Tlokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Global War on Terror ikhula ngokushesha ngaphandle kwemingcele ye-Iraq ne-Afghanistan ibe izinkundla zempi ezintsha ePakistan, Yemen, Somalia, nangale kwayo. I-Pentagon ikhulisa ukuhlaselwa kwemicibisholo nezibhamu, ukuhlasela kweSpecial Forces, nokuhlasela kwama-proxy-konke egameni lokulwa "nobuphekula bamaSulumane." Kodwa-ke kuwo wonke amazwe amahlanu, izimpi okuhloswe ngazo ikakhulukazi "izifunda zezizwe" futhi ulimi oludala lwasemngceleni wokulwa kwamaNdiya seluba isichazamazwi sokulwa nokuvukela umbuso kwekhulunyaka lama-21. I-Global War on Terror ishintsha ngokushesha ibe yi-Global War on Tribes.
Izindawo zasendaweni lapho izizwe ziwuhlobo oluvelele lwenhlangano yezenhlalo, lapho izinhlanga zivame ukubusa, ubuzwe, ngisho nezinkolo, zibhekwa njengezindawo zezizwe. Imiphakathi yendabuko yabantu bezizwe isekelwe esikweni elivamile, ulimi lwesigodi, kanye nezihlobo zokuzalana (ngemindeni eyodwa noma eminingi). Cishe yonke imiphakathi yezizwe eMpumalanga Ephakathi nase-Asia Ephakathi yenziwe yamaSulumane noma yenziwe yamaKristu, kodwa isalokhu igcina izibopho zayo zomphakathi zasendulo.
Imfundiso yesimanje ephikisana nokuvukela umbuso ibheka izifunda zezizwe njengezinhlanga ezibhibhayo zokungabi namthetho kanye "nezizalela" zobuphekula, ngaphandle uma izizwe ngokwazo zijikijelwa nezitha zaseNtshonalanga. I Izikhathi zaseLondon (1/5/10), ngokwesibonelo, igomela ngokuthi "indawo enezintaba, ubumpofu kanye nomphakathi wezizwe ongenamthetho waseYemen kuyenza...ifane ne-Afghanistan njengendawo entsha yamaphekula." Lo mbono osongelayo wezifunda zezizwe, vele, umdala njengobukoloniyali baseYurophu.
Izizwe Nezizwe
Tama-ribe ahlukile emaqenjini ezizwe. Ubunikazi beqembu lobuhlanga busekelwe kakhulu olimini, njengesiPashtun, isiKurdish, isiSomali, isiTajik, njalonjalo. Izizwe eziningi nazo zigomela ubuzwe bendawo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zinezwe lazo elizimele noma cha. Ubunikazi beqembu lesizwe busekelwe emindenini nasezihlotsheni zesifunda ezincane nezindala, njengesiZubaydi nesi-Jibbur (Iraq), i-Durrani ne-Ghilzai (Afghanistan), i-Wazir ne-Mehsud (Pakistan), i-Wahidi ne-Zaydi (i-Yemen), kanye no-Darod no-Hawiye (eSomalia). ). Lokhu kwehlukana kwangaphakathi kuvamile kunoma ubani ofunde ngobuzwe. Isizwe samaLakota, isibonelo, siqukethe amaqembu ayisikhombisa, njenge-Oglala, iHunkpapa, neSicangu. Kwamanye amazwe amaningi, la "maqembu" azobizwa ngokuthi izizwe futhi Isizwe samaLakota ngeke sibizwe ngesizwe.
Izizwe zingabhekwa njengesisekelo sokwakha izizwe, kodwa emazweni amaningi usimende awukaze wome ngempela. (EYurophu, izifunda zezilimi ezahlukene zendawo zisanda kungena ezifundeni zesimanje, njengoba u-Eugรจn Weber ebonisa encwadini yakhe. Abalimi baseFrance). Izifunda zezizwe eziseMpumalanga Ephakathi nase-Asia Emaphakathi zisebenza njengesendlalelo esingaphansi kwezindawo zobuzwe nezenkolo, zona ezisebenza njengesendlalelo esingaphansi kwezifunda zesimanje kanye nemingcele yazo yamakoloni yekhulu le-19. Izingxabano zesimanje ezihlomile esifundeni zingaqondwa kangcono hhayi njengemibango phakathi kwemibono yezepolitiki, kodwa phakathi kwalezi zingqimba ezihlukene zobunikazi beqoqo.
Umphakathi waseNtshonalanga uthambekele ekuvezeni izizwe njengabantu bakudala, abantu abasahlehlele emuva futhi ubuke "ubandlululo" njengezakhamuzi ezingazi lutho eziziphatha ngesihluku ezizizuzisa zona. Iziphathimandla zamakholoni zazivame ukwehlisa izinga lezizwe ngokuzichaza ngokuthi "izizwe," futhi zasebenzisa amasu okuhlukanisa nokunqoba ukuze zixabane. Nokho, kwezinye izifunda, ubuzwe bendawo bungase buhlanganise ukungezwani kwabantu kunezinga elikhulu lezinhlanga noma izinkolo. Isibonelo, ezinye izizwe zase-Iraq zifaka amaSulumane amaSunni namaShi'a futhi asiza ukweqa ukuhlukana okushubile kwamahlelo. Kwezinye izizwe emhlabeni wonke, kungase kukhulunywe izilimi noma izilimi zesigodi ezingaphezu koyedwa. Ubunikazi bezizwe kanye nemingcele akugcini nje ukulungiswa esikhathini esidlule-kungaba uketshezi futhi kuguquguquke.
Izindawo Zezizwe Ezivinjezelwe
Aefghanistan. Eningizimu nasempumalanga ye-Afghanistan, izizwe zamaPashtun sezineminyaka eyinkulungwane futhi zithembeka nje kuphela esizweni sanamuhla. Ngenxa yokuthi izizwe zamaPashtun zinqamula umngcele wekoloni "Durand Line" phakathi kwe-Afghanistan nePakistan, aziboni igunya lanoma yiliphi izwe, futhi zibonisa umoya wazo wokungenisa izihambi wendabuko kumavukela-mbuso aseTaliban. Nakuba isimo sezizwe senziwe buthaka ngandlela-thile ngenxa yokuphathwa kwamaSoviet, impi yombango, kanye nemibono ehlukahlukene yamaSulumane, ukuhlasela kwe-NATOโmhlawumbe ngokungaziโkuvuse indima yabanye abaholi bezizwe. I-US ibilokhu ikhokha futhi ibahlomisa ukuthi baphendukele amaTaliban, kube nempumelelo elinganiselwe.
The New York Times (1/29/10) ibika ukuthi "abaholi baseMelika abangabahlali nabezempi baphendukela kwezinye zalezi zizwe njengethemba labo elingcono kakhulu lempumeleloโฆ. Beholwa imikhandlu yabadala, izizwe zanikeza amalungu azo isivikelo, ukusekelwa ngokwezimali, indlela yokwenza ukuxazulula izingxabanoโฆ. Ukuguqula ngempumelelo izizwe zamaPashtun ngokumelene namaTalibanโฆ kungaba yingozi enkulu ekuvukeleni umbuso." Umbiko weCouncil on Foreign Relations, "A Tribal Strategy for Afghanistan" (11/7/08), uyavuma ukuthi "u-Ahmed Rashid, intatheli yasePakistani...wabikezela ukuthi ukuhlomisa amasosha asePastun eningizimu kuzovuselela imibango yezizwe ebikade ingasebenzi iminyaka. ; abanye abahlaziyi bakholelwa ukuthi sekwenzekile."
Pakistan. Enyakatho-ntshonalanga yePakistan, ama-drones ase-US kanye nokuhlasela kwe-Special Forces kuhlasele abashokobezi esifundeni esikhuluma isiPashto saseNorth-West Frontier Province (esiqanjwe kabusha ngokuthi i-Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa) kanye ne-Federally Administered Tribal Areas, ikakhulukazi e-Waziristan. UMongameli Bush uvuse isithombe somngcele waseMelika lapho esho ku New York Times (2/18/07), "Izibalo ze-Taliban ne-Al Qaeda zicasha ezifundeni ezikude zase-Pakistan. Leli yizwe eliyindle; leli liyihlane kune-Wild West."
Imithombo yezindaba yase-US ihlezi ibhekisela eNyakatho-ntshonalanga yePakistan njengesifunda sesizwe "esingenamthetho". Esihlokweni sayo esithi "Waziristan: The Last Frontier," the Economist (12/30/09) kucacisile ukuthi, "Izizwe eziningi zikhululekile ukuzinqumela...izindaba phakathi kwazo, ezikwenzayo, ngokuvumelana ngokumangalisayo, ngokusebenzisa i-jirgas ne-riwaj-umthetho wesintu wesintu. E-Waziristan, njengasezindaweni eziningi zezizwe, Ayikho irejista yomhlaba ebhaliwe. Futhi, kwaze kwaba ngu-2001, abukho ubugebengu obuningi. 'Indawo yesizwe yayingenamthetho kuphela ngomqondo wokuthi ayikho imithetho.Kodwa banendlela ethile yokwenza izinto lapho,' kusho uMajor Geoffrey Langlands. , 92, isikhulu samakoloni saseBrithani esahlalaโฆ."
Iraq. Enkabeni ye-Iraq, amasiko nezindawo zezizwe zibaluleke kakhulu kuma-Sunni Arabs kunama-Arabs enkolo angamaShi'a eningizimu noma amaKurds asenyakatho. Amakhosi ezizwe asebenza njengabaholi bomphakathi, abalamuli, abaxhumanisi, kanye nabaphathi bezifunda, futhi ukwesekwa kwabo sekubaluleke kakhulu kuwo womabili amavukelambuso kanye nabasebenzi. AbaseBrithani noSaddam Hussein bazama ukulawula izizwe (kanye nemifelandawonye emikhulu yezizwe)โfuthi bazama ukuzitholela umusa waboโkodwa bagcina bebadedisile emandleni ombuso.
Isihloko ku Ukubuyekezwa Kwezempi (9/10/07) kubika ukuthi emisebenzini yase-US e-Iraq, "Ukuxoxisana kwezizwe kudlale indima evelele ngokukhethekileโฆ. Lokhu kubonisa amandla ahlala njalo ezizwe ezindaweni eziningi zasemakhaya zase-Iraq kanye nezinye zezindawo zayo zasemadolobheni. Futhi ukuhlanganyela kwezizwe kube ukhiye emizamweni yakamuva yokudala uqhekeko phakathi kwamavukelambuso aseSunni Arab kanye ne-Al-Qaeda e-Iraq esifundazweni sase-Anbar nakwezinye izindawo." Lokhu โkuphaphamaโ kwamaSunni kwenze okungaphezu kokuthena amandla i-Al Qaeda kune-US โsurge,โ kodwa manje kubonakala sengathi izizwe azigculisekile ngokwesekwa okubuthakathaka okukhonjiswe yiBaghdad neWashington.
Yemen. Eningizimu ye-Yemen, i-US yethule ukuhlasela kwemicibisholo ngokumelene nalokho ekuchaza njengokuhloswe kwe-Al Qaeda, futhi isiza ukuhlasela kwezempi yaseYemeni ngokumelene namavukelambuso ahlukene esifundeni sezizwe. Njengasenkabeni ye-Iraq, esikhundleni sokuthi izizwe zinikeze "amaphekula" ama-Islamist, umuzwa wabo wokuzimela ungagcina uqondiswe kuzo zombili iPentagon ne-Al Qaeda.
Kumbiko weCarnegie Endowment for International Peace umbiko othi "Yini Okulandelayo EYemen?" (3/10), uSarah Phillips uyachaza, "Abasebenzi be-Al-Qaeda bathole indawo ephephile kwezinye zezifunda zezizwe zaseYemen, kodwa umgomo wabo wokusungula izingxabano ze-caliphate zamazwe ngamazwe namaqiniso amaningi ezombusazwe wendawo, okungenzeka kukhawule lokhu kungenisa izihambi. Umphakathi wezizwe eYemen. kulawulwa yimithetho eyinkimbinkimbi ebophezela amalungu ayo omunye komunye.Ingxenye enkulu yesifunda saseYemen ayinakho ukubusa okusemthethweni okusebenzayo, okulawulwa uhulumeni, kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi lezi zifunda azibuswaโnoma zilapho ukuze kuthathwe, ikakhulukazi abantu bangaphandle endaweni. ."
Somalia. Eningizimu yeSomalia, cishe bonke abantu baseSomalia banamasiko afanayo, bakhuluma ulimi olufanayo futhi banenkolo efanayo. Noma kunjalo, kusukela ngo-1991 lesi sifunda sihlaselwe yimpi yombango ngemigqa yezizwe (izizwe). Ngenkathi ngo-1992 amasosha ase-US engenelela ngokusobala 'njengabagcini bokuthula,' behluleka ukubonisana nabadala bezizwe, okungabathathi izinqumo ngokwendabuko emphakathini waseSomalia. Esikhundleni salokho, i-US yathatha uhlangothi lwezinye izinduna zempi zamasosha ngokumelene nezinye izinduna zempi zemindeni futhi yakhokha inani empini edume kabi ethi "Black Hawk Down".
Ngo-2006, iqembu lama-Islamist lathatha izintambo zokulawula inhloko-dolobha yaseMogadishu futhi laletha ukuthula ezweni, okwabhidlika ngesikhathi i-US isekela ukuhlasela kwe-Ethiopia. Impi evuselelwe yavuselela ukuhlehla kwezwe, "ubugebengu" basogwini, kanye nokukhula kwebutho elincane le-Al Shabaab lama-Islamist. I-Pentagon manje isebenzisa imicibisholo, ukuhlasela kweSpecial Forces, kanye nokuhlasela kwezindiza zasemoyeni ze-AC-130 ukusiza uhulumeni omusha athathe iMogadishu kumavukelambuso e-Al Shabaab. I New York Times (3/5/10) kubika ukuthi, "Nakuba kukhona inkolo entsha enqwabelene empini yombango yaseSomalia...ukuxhumana kwemindeni kusebalulekile futhi kungachaza impumelelo-noma inhlekelele."
Uma i-Global War on Tribes indala njengobukoloniyali base-Europe, e-United States indala njengemfundiso ye-Manifest Destiny. Kunqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US, singayilandelela kuze kufike eMpini yaseVietnam (okuhlanganisa nezindawo eziphakeme zezizwe zaseNingizimu Vietnam neLaos) futhi sibuyele emuva emuva eMpini Yase-Philippine-American kanye Nezimpi ZaseNdiya. Esiklasini sakhe Ukubhekana neNtshonalanga: I-Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire Building, uRichard Drinnon uxhumanisa ukwenziwa kwamakoloni kwezizwe zoMdabu waseMelika eNtshonalanga nokunwetshwa kwe-US phesheya kwezilwandle ePhilippines naseVietnam, okwasebenzisa inkulumo efanayo yendawo yabashokobezi njengokuthi "Izwe LamaNdiya" elinobutha.
UDrinnon waphetha ngokuthi, "ENtshonalanga ngayinye, indawo ngokwayo yayingabalulekile kangako...kunalokho izifiki ezimhlophe ezazikulethe emakhanda nasezinhliziyweni zazo kuleyo ndawo. Kuwo wonke umkhawulo womlingo, inzondo yabo yamaNdiya yaba nesiqinisekiso sokuthi 'ihlala ingapheli. ukuzalwa kabusha.' Njengoba igxiliswe ukwesaba nokucwasa okugqitshwe ekujuleni kwengqondo yaseNtshonalanga, i-metaphysics yabo yaba imfundiso eyavivinywa isikhathi eside, umbono, kanye nengxenye ebalulekile yobuzwe base-USโฆ. Sonke leso sikhathi, ukuzonda kwamaNdiya bekuyi-metaphysics yokwakhiwa kombuso. .... Ukunqoba amazwe aseNtshonalanga kwalingana nokuwina umhlaba."
Olunye lwezimpawu zokuqoqwa kwamakholoni aseMelika ukuxabanisa izizwe ezithandwayo nezizwe zobuhlanga ngokumelene nosongo lwezokuphepha lukazwelonke lwamanjeโuCrow ngokumelene noLakota, u-Igorot ngokumelene namaFilipino, uMontagnard ngokumelene namaVietnam, amaHmong ngokumelene namaLao, amaMiskito ngokumelene namaNicaragua, amaKurd ngokumelene nama-Arab. Lapho abahlanganyeli bezizwe ezincane (nezikhalo zabo zangempela) bengasadingeki, iWashington ishiya ngokushesha ukuvikela kwayo "amalungelo abantu." Lawa maqhinga okuhlukanisa nokunqoba ayavuselelwa ukusuka ePakistan kuya eYemen, njengoba iPentagon ihlomisa amasosha ezizwe ukwenza intando yawoโimvamisa ngokumelene nezinye izizwe.
I-Global War on Tribes ingalandelelwa emuva kakhulu emlandweni kuya ezimpandeni zayo eYurophu-okuhlanganisa ukubuyiswa kwamaNgisi emazweni ezizwe zamaCelt, ukushiswa ngobuningi kwabesifazane ababegcina imikhuba yokwelapha yezizwe iphila, kanye nokucindezelwa kwezihlubuki zabalimi abavela ezizweni zendawo. ukumelana (njengoba kuboniswe nguCarolyn Merchant in Ukufa Kwemvelo: Abesifazane, I-Ecology kanye Nenguquko Yesayensi). Mhlawumbe imodeli yokugcina uMbuso WaseRoma, wona ngokwawo owavela ezizweni ezintathu zakuqala eRoma (igama elithi "isizwe" livela kwelesiLatini elisho "ezintathu"), futhi walwa izimpi nezizwe eziningi ezibizwa ngokuthi "amaqaba".
Ukubuyekeza Impi
Pabasekeli beMpi Yomhlaba Wonke Yezizwe babonakala bengesabi ukuyixhuma nemikhankaso edlule. Umhlaziyi nomlobi uRobert D. Kaplan wabhala encwadini Wall Street Journal (9/24/04) ukuthi "...amasosha aseMelika abuyele ezinsukwini zokulwa namaNdiya. Isingathekiso esibomvu samaNdiya yileso lapho i-liberal policy nomenklatura ingase ingakhululeki khona, kodwa izikhulu ze-Army and Marine field ziye zakwamukela ngoba ithwebula kahle inselelo yokulwa yasekuqaleni kwekhulunyaka lama-21โฆ. Uhlu lwamaqembu amaNdiya, ababalelwa ngamakhulu, uMbutho Wamahhashi wase-USโฆokwadingeka ubhekane nawo wawuhlukile kunalowo wamabutho ezizwe nenkolo alwa asakazekela kulo lonke elase-Eurasia, e-Afrika nase-Afrika. INingizimu Melika ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21."
U-Kaplan ngokudelela waqhathanisa i-Iraq nezwe laseNdiya: "Lapho amabutho amahhashi ehlasela amakamu aseNdiya, ayehlangana namaqhawe anesibindi eduze kwabesifazane nezingane, afana ne-Fallujahโฆ. Izwe lase-India likhula eminyakeni yamuva nje ngenxa yokungabi bikho kwezokuphepha okudalwe ukuwa kwendabuko yendabuko. ubushiqelaโฆ. I-Iraq imane nje iyisimo esincane soMhlaba mayelana nalokhu."
Ukuphikiswa kwezizwe ngokumelene nokungenelela kwaseNtshonalanga kanye nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwezinkampani kuthatha izindlela ezihlukene emazweni ahlukene. E-Pakistan nase-Iraq, izizwe zingase zilwe ngaphansi kwe-green banner ye-Islamism yezombangazwe. ENdiya nasePeru, ezinye izizwe ziye zalwa ngaphansi kwefulegi elibomvu lamabutho ama-Maoist asemaphandleni. E-Bolivia, e-Ecuador, naseMexico, baye bahlangana emigudwini yomdabu ezichaza yona, eye yahlangana ngempumelelo nezinhlangano zezenhlalakahle nezemvelo.
Kepha kochwepheshe be-US counterinsurgency, umbono ungowesibili. Usongo oluyinhloko luwukuthi abantu bagcina ubunjalo besizwe nokwethembekaโisiqu esingakaqanjwa noma esingakhuthazwanga ubungxiwankulu. Inhloso yePentagon kanye ne-CIA ukusebenzisa ukwethembeka kwezizwe ukwenza buthaka izitha zabo, noma ukucekela phansi ubunjalo bezizwe. Nasekwesekeni abahlanganyeli bezizwe ukuze bafeze izinjongo zabo, bangagcina sebecekela phansi izizwe kulolu hlelo.
Enkabeni nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeNdiya, Ibutho Lezempi LaseNdiya seliqale impi yokulwa nabavukeli beNaxalite ukuze kuvulele izifunda zamahlathi ezinkampanini zezimayini nezingodo. AmaNaxalite avame ukuchazwa ngokuthi amaMaoists, kepha njengoba umbhali u-Arundhati Roy ebonile I-Outlook India (3/29/10), "Kuhle ukukhohlwa ukuthi abantu bezizwe e-Central India banomlando wokuphikisa owandulela uMao emakhulwini eminyakaโฆ. Ipolitiki yamaNaxalite ibihlanganiswe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nokuvukela kwezizwe."
On "Intando Yeningi Manje!" (3/22/10), u-Roy waqhubeka wachaza, "Uma ubheka e-Afghanistan, e-Waziristan ... izifundazwe ezisenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-India ... yonke le nto iwukuvukela umbuso. E-Afghanistan, ngokusobala, ithathe isimo sokuvukela kwamaSulumane. Futhi lapha [eNdiya], kuwukuvukela kwesokunxele. Kodwa ukuhlasela kuyefana. Ukuhlasela kwezinkampaniโฆkulaba bantu. Ukuphikiswa sekuthathe izindlela ezihlukene."
Emazweni aseMelika, izinhlangano zomdabu ezinamandla nezikhulayo ziya ngokuya ziqondiswa amasosha ase-US kanye nezinhlangano zezobunhloli njengento engaba usongo lwezokuphepha kuzwelonke ezithakazelweni zase-US, njengoba kuchaza uNaomi Klein Nation (11/4/05). UMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wezobunhloli wabikezela embikweni wawo wango-2005 othi "Mapping the Global Future 2020" ukuthi "ukwehluleka kwezikhulu ukujwayelana nezimfuno eziguqukayo zezimakethe zamahhala kanye nentando yeningi cishe kuzobhebhethekisa imvuselelo ku-populism futhi kuqhubekisele phambili ukunyakaza kwabantu bomdabu, obekukade bekufuna kuze kube manje. ukushintsha ngezindlela zentando yeningi, ukubheka izindlela ezinqala."
I-Army's Foreign Military Studies Office (FMSO), enekomkhulu e-Fort Leavenworth, e-Kansas, isebenzise le mfundiso esafufusayo eLatin America. Phakathi ku Ukubuyekezwa Kwezempi i-bibliography (7-8/99), i-FMSO yahlangana ndawonye "Izihlubuki, Amaqembu Amaphekula kanye Nokunyakaza Komdabu," futhi kwesinye isiqephu sendatshana saxwayisa ngezihlubuki zomdabu kanye nokunye "ukuvukela umbuso" e-Mexico (5-6/97). Isikhulu se-FMSO uLt. Col. Geoffrey Demarest sisho encwadini yakhe I-Geoproperty: Ezangaphandle, Ukuvikeleka Kukazwelonke Namalungelo Empahla ukuthi, "Isizinda esizayo somfutho wemizabalazo yezombangazwe ehlomile kungase kube abantu bomdabu, amaqembu entshaโฆnoma amavukela-mbuso" nokuthi i-inthanethi isetshenziswa ngokwandayo "ngamavukelambuso omdabu, abantu besifazane, abahlukumeziโฆ." Abahleli be-Counterinsurgency abasaqondi nje "amaKhomanisi" noma "ama-narcoguerrilla" e-Latin America, kodwa futhi nemifelandawonye yenhlangano eholwa abomdabu.
Izizathu Zempi
Wkungaba eMexico, e-India, e-Iraq, noma e-United States naseCanada, i-Global War on Tribes inezici ezithile ezifanayo. Okokuqala, impi iqhutshwa ngokusobala kakhulu ukuze kwebiwe imithombo yemvelo ngaphansi kwamazwe ezizwe. Isimo sezwe esimazombezombe esingafinyeleleki esivimbe imibuso yamakoloni ekuqedeni imiphakathi yezizwe yenza kube nzima kakhulu ukufinyelela amaminerali, uwoyela, izingodo, nezinye izinsiza. I-acre ngehektare, izinsiza eziningi manje sezisele ezindaweni zamakhosi kunasemasimini okufinyeleleka kalula kuwo.
Izinsiza akuzona njalo izincazelo eziyisisekelo zempi, kodwa ziyisiqalo esihle kakhulu encazelweni. Endabeni yabantu bezizwe zomdabu, ukunaka kwabo okungokomlando ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nakho kuye kwenza izindawo zemvelo ukuba zivikeleke ngokuqhathaniswa kuze kube manje, njengoba izinkampani zifuna izikhwama zokugcina ezisele zemithombo yemvelo ukuze zikhishwe. Ungabheki kude kune-Alberta Tar Sands, ngokwesibonelo, ukuze ubone ukuxhashazwa kwezindawo zomdabu yizisebenzi zesimanje zikawoyela.
Abantu bomdabu bavame ukumelana nempi elethwa abahlaseli bezinkampani abafuna ukumba imayini "unobtainium" (njengasefilimini. avatar) futhi abamdingi umesiya omhlophe ogibele udrako obomvu ukuze abaqondise ekunqobeni. Encwadini yakhe Izihlubuki Zezinsiza: Izinselele Zomdabu Ezimbonini Zezimayini Nezamafutha, u-Al Gedicks uthi, "Kuze kube muva nje, ukuthambekela kwemithombo yezindaba bekulokhu kufana nabantu bomdabu njengabalwa impi ehlulekayo yokulwa nokuhlaselwa kwempucuko yezimboni. Kodwa ngemva kweminyaka engamashumi amabili yokuhlela imifelandawonye yendawo, yezwe, yesifunda kanye neyamazwe ngamazwe, yasiza. nge-inthanethi, amazwi omdabu ngeke esakwazi ukuzitshwa ezindaweni ezinamandla."
Okwesibili, i-Global War on Tribes ingumkhankaso omelene nobukhona bezifunda zezizwe ezingekho ngaphansi kokulawulwa kombuso okumaphakathi. Izifunda zezizwe zisagcine izinhlobo zenhlangano yezenhlalo ezinganqunywanga wunxiwankulu kuphela. Ku-anthology yakhe Izimpi zeParadigm, uVictoria Tauli-Corpuz, usihlalo we-United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, uphawula ukuthi "abagqugquzeli bokuhwebelana kwezomnotho kwezomnotho, ama-neocolonizers, basebenzisa ingcindezi enkulu yokuhlanganisa abantu ndawonye ukuze basifundise ukuthi izimiso zomdabu zezombangazwe, ezomnotho nezamasiko ziyizithiyo zabo ' inqubekelaphambili'."
Iphuzu akukhona ukuthi zonke izizwe zenza enye indlela elinganayo kune-neoliberal capitalism. Abanye (njengabantu bomdabu) banezimiso eziqinile zokulingana, kodwa ezinye izizwe eziningiโnjengasezindaweni ezingqubuzanayo ezintshaโabanazo (ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane). Iphuzu elimqoka akukhona ukuthi wonke amasiko ezizwe ayipharadesi, kodwa ukuthi awawona wonxiwankulu, futhi i-neoliberal capitalism ayikwazi ukumela enye into ngaphandle kokulawula okuphelele.
Okwesithathu, indlela ehlangene yenhlangano yenza abantu bezizwe bakwazi ukulwa nokulawulwa kombuso kanye nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwezinkampani. Lapho ngibuza u-Arundhati Roy esithangamini sakamuva ukuthi kungani izimpi zokulwa nokuvukela umbuso zibonakala zigxile ezifundeni zezizwe, waphendula ngokuthi โukumelana kungenzeka kulezo zindawo ngoba banombono ongaphandle kwalo mphakathi wonxiwankulu onebhakhodi ohlala kuwo wonke umuntuโฆ yingakho kukhona ukumelana okukhulu lapho...wonke umkhawulokudonsa wokumelana osekwazile iminyaka embalwa manje ukunqanda ukuhlasela kwezinkampani." Izizwe zisenazo izinkundla zokuxhumana ukuze zivikele amazwe azo kanye nezindlela zazo zokuphilaโamanethiwekhi okwethembeka agxiliswe ezimisweni ezijulile izakhamuzi zemiphakathi yezimboni zasemadolobheni ngokuvamile ezingenazo.
Yingakho "izifunda zezizwe ezingenamthetho" kufanele "zithanjiswe," ukuze zingabi "isilonda esibhibhayo," futhi umthombo wokumelana nombuso wezinkampani. Okuwukuphela kwendlela abaholi bezizwe abangacindezelwa ngayo umkhankaso wokulwa nokuvukela umbuso ukwamukela izinhloso zayo, imali yayo, nezikhali zayo. I-Tauli-Corpuz iphetha ngokuthi abantu bomdabu "bakholelwa ukuthi kakade bakha enye indlela ephumelelayo yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, esekelwe izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zokuphindana ... ubumbano lomphakathi kanye nokuqoqana."
Ngesikhathi sokwanda kwamakoloni aseYurophu, izizwe zezizwe ezazingakwazi ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano ezinkulu zezempi zazisengozini yokunqotshwa nokuhlala. Emazweni amaningi, inqubo yokwenza amakholoni yawashiya ehlukene futhi elwa wodwa. Ekhulwini lama-21โnjengoba nje inqwaba yengcebo exhashazwayo itholakala ezindaweni zamakhosiโizindawo eziphumelela kakhulu zokulwa zingase zitholakale ezintabeni, ezingwadule, nasemahlathini lapho izizwe zezizwe zenqaba khona ukufa.
Z
U-Zoltan Grossman uyilungu lobuhlakani ku-Geography kanye ne-Native American & World Indigenous Peoples Studies e-Evergreen State College e-Olympia, eWashington.