleko
futhi kancane kancane yamukela izici ezibalulekile ze
i-oda elisha. I-boosterism yayo yayibonakala kuyo
ukwesekwa kokuhlela kokukhiqizwa endaweni
i-helicopter boondoggle ("Londoloza i-Osprey:
Nali indiza ebukeka ixakile thina ngempela
isidingo,โ July 9, 1990). Kwakungaphezu kwalokho
kuboniswe ngokuphawulekayo ngesikhathi sokufa kuka
UCardinal ozinze ePhiladelphia uJohn Krol ngoMashi 3,
1996. Isonto lonke the inki wagijima omkhulu
ikhasi lokuqala lisabalala ngezithombe zikaKhadinali,
uhlaka lwakhe, umngcwabo wakhe, ngokudumisa
ulimiโโubukhona obuphakeme,โ
"Inceku ye-Philadelphia [sic] ye-27
Iminyaka,โ njllโfuthi amakhasi angaphakathi agcwele
imininingwane kanye drivel. Krol, othanda uRichard
Nixon, umsekeli kaPapa John II, kanye no-a
ubuncane kuzo zonke izici, kunganikezwa a
Umgubho weqhawe ongagxeki ngokuphelele kuphela ngo
iphephandaba elihambela inqwaba yabafundi.
The 1990 Wall Street
Journal i-akhawunti yomfundi omusha "
friendly" u-KR waphawula ukuthi amaphepha e-KR'
amakhasi okuhlela asefakiwe manje
"'amabhokisi okunika amandla' enikeza amagama
nezinombolo zocingo, ukuze abafundi bakwazi ukuthatha
isenzo." The inki wayengomunye walabo
amaphepha. Amaphepha amaningi e-KR nawo afaka izakhamizi
Izinhlelo zezwi ezikhuthaza abafundi ukuthi bathole
ndawonye ukushintshanisa imibono nokuba nayo
kuvezwe engxenyeni ekhethekile yephepha. I
U-Inky ukwamukele lokhu ngamandla futhi uzinikele
amakhasi amaningi kuya kumagama amafushane athi "izakhamuzi
amazwi." Lokhu "civic
ubuntatheli," ngezinye izikhathi kuthiwa
"i-commercial populism," ngokuyisisekelo i-a
ukukhwabanisa nokukhwabanisa. Kuyi-coupon kulokho
iphepha lilahla isibopho salo sokubhekana nalo
izinkinga futhi uziphathe ngokujulile; kuwumgunyathi
ezenzakalweni zayo zokuzenzisa kokujwayelekile
imibono yabantu kanye nombono wokuthi
ukuvumela izinkulumo ezilawulwayo zemibono ngu
lezi zakhamizi nganoma iyiphi indlela "zinika amandla"
kubo (lapho eqinisweni ubufushane kanye nobubanzi be
amazwi aqinisekisa ukuthi ngeke abe nokuhambisana
noma imiphumela).
The inki Ubuye
U-Ombudsman olungele ukufunda, oveze eyakhe kanye
the inkiImibala yeqiniso esigamekweni
okubandakanya ukushicilelwa kwesihloko ekhasini lokuqala
kuRush Limbaugh, "Inkosi yenkulumo, eholayo
icala" (Joe Logan, Juni 2, 1995), nge
isithombe esihambisana naso esibonisa uLimbaugh
grimacing. Lesi sihloko sasikha phezulu
i-puff-piece ecaphune u-Rush ubude. Kuvuliwe kuphela
ikhasi lokuqhubeka uLogan wakusho lokho
Limbaugh's "no less strident"
abagxeki bayagomela ukuthi udlala ngokushesha futhi ngokukhululeka
amaqiniso futhi ine-streak enzima. Azikho izingcaphuno noma
izingcaphuno zanikezwa futhi akuzange kukhulunywe ngakho
uBulungiswa nokunemba okusakazwe kahle ku
Incwadi yokubika Indlela Izinto Ezingekho Ngayo:
Ukubusa Kwephutha kuka-Rush Limbaugh. Ngena
u-Ombudsman, ukuthi angaxolisi ngokungenzi
nokukhukhumala kodwa ngesithombe esibonisa uRush
grimacing. Futhi ngenkathi i inki futhi wanika
Limbaugh ikholomu ye-Op Ed, ukuhanjiswa okunemininingwane
Amaphutha kaLimbaugh nguJeff Cohen (co-author
yevolumu ye-FAIR) yenqatshiwe.
Lokhu kuzungeza kwesokudla
ibonakalise i Inky's ukuphatha
wezinhlamvu kanye nekhasi le-Op Ed iminyaka eminingi.
Lezi aziklanyelwe ukukhanyisa izindaba noma
khuthaza inkulumo-mpikiswano ejulile, engase icasule
izifunda ezibalulekile. I inki ubona
imakethe yayo njengezindawo ezidla izambane likapondo
Philadelphia; abangaphansi Daily News is
okwesakhamuzi sebhakede lesidlo sasemini sedolobha. A
yamuva inki ukucela abakhangisi
wagomela ngokuthi leli phepha lifundwa ngamaphesenti angama-83
AbasePhiladelphia abanemali engenayo engu-$100,000 noma ngaphezulu.
The inki abaphathi kudala bebona
ukuthi le ngxenye yemakethe ifuna ukuphana
ukwelashwa kwama-conservative kanye nama-rightwing pundits
futhi inki uye wanikeza ukwelashwa okunjalo
amashumi eminyaka.
Phakathi neminyaka yawo-1980, abaphikisi
zezimpi zaseMelika Ephakathi babhikisha kancane kancane
the inkiIkhasi le-Op Ed lokuphana ku
iqembu lempi, okubangela umhleli, u-Edwin Guthman,
ukubhala izinsika ezimbili bevuma ukuthi i
izincwadi ezimelene nempi zazizidlula lezo
isekela u-Reagan, futhi iyakhanga ngokwezwi nezwi
rightwing abafundi ukubhala ukuze balungise
ukungalingani futhi ngokunokwenzeka kuthethelela impi
amakholomu (April 6, 1986). Singaqiniseka ukuthi cha
Umhleli we-Inky useke wanxusa abakhululekile futhi
abangakwesokunxele ukubhala ukuze basekele i-liberal-left
isikhundla noma uhlelo.
Ekuphawuleni kokuhlela
ekwamukelweni kochungechunge lwe-Barlett-Steele ku
I-1996, i inki umhleli waphawula ukuthi izincwadi
ukusekela uBarlett noSteele kwanda kakhulu
labo abaphikisayo. Lokhu kuyaphakamisa futhi
ukuthi ukuchema okulandelanayo kwekhasi le-Op Ed kanye
ukulinganisa okuseduze kokuphawula kwe-liberal-kwesokunxele akunjalo
silungisiswe ngamazwi afinyelela ephepheni, kodwa
imiphumela yesifiso sokuhlinzeka ngekhasi ukuthi
yanelisa abafundi nabakhangisi ababalulekile.
Encwadini ka-August 1990 eya ku
Ababhikishi baseMelika Ephakathi bechaza inki
inqubomgomo yezincwadi, umhleli wezinhlamvu wabhala ukuthi i
letters column ithi "ngokuyinhloko ingeyakudala nje
abafundi abavamile kuqala, hhayi amaqembu kanye
izinhlangano ezifuna inkundla yokuchaza ngazo
izinkolelo." Citizens Voices for the inki
akubona abantu ababhikishi baseMelika Ephakathi
amaqembu, kodwa izakhamuzi "ezivamile". Lokhu
iyifomula yokusebenzisa amakholomu ezinhlamvu njenge-a
induku yombani, ukunikeza umbono wokuba
yentando yeningi ngenkathi igcinwa ikhululekile
izincwadi ezingase zikhanyise.
Ukuzulazula ku
i-Pro-Israel Lobby
The inki kwenza
okuhlukile kunqubomgomo yokugwema izincwadi ngo
amaqembu ahlelekile lapho amaqembu enamandla khona
futhi ezisongela ngempumelelo. Icala elisobala
ibandakanya indawo yokwamukela izivakashi e-pro-Israel kanye
Umkhankaso wokhetho lwesenenja yeSpecter-Yeakel ka
1992. Iphepha lingaphansi kwengcindezi eqinile evela
le ndawo yokwamukela izivakashi, kanye nohlobo olulodwa lokungena emhumeni kube yi-
isabelo esivulekile kakhulu sencwadi kanye ne-Op Ed
isikhala sekholomu kumalungu aso. Kuyaphawuleka
ukwelashwa kwabo kukaMorton Klein, kakhulu
enolaka, umongameli ozinze ePhiladelphia we
Inhlangano yeZionist yaseMelika, eyayinabayisikhombisa
izincwadi namakholomu amane e-Op Ed ashicilelwe ku
1991-1992 (futhi abaningi ngemva kwalokho). Klein ngokuqinile
uthande u-Arlen Specter ngo-1992, noyedwa inki
ongaphakathi ungazise ukuthi uKlein uyithumele ngefeksi inki
umlayezo wokugxeka ngokusakazwa kwawo kwe
ukhetho kanye nezindaba zakwa-Israyeli nsuku zonke. Indawo yokwamukela izivakashi
futhi wavimbezela inki ngokuvakasha; okukodwa kwe
amalungu alo aphawula ephepheni lendawo ukuthi iqembu lakhe
wavakashela abahleli, โabalalela kakhulu
ngokucophelela futhi, ngokubonga kwabo, bathatha izinyathelo zoku
lungisa ukungalingani ngokulandelayo
izinhlelo."
Omunye umphumela walokhu
umzamo wokunxenxa kwaba yilokho inki ukusabalala kwe
umkhankaso weSpecter-Yeakel wanikezwa ikakhulukazi
kuntatheli uNathan Gorenstein, one-pro-Specter
ukuchema kwakusobala. Yena, nezinye izintatheli njengoba
kahle, kubhekiselwa ngokuphindaphindiwe engcebweni kaYeakel
nokuthi kwangena eyakhe imali
umkhankaso wakhe, kodwa akazange akhulume okuningi
izimali ezinkulu zithelwe emkhankasweni weSpecter ngo
i-pro-Israel lobby, nezindaba zangempela kanye
Irekhodi le-Specter alifakwanga. Okukodwa kwe
izici ezimbi zomkhankaso we-Specter
kwaba isimangalo sokuthi uBryn Mawr kaYeakel
IBandla lasePresbyterian lalimelene namaSemite, ngoba
babenezikhulumi ezisekela iPalestine ku
Middle East phakathi kwesethi enkulu eyayihlanganisa
I-Specter (leli phuzu lokugcina alikaze lishiwo ngu
Gorenstein). Izindaba zika-Gorenstein ziphathwe
lokhu kukhokhiswa kwe-anti-Semitism njengodaba lwangempela,
hhayi iqhinga lokungcolisa, futhi u-Inky akazange ahlole
ukusetshenziswa kwaleli qhinga elingcolile nguSpecter kanye neyakhe
indawo yokungena esekelayo.
The inki futhi
isekele indawo yokwamukela izivakashi kanye ne-Specter ngokushicilela
izincwadi ezilandelanayo ezihlasela uBryn Mawr
I-Presbyterian Church ngu-Klein, umshisekeli we-CAMERA uGary
Wolf, kanye nomfundisi wendawo oshisekayo uMichael
Igolideblatt. Okokugcina kuvezwe ngabakwa inki,
nakuba egcwele amaphutha noma yimuphi umhleli onekhono
kufanele baqaphele, njengokuthi โAkekho umholi wamaJuda
izame ukufanisa ukugxeka u-Israyeli
anti-Semitism," futhi yenza i-ad hominem futhi
amacala angamanga ngabaholi besonto uMfundisi Eugene
Bay noPaul Hopkins. Ukhiye ophansi we-Hopkins
impendulo eya ku-Goldblatt inqatshelwe ukushicilelwa yi-
inki.
Iminyaka eyishumi iqhubeke
i-Blacklist
Ngaba nokuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu
ngokwami โโngomsipha we-pro-Israel lobby
ne inki. Ngemva kokuthatha ezintathu
amakholomu alandelanayo e-Op Ed athathwe yi- inki
ngo-1981-82, eyesine yanyatheliswa kuhulumeni
ubuphekula, obukhomba u-Israyeli (phakathi kokunye)
njengombuso wamaphekula. Lokhu kwavusa intukuthelo,
kuhlanganise nabanye abavela emandleni abalulekile asekela u-Israyeli
abathengisi ePhiladelphia. Eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo
(kuze kube ngu-1991) angikwazanga ukufaka i-Op Ed kuyo
iphepha, futhi nakuba ngingenabo ubufakazi obuqinile
ngoba ngiyaqiniseka kakhulu ukuthi inki
ibiphendula isikhungo sikagesi lapho sikhona
ngokuvamile ama-grovels, nokuthi ngangingu-de facto
kufakwe ohlwini lwabavinjelwe.
Ngalesi sikhathi I
yanyathelisa inqwaba yezincwadi ezikhuluma ngezindaba ezeqisayo
isihloko, kodwa i-Op Eds kulezi zihloko ngu-a
"umbhali wendawo" bekungathengiswa. Eyodwa
uhlongoze u-Op Ed, ngetulo elisolwa nge-Bulgarian-KGB
ukubulala uPapa ngo-1991, inkulumo-ze ebalulekile
icebo leMpi Yomshoshaphansi, lalisekelwe encwadini, The
Ukuvuka nokuwa koxhumano lwaseBulgaria
(ebhalwe noFrank Brodhead). I inki
ishicilele ikholomu eyodwa kuphela ye-Op Ed ngale ndaba,
nguMichael Ledeen, owathatha itulo
njengoba sekufakazelwe kakade. I inki hhayi kuphela
bala umnikelo wami, nabo bawenqaba
ucezu lwemibono ngale ndaba ka-Diana Johnstone,
abanolwazi Kulezi zikhathi
Intatheli evela eParis, engathumela kuyo
egameni lakhe. Ezikhaleni zayo zezindaba, futhi, i Inky's
izintatheli azikaze ziphume nakanye ephathini
umugqa; "Ingcweti" yayo yayiphelele
ngingenasithakazelo ekuphishekeleni ubufakazi obuphikisayo ukuthi I
wamkhomba. Lapho icala elibhekene ne
Abantu baseBulgaria bawa eNkantolo Yase-Italy ngo-1986,
the inki akazange ahlolwe kabusha; futhi akazange
ibukeza udaba ngo-1991 ngesikhathi i-CIA yangaphambili
isikhulu uMelvin Goodman utshele ingqungquthela ngesikhathi somhlangano
Gates isiqinisekiso ukulalelwa ukuthi CIA
ochwepheshe babelazi icala elibhekene ne
Abantu baseBulgaria babenenkohliso ngoba, ngeyodwa
isizathu, base bengenile emfihlakalweni yaseBulgaria
amasevisi. Kafushane, kule propaganda enkulu
sebenzisa i inki wayengenangqondo
ithuluzi lolwazi olunganembile.
Eziningana zami zenqatshiwe
amakholomu phakathi neminyaka yohlu lwabavinjiwe ayeku
Izimpi zaseMelika Ephakathi. Enye yayisekelwe encwadini Imashi
Elections, futhi ebhalwe noFrank Brodhead,
eyazama ukukhombisa ukuthi iSalvador yango-1982
ukhetho aluhlangabezananga nemibandela yeqiniso
okhethweni olukhululekile, kodwa bekuwumdlalo wokuxhumana nomphakathi
yakhelwe ukufakazela emphakathini wase-US ukuthi yethu
ukungenelela kwakufanele, ngaleyo ndlela kuvumeleke
impi iqhubeke. (Ngaso leso sikhathi, kokubili lapha futhi
e-El Salvador kwathiwa ukhetho
kwakuyindlela yokuqeda ukulwa.) The
Ikholomu ye-Op Ed kuphela ku- inki ngesikhathi
1984 isikhathi sokhetho lwaseSalvador nguJames
Kilpatrick, okwathi, wakuthola a
ukuzivocavoca okumangalisayo kwentando yeningi. I inki
kwakungokomhleli "ngokumelene nempi," kodwa
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lokhu akuzange kubangele ukuhlela kwabo
ukuphonsela inselelo ukhetho lokubonisa njengoba
ukukhwabanisa, futhi, endabeni yaseNicaragua, akazange
badalula izinhlelo zokuthula ze-Reagan njengezihlekisayo futhi
shayela i-contra war ubuphekula obuxhaswe nguhulumeni.
Chaโbabehlale betusa izinhloso ezinhle
yabaxhasi bamaphekula, bavumile ukuthi iNicaragua
babe "nobushiqela," nokuthi babo
Ukuphishekela okushisayo kwe-contras eHonduras kwaba
osolekayo, njll. Ngakho, endabeni ye
Ukhetho lwaseSalvador lwango-1982 nango-1984, no
umnyango wezindaba kulandela ukuhola okusemthethweni, kanye
izingosi zokuhlela zigxeka kancane, i inki
ngokulinganisa kusekelwe inqubomgomo yempi.
Kwaba nesiphetho esifanayo
yafika kamuva yiKomidi Lezindaba le
I-Philadelphia Pledge of Resistance, kokubili
izifundo ezinemininingwane nezinhle kakhulu ze-Inky's
ukumbozwa kwe-Central America ngo-1989-1990,
ukubonisa (phakathi kwezinye izinto eziningi, futhi ngokuqinile
idatha) ukuthi inki kwaba "kabili
kungenzeka ukusebenzisa amalebula [ahlambalazayo]" ukuze
"izitha" kunabalingani base-US; ukuthi
kuncike kakhulu emithonjeni esemthethweni yase-US futhi
"akuvamile ukucashunwa noma kuxoxwa naye"
izakhamuzi noma izisulu; ukuthi ukukhetha kwayo kwesithombe
inqubomgomo esekelwe inqubomgomo yoMnyango Wezwe (cha
izithombe zezisulu zase-El Salvador noma
ePanama); nokuthi yayingavamile ukumboza iSalvador
ukubulawa kwezempi futhi cishe ungalokothi okukhulunywa yayo
umthwalo wemfanelo weningi labantu
abashonile. Njengoba izikhulu zaseMelika zinganaki iGuatemala, kanjalo
yenza i-Inky, futhi yanikeza "okulinganiselwe kakhulu
ukusabalala kokukhuphuka okungakaze kubonwe e-US
imibhikisho kazwelonke neyendawo/yomphakathi
ukungalaleli inqubomgomo yase-US kanye
intervention." Ukuchema kwephepha njengoba
mayelana nezwe ngalinye esifundeni
okukhulu nokusekela ukungenelela kwe-US.
Ababhali bamakholomu Avela
Maphakathi kuya kwesokudla
Emuva ngawo-1970, lapho i-
inki wayenoGeorge Will noWilliam Rusher
the Buyekeza National kanye nabashisekeli beqiniso uJohane
U-Lofton no-Smith Hempstone (balinganisela kancane ngo
Mike Royko noDavid Broder) njengababhali bezingosi, I
uvakashele amahhovisi abahleli ukuzama ukuzidayisa
ku-Howard Zinn, owabe esenekholomu ehlanganisiwe.
Ngehlulekile kulokhu, futhi inki akakaze
ubenombhali wezindaba ojwayelekile kuze kube "kwesokunxele"
njengoMary McGrory. Bake baba nesisindo esincane,
amaphakathi agwema udaba njengo-Broder, kalula
ihlulwe ngabadlali abalungile abafana noWill noCharles
UKrauthammer, owacindezela ngawo-1980
imigqa ye-Reaganite ye-propaganda ku-Central
IMelika, usongo lwaseSoviet, kanye nenhlalakahle
usongo lukamama, ngokuphikiswa okubuthakathaka kuphela. I inki
ivikela ukungalingani kwababhali phansi
ukuthi okwabo ukuhlela kunenkululeko, njengoba kunjalo
umdwebi wabo wekhathuni uTony Auth, ngakho-ke
"kwesokunxele" imbozwe kahle. Kodwa lokhu
ingxabano ayibambi amanzi. Njengoba kuphawuliwe ku-Central
America, ngisho nalapho ethambekele ekuphikisaneni
inqubomgomo esemthethweni inki izihleli zimbi
bayekethisiwe, futhi kuzinqubomgomo eziningi banjalo
ngokusobala illiberal: the inki ngokuhlela
wasekela uClarence Thomas, wasePanama naseGulf
izimpi, kanye nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kukaClinton kanye nendlala
I-Iraq; I-NAFTA; i-anti-PC crusade; ukwenziwa kwangasese;
isidingo esiphuthumayo sokulinganisa isabelomali; i
Umbono we-Concord Coalition mayelana nosongo lwe-Social
Ezokuphepha; kanye no-Boris Yeltsin njengomsindisi we-
"izinguquko" zaseRussia ezifiseleka kakhulu.
Ngenkululeko efana nalena edingayo
ama-Conservatives?
Ngayinye entsha rightwinger ngubani
ingena kuleli zwe iqonde ngqo
the inki Amakholomu e-Op EdโGreg
U-Easterbrook noMichael Silverstein ngosongo
wezazi zemvelo, uMickey Kaus ekugcineni
wokulingana, uRichard Rector of Heritage on the
usongo lwezenhlalakahle, uChristina Sommers noCamille
I-Paglia engozini ye-feminism. Sommers futhi
I-Paglia ayisadingeki njengekhasi le-Op Ed
unamathele kuCathy Young, osekuphelile
Amakholomu angama-50 kusukela ngo-1993, ingxenye enkulu
behlasela abantu besifazane ngodlame. Kuyiqiniso lokho
the inki ngokuvamile ithwala Ellen Goodman futhi
Sally Steenland, kodwa laba besifazane banjalo
ababhali bezingxoxo abanentshisekelo evamile abangavamile ukukhuluma
futhi uvikele ukukhathazeka kwabesifazane. Abekho nhlobo
susa ulaka olungaguquki oluphikisana nabesifazane lwe
Intsha, ilekelelwa ngumqambi kanye nowangaphambili
umhleli uDavid Boldt, onikela ngamalungelo asendaweni
umhleli uMark Randall, kanye nomshisekeli wendawo uRonald
UJames ("Baphi abantu besifazane lapho a
usisi udinga usizo? khulula Leona!," Julayi 8,
1992).
The inki Ubuye futhi
ube nomusa kakhulu ku-Dinesh D'Souza. Incwadi yakhe I-Iliberal
Imfundo inikezwe ukubukezwa okukabili okufakiwe
(omunye ovumayo, omunye obalulekile). Nentsha yakhe
i-racist tome, Ukuphela Kobandlululo [sic!], yena
yanikezwa indawo evulekile ye-Op Ed (futhi ikhonjwe ngokuthi
"isifundiswa" esilondolozayo, esifakiwe
ukubuyekezwa kwencwadi, kanye nokutuswa kukaDavid Boldt.
Ngenkathi u-D'Souza ekhuluma e-St. Joseph College
kulandela ukushicilelwa kwe Imfundo ye-Illiberal,
inkulumo yakhe ithole ukuphana inki Bhala
ephelele ngesithombe esithophayo se
isikhulumi. Cishe ngaso leso sikhathi, uNoam Chomsky
ubesePhiladelphia, enikeza inkulumo yokuqongelela imali
esontweni lasedolobheni. Kwakungeyona nje ekaChomsky
inkulumo engakaze ikhulunywe ku inki, lo
iphepha lanqaba ukubika ukuthi lalizothatha
indawo, naphezu kwezicelo eziphindaphindiwe. UChomsky uye
akakaze abe nekholomu ye-Op Ed ku inki; yena
inikezwe eyodwa, ngesimemo, eminyakeni embalwa edlule,
kodwa ayizange ishicilelwe, futhi akukho ncazelo
wake wanikezwa ngenxa yokwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo. Abaningi
isazi sezomnotho esivame ukushicilelwa ku-Op Ed
ikhasiโamakholomu angu-22, 1994-1996โngu-Walter
Williams, i-black reactionary yokuqala yahlanganiswa
Ngamagugu kanye nomnikazi we-Olin Foundation
isitulo. Ugxile ekuhlaseleni amalungelo
(yabantu abampofu), inhlalakahle, kanye nokuqinisekisa
isenzo. Isazi sezomnotho esithuthukayo sendawo, uRichard
DuBoff, ishicilelwa kancane kakhulu
njaloโamakholomu amabili, 1994-1996โkanye
izethulo zakhe zifaka umhleli we-Op Ed ngaphansi
ukucindezeleka. Isibonelo, i-DuBoff ithumele i-Op Ed ivuliwe
July 16, 1996, evikela Social Security. I-Op
Umhleli ka-Ed, lapho ephushwa, watshela uDuBoff ukuthi yena
angikwazanga ukuthola "isikhonkwane" se-
ucezu, nakuba ukuvikeleka komphakathi kuyindaba eshisayo
futhi wayeshicilela "unpegged"
i-tripe yokuzizwa kahle kanye namakholomu ka-Walter Williams
ngaphandle kwenkinga. Isiqephu asikaze sishicilelwe.
I-DuBoff ithumele enye ngoJanuwari 1997
udaba oluseqophelweni eliphezulu lokutshala imali ku-Social
Imali yokuphepha emakethe yamasheya. Mhleli
wabanjwa: ngakho-ke lokho akwenza kwaba ukucela i
"impendulo" evela kuMichael Tanner we
I-Cato Institute, ukuze ibekwe eceleni kwe-DuBoff's
ucezu (naye alusika waluthambisa), ukuze
hlinzeka "ibhalansi."
Okubili kaningi
eshicilelwe inki abangaphakathi nguClaude Lewis
kanye noTrudy Rubin. U-Lewis, omnyama, uphelele
Okwe inki njengoba enikeza ibhalansi yobuhlanga
ngenkathi uhlala kahle ngaphakathi kwemingcele eyamukelekayo
endaweni yabamhlophe. Weseka kakhulu
UClarence Thomas (yize ngesikweletu sakhe
muva nje uzwakalise ukuzisola futhi wavuma ukuthi ukwenzile
wenze iphutha), wasekela u-Arlen Specter we
ISenethi ngo-1992, yathola ukuthi "Kuze kube manje uBush useyi-
ukumangala okujabulisayo" (September 13, 1989),
baphikisana ngemigqa kaReagan eyenziwa ngabangenamakhaya
ukukhetha kwamahhala futhi wakucela ("Ongenakhaya,
ngokuthatha isinqumo sokungasebenzi," Dec. 27, 1989),
kanye nesimangaliso sakamuva se-CIA ye-crack-cocaine
uxhumano, iphawula ukuthi "Ngisho noma i-CIA
amadolobha angaphakathi agcwele ama-crack, abamnyama
angizange ngithi 'cha'" (September
25, 1996). U-Lewis ukhombisa ubumbano lwakhe olumnyama ngo
egxeka ngesibindi izikhulu zeTexaco ngokucwasa ngokwebala
abasingathi bohlelo lwengxoxo nengxoxo lwenkulumo enokucwasa ngokwebala.
Trudy ("Ngiyakuthanda
Boris") uRubin, the Inky's
uchwepheshe wenqubomgomo yangaphandle, wake waba muhle kakhulu
intatheli, kodwa isikhathi sakhe eside ku- inki
ibhodi lokuhlela lithwale kanzima futhi selikwenzile
sekuyiminyaka engasho lutho
isuka i-ota eyodwa ekusungulweni kwangaphandle
ukuvumelana kwenqubomgomo. Abuye enze kabi
izitatimende ezingalungile, njengokuthi, "[the
AbaseYurophu] baphikisana nezinyathelo zase-US zokuvalelwa yedwa
Saddam Hussein ngaphambi kuka-1990" (Agasti 7, 1996;
I-US yayixolisa uSaddam kuze kube ngu-Agasti 31,
1990; leli phutha eliyiqiniso belingalungiseki ku-
ikholomu yezinhlamvu). Ukuxolisa kwakhe ngoYeltsin, the
ukuhlaselwa kwePhalamende kanye noMthethosisekelo ngo-1993,
okhethweni lwango-1996, iMpi yaseChechnya kanye ne
kube nemiphumela edabukisayo yezinguquko zaseRussia
isekelwe ekugwemeni okulula kokuphazamiseka
amaqiniso. Benze okuhleliwe kanye ne-Op Ed
ikhasi a travesty kule ndawo ebalulekile.
Ngo-September 1995, inki
umhleli Jane Eisner umemezele izinguquko ku
ababhali bezingosi abahlanganisiwe, esikhundleni sabakhathele abambalwa
abaphakathi nabanye, futhi esikhundleni sikaJosefa
Sobran for George Will. USobran ukude
phakathi kwabavamile be-rightwing National
Buyekeza. U-Eisner uchaze u-Sobran
ukukhetha phansi kokuthi "sikwenzile
kuzwakale kaningi kubafundi abakhala ngokuthi lokhu
uhlobo conservatism unvarnished akunjalo
emelelwe emakhasini ethu."
U-Eisner akazange amenze
umsebenzi wasekhaya. Ukuqhuma nokufudumala kukaSobran
ukuzihlanganisa ne-pro-Nazi, anti-Semitic, kanye
ukucwasa ngokwebala phakathi nawo-1980 kwakubangele
UMidge Decter uzombiza ngokuthi โuluhlaza futhi onqunu
anti-semite" futhi waze waholela uWilliam Buckley
uziqhelelanise noSobran, kafushane. Ngo-1994
USobran wagxeka Uhlu lukaSchindler as
"i-Holocaust harping" enayo
"yaphuma ekulawuleni," futhi kwenye
ikholomu ihlasele uRoosevelt ngokusithola
empini ngo-1941 ngenxa yokungacabangeli kwakhe
ukungahambisani neJalimane lamaNazi.
U-Eisner wathatha kancane
flak ngokuletha uSobran, kodwa wazivikela
ephrintiwe ngokufunda ngokukhetha umsebenzi wakhe kanye
iziqinisekiso zakhe siqu ukuthi uyazisola ezinye zazo
amazwi akhe adlule. Wabuye washo ngokukhulu
pomposity ukuthi "Ngiyaqonda ukuthi abanye
abafundi bafisa ukuvula lawa makhasi futhi bathole isethi
yemibono evumelana kahle neyakhe
imibono. Ngiyesaba ukuthi angikwazi ukukwamukela
kubo.โ Ngokusobala u-Eisner ukhohlwe okwasengaphambili
isitatimende esivuma indawo yakhe yokuhlala
abafundi be-rightwing abafisa i
"i-conservative engafakiwe." Incwadi
isayinwe ngabantu abangu-55 bemkhomba
ukungahambisani, nokubuza ukuthi kungani kufanele kube Left
aneliseke ngama-centrists e-beltway angakaze
inselele isimo esikhona, yenqatshwa
ukushicilelwa. Umhleli Wezincwadi wenza, nokho,
shicilela incwadi encoma u-Eisner's
"ukucabanga okucacile." Kakhulu ngeZakhamuzi
Amazwi.
The
U-Barlett-Steele Anomaly
Barlett kanye
I-populism ka-Steele ayilingani futhi
ngokukhululeka kokwanamuhla inki, kodwa njengoba
waphawula ukuthi iphepha alivaliwe ngokuphelele
iqiniso elibucayi nombono kanye nalaba babhali banayo
wakha idumela eliqinile lokuphenya
ucwaningo. Imikhiqizo yabo iyathuthukisa inki
ukujikeleza, ukuthuthukisa idumela layo noma ngabe
"hambani kakhulu" beza kuphela
ngezikhathi ezithile. I inki ingaxhasa
I-NAFTA futhi igwema kakhulu izindaba zokusabalalisa
unyaka nonyaka, nokungakhululeki okungavamile kuphela okuvela
ama-populists asekhaya.
I-Barlett/Steele populism
nayo inemikhawulo yayo. Abakhuthazi a
inqubomgomo yokuqashwa ngokugcwele noma eqinisiwe
izinyunyana njengendlela yokuthuthukisa ukwabiwa kwemali engenayo;
futhi abasikiseli ukuncishiswa kwezempi
isabelomali noma ukwahlukaniswa kwezinkampani
uhlelo kanye nabezindaba. Baseka ukuxhaswa ngezimali komkhankaso
uguquko, wonke umuntu avumelana nalo kodwa olukhona
okunzima ukuwenza noma ukuphoqelela okukhona
ukungalingani kuqinile. Baphinde bathathe okungabazisayo
izikhundla kwezohwebo nokuthuthela kwelinye izweโbona
ukusekela imizamo enolaka yokuvula amazwe angaphandle
izimakethe, futhi, nakuba ikhuthaza izintela eziphakeme ku-TNC
imali engenayo, abanikezeli iziphakamiso eziwusizo
ukulawula utshalomali lwangaphandle lwase-US noma
ukuqagela kwemakethe yemali yamazwe ngamazwe. Bayahluleka
ukuqaphela ukuthi abantu abaningi abavela kwamanye amazwe
ingcindezi ivela kunqubomgomo ye-US kanye ne-IMF phesheya
ekhiqiza ababaleki bezombangazwe nezomnotho.
Emuva maphakathi nawo-1970, lapho
I-SANE bekuyinhlangano yobulungu enamandla
Philadelphia, bahlela umbhikisho wobulungu
ngokumelene nomhleli oqinile we- inki,
I-Creed Black, enezinhlamvu eziningi kanye
izingcingo eziningi eziya kuJohn Knight nabanye ngaphakathi
abaphathi abaphezulu. UBlack wathathelwa indawo ngu-Ed
Guthman ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, kanye inki
libe yiphepha elingcono. Kodwa sehlulekile
ukugcina leyo nhlangano nezinga le
ubushoshovu, kanye nenkululeko kanye Left of
Philadelphia baye ikakhulukazi wahlala eceleni njengoba
izakhamuzi ngaphandle kokumelwa, kuze kufike inki
iya. Futhi i inki ihlala "iyingxenye ye
inkinga,โ ekhuluma ngokungaphezi
ukusungulwa, enikeza Ilungelo izwi elanele, futhi
ukubandlulula izakhamizi zaKhohlo. Sidinga okusha
abezindaba ukuze bathole izwi langempela, kodwa futhi kufanele silwe
kunzima ukuthola ukumelwa kanye nomphakathi onesizotha
sphere esebenza kwabezindaba ezikhona, okuyinto
izobamukela ngezinga elithile labo abacindezelayo
kanzima nangokuphikelela.
Edward S. Herman is a
uprofesa wezezimali eWharton School,
University of Pennsylvania, kanye nombhali noma
izincwadi eziningi nezindatshana zemidiya, ezomnotho,
kanye nenqubomgomo yangaphandle.