U-Anne Fausto-Sterling ungomunye wamathiyori ahamba phambili kwezesayensi, ezocansi,
kanye nobulili. Uqeqeshwe njengesazi sebhayoloji yamangqamuzana, kanye noprofesa weBiology
kanye neZifundo Zabesifazane eNyuvesi yaseBrown, ucwaningo lwakhe kanye nekhava yakhe yokubhala
intukuthelo ebanzi yezihloko: isayensi nepolitiki yocwaningo lwamahomoni ocansi,
imibono ye-etiology yokuthambekela kwezocansi, ukusetshenziswa kwamamodeli ezilwane
"ukuchaza" ukuziphatha komuntu, ipolitiki yezocansi ngemuva kokwelashwa
ukuhlangana kobulili obuhlukile (okubizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi i-hermaphrodism). Kepha kuzo zonke zikaFausto-Sterling
ukubhala ukukhathazeka kwakhe okuyisisekelo ukuthi izimo zengqondo zezenhlalo, ukuchema, nokucwasaโikakhulukazi
mayelana nezindaba zocansi, ezocansi, nobuliliโyazisa futhi ibe nomthelela kwezesayensi
ucwaningo, ithiyori, kanye nokwenza: ukwakhiwa komphakathi kwesayensi.
Incwadi yokuqala kaFausto-Sterling, Izinganekwane Zobulili: Imibono Yezinto Eziphilayo mayelana
Abesifazane Namadoda yanyatheliswa ngo-1986. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi isibe yi-classic in yayo
inkambu. Kuyo wayebheka imibono evame ukucatshangwa yabesilisa nabesifazane
umehlukoโukuthi kungakanani lokho amadoda nabesifazane abakuzwayo, abakucabangayo, nabakwenzayo kungokwemvelo
eziphilayo noma azalwe. Ingabe amadoda anolaka? Abesifazane ukukhulisa ngaphezulu? Ingabe
amadoda ahlelelwe ukuba nobudlova obuningi? Ingabe ukulawula amahomoni abesifazane
imizwa nezenzo zabo? Ngemuva kokuhlola i-biological, psychological, genetic,
nobufakazi bokuziphendukela kwemvelo impendulo yakhe yayiwukuthi: kwakungekuningi nhlobo. Kodwa kwaba
Ingqikithi yencwadiโukucusumbula ukuthi isayensi yayinjalo, noma yayingaba njalo, imsulwa noma
โinjongoโโeyabangela ukusabela nokungqubuzana okubucayi kakhulu.
Encwadini yakhe entsha, Ukulalisa Umzimba: Ipolitiki Yobulili kanye Nokwakha
Zocansi (Izincwadi Eziyisisekelo), uFausto-Sterling uhlola ukuhlangana kobulili obuhlukile, i
ipolitiki yokucwaninga "ikhemikhali yobulili," nokuthi isisekelo se-anatomy yobuchopho
"ubulili" ngososayensi kanye nabezindaba abajwayelekile. Lokho akutholile
akukona nje kuphela ukudalelwa kwebhayoloji, kwesinye isikhathi akuyona ngisho nesayensi yezinto eziphilayo ezinhle.
I-BRONSKI: Yini ekuqale ucabange nokwenza lolu cwaningo nokubhala?
U-ANNE FAUSTO-STERLING: Yini eyangiphusha ukuthi ngibhale Izinganekwane Zobulili okokuqala
indawo kwaba ukubandakanyeka embuthweni wabesifazane. ngizoba semihlanganweni,
lokhu kusekuqaleni kwawo-1970, lapho abantu babeqala khona ukuba nezingxabano mayelana
amagundane abesilisa abe nolaka kunamagundane abesifazane. Futhi babezosho izinto
njengokuthi, โAwu, siyazi ukuthi amagundane abesilisaโฆ.โ Futhi ngacabanga, โAwu, ingabe ngempela?
Sazini ngempela ngamagundane abesilisa. Futhi singakusebenzisa lokho kumuntu
ukuziphatha.โ Ngakho kwaba ukuqala kwami โโucwaningo nokucabanga kwami. Kuze kube
khona-ke ukucabanga okuningi kwabesifazane ngabesifazane kanye nesayensi kwakumayelana nokucwaswa
abesifazane babhekane enkundleni. Ababaningi abantu ababecabanga noma bekhuluma
mayelana nendlela yokuletha imibono yabesifazane kulebhu, noma ukuyisebenzisa kanjani
isayensi yenziwe. Futhi ngabona ukuthi ngangiqeqeshiwe futhi nginawo amathuluzi okwenza
ukwenza lokho, ukubheka ukuthi imibono engaphambili mayelana nobulili ithinte kanjani isayensi
ucwaningo.
Uthatha ngokucacile umugqa "wokwakha umphakathi" emsebenzini wakho, abaningi
abanye ososayensi abakwenzi. Ingabe uhlangabezana nokungezwani okuningi noma ubutha kusuka
ozakwethu?
Impela kuncike esimeni. Okuningi ebengikwenza wukuhlukanisa imikhakha
umsebenzi, nezifundo zabesifazane, lapho lokhu kungeyona inkinga. Nami ngise-listserve
kubantu abanentshisekelo futhi abazibophezele ku-sexology, futhi nakhu impela
ezahlukene. Abaningi balaba bantu abaphikisana neze ne-social constructionist
imibono. Babonisa, emqondweni wami, umbono wesayensi ongenalwazi
njengenhloso ngokuphelele futhi ngokuphelele. Yiqiniso, umbono wami ukuthi social
ihlale ihileleke endleleni isayensi eyenziwa ngayo, kodwa ungaqonda ukuthi yini
inqubo i. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi abantu bomnyango webhayoloji yamangqamuzana
kwaBrown abanalwazi ngale nkulumo-mpikiswano, bamatasatasa benza
umsebenzi oyisisekelo ocwaningweni nasocwaningweni. Nge Ucansi Ngomzimba out
Ngizokwenza isemina yomnyango ngesahluko esimayelana namahomoni ocansiโokuyinto
Ngicabanga ukuthi kuyinselele kakhulu futhi ngiphusha ngempela imvilophu ekuxoxeni
ukuthi ucwaningo lwesayensi luthintwa kanjani ngokujulile imibono ekhona mayelana
ubulili.
Ithini ingxabano yakho?
Enye yezinto engizenzayo kule ncwadi ukukhuluma ngokuthi kusho ukuthini ukwenza isimangalo
mayelana nokwakhiwa komphakathi. Ngiqala incwadi ngezahluko ezimbalwa ezixoxa ngayo
ukuhlangana kobulili obuhlukileโbangaki abantwana abazalwa benezitho zangasese ezingaqondakali, noma inhlanganisela
yezitho zangasese zangaphandle nezangaphakathi nezitho zokuzala โzilungiswaโ ngu
ukungenelela okubanzi kokuhlinzwa ukuze kuhambisane nobunikazi bendabuko
"owesilisa" kanye "nowesifazane" nakuba iqiniso lemizimba yabo likude
more complex. Ngokuvamile lokhu kuhlinzwa kubangela izibazi ezinkulu futhi ekugcineni
ukuvimbela ukuba khona kwe-orgasm. Azenzi lezi zingane ezisanda kuzalwa zibe โabesilisaโ
noma โowesifazaneโ kodwa kuyizixazululo zezimonyo.
Ngiqala lapha ngoba lesi yisibonelo esisobala sendlela imibono yethu
mayelana nobulili kuthinta isayensi nokusebenza kwezokwelapha. Kodwa ngangifuna okuyinkimbinkimbi
isibonelo. Bengifuna ukuqhubekela phambili ngibone ukuthi kwenzekeni ngesikhathi sithutha
ngaphakathi emzimbeniโukubheka okuthile okubhekwa โnjengemvelo
iqinisoโ futhi lokho kungabhekwa abantu abaningi njengokungathinteki imibono yomphakathi.
Ama-hormone abonakala eyisihloko esifanelekile sokufunda. Okokuqala, siyazi ukuthi yini
zinjalo, siyayazi indlela yamakhemikhali.
Ngakho ngaqala ukuhlola umlando wokuthi lokho okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi โucansi
amahomoniโ atholwa, aqanjwa, nendlela asebenza ngayo emzimbeni. Yini mina
kwatholakala ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba zihlonzwe kokubili i-estrogen kanye
I-testosterone yaqanjwa ngokuthi โowesifazaneโ kanye โnowesilisaโ futhi ephathelene
emizimbeni yesilisa noma yowesifazane, ngokusobala. Lapho kwenzeka - ngokusebenzisa
ucwaningo olwandayo oluyinkimbinkimbi-ukuthi wonke amahomoni atholakala kokubili
ososayensi bobulili bacindezeleke kakhulu. Kwavela ukuthi amahhashi afihliwe
inani elikhulu lamahomoni โabesifazaneโ emchameni wabo; empeleni lokhu kwakuyi-
umthombo ongcono kakhulu we-hormone ukuze ufunde kabanzi. Ososayensi nabacwaningi
babezimisele kakhulu ukugada imingcele โyedunaโ โnowesifazaneโ ukuthi
baqale ngokwenza ukucabangela ngezifundo ngaphambi kokuthi bazenze,
futhi kwadingeka ukuthi baqhubeke bebuyekeza imibono yabo ukuze โbasindiseโ izifundo zokuqala.
Nakuba i-estrogen ne-testosterone zinemisebenzi ethile yokuzala
banemisebenzi eminingi engakhiqizi. Ukuthi "ngamahomoni ocansi"
iyadukisa; zingamahomoni, akhona emizimbeni yabesilisa nabesifazane.
Ngikhethe lokhu ngoba akubonakali kangako, ukusho, ukukhuluma ngendlela yangaphandle
izitho zangasese zenziwe ucansi.
Uphikisa ngokuqiniseka ukuthi umphakathi, ezombangazwe, nazo zonke izinhlobo zokucatshangelwa kwangaphambili
imibono mayelana nobulili nobulili ithonya indlela umsebenzi wesayensi owenziwa ngayo
nokuthi kufinyelelwa kanjani esiphethweni. Yini thinaโnjengabangebona ososayensiโesingayenza ukuze sishintshe
ukuthi?
Angiqiniseki ukuthi iphuzu wukushintsha. Okufanele sikwenze ukuqonda
yona. Ayikho "isayensi ehlanzekile". Isayensi iwuhlobo oluthile lwamasiko
umsebenzi kanye nemvelo yesayensi yimithetho-enikeza ubufakazi obunamandla,
njll. Iphuzu alikona ukuqeda isiko kwisayensi-okungaba
akunakwenzekaโkodwa ukuqonda okwenzekayo ukuze sikwazi ukwenza okufanele
ukusetshenziswa kwesayensi ezinqumweni zethu zomphakathi njengokuthi siyaba kanjani imali, kanye
ekukhetheni izihloko zocwaningo. Isibonelo, ngicabanga, somuntu okhathalela umphakathi
ukusetshenziswa kwesayensi nocwaningo yindlela yokunqanda igciwane lengculazi. Lokhu bekungaba ngokusobala
kube yinto enhle. Ukusetshenziswa kabi kwesayensi nezinsiza-kanye nabantu abaningi, kubandakanya
abantu abayizitabane, abangavumelani namiโkuwucwaningo lokuthola โufuzo lwezitabane.โ Lokhu
ayinayo inhloso ecacile, futhi kungenzeka ngisho nemiphumela engemihle njengomnyakazo
ukuhushula โizibungu eziyizitabane,โ uma isakhi sofuzo sihlonziwe, engicabanga ukuthi sinjalo
akunakwenzeka.
Iphuzu engicabanga ukuthi ukukhuthaza nokuhambisana nezinkulumo-mpikiswano zikazwelonke kanye noshintsho
umphakathi ukuze ube nobuntu. Lena yonke imibuzo yokuziphatha kanye nenani. Isayensi
akuyona indawo engathathi hlangothi kodwa indawo lapho izinhlobo ezithile zolwazi
kukhiqizwa. Sonkeโososayensi nabangebona ososayensiโkufanele sikhululeke kakhudlwana
mayelana nokuzibandakanya kanye nokufuna lezi zingxoxo zomphakathi.
Ngo-1993 waphrinta indaba Isayensi enesihloko esithi โThe Five Sexes:
Kungani Owesilisa Nowesifazane Benganele, lokhu kwanyatheliswa kabusha ku I-New York
Times ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva njengethi โBangaki Ubulili Obukhona?โ Bekukuningi
ukucasuka okuvela kokubili ososayensi namaqembu ezombusazweโkuhlanganise neThe Catholic
I-League for Religious Rights and Civil Rights. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi lezi zijule kangakanani
imibono nemizwa ukuthi kuzokwenzeka kanjani ukwenza noma yikuphi ukuhlalisana kwabantu
noma inqubekelaphambili yezepolitiki ekuguquleni indlela umphakathi obuka ngayo ucansi nobulili kanye
amaphethini esifiso sobulili?
Esihlokweni ngithe inani elikhulu lokuhlukahluka kwe-chromosome
izimonyo, kanye nokwakheka kwezitho zangasese zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ezitholakala ku-intersexed
abantu bangase basiholele ekuhlukaniseni ubulili obubili, kodwa obuhlanu. Omunye wami
amaphuzu kwakuwukwenza abantu bacabange ngaphandle kwesigaba esilula sobulili kanambambili
uhlelo. Yiqiniso, ukusho ukuthi owesilisa nowesifazane akuzona kuphela izinketho zethu
izohlukumeza abantu.
Ngibona ukubhala kwami โโnjengendlela yokwenza abantu bacabange ngezinto futhi ngicabange
ukuthi uma lokho kungenzeka sizobona izinguquko. Abantu abaningi bayasizwa isidingo
ukunamathela ezincazelweni ezilula, kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi ushintsho alukwazi,
futhi akwenzeki. Bheka ukuthi i-feminism yenzani emashumini ambalwa eminyaka. Bheka
ekuhambeni kwezitabane. Empeleni kunezingxoxo nezenzo ezibucayi
ezishayamthetho mayelana nomshado wezitabane. Ngicabanga ukuthi izinto zishintsha ngokushesha.
Abanye abantu emphakathini wezitabane, ngisho nenhlangano yezombangazwe, baphenduke
kwisayensi ukwenza ubungqingili โbujwayelekileโ noma bamukelekeโikakhulukazi
ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane ukuchaza, noma ukuthethelela ukuziphatha kwabantu kobungqingili.
Ngonyaka odlule, I-Biological Exuberance: Ubungqingili Bezilwane kanye Nokwehlukahlukana Kwemvelo
nguBruce Bagemihl yanyatheliswa lapho echaza kabanzi ngezinhlobonhlobo zobungqingili
noma ukuziphatha kwe-transgender ezinhlotsheni eziyi-190. Ucabangani ngokusebenzisa isilwane
amamodeli wokuqophisana ngokwamukelwa kobungqingili, ubulili obubili, noma ucansi
ukuchezuka emphakathini?
Ngike ngaphosa amehlo kuleyo ncwadi futhi ibukeka iheha. Kodwa isilwane
amamodeli kufanele asetshenziswe ngokuqapha okukhulu. Ngokuvamile zenziwa kabi
kokubili ukusetshenziswa kwazo kubantu ngisho nasekusetshenzisweni kwazo
izilwane ngokwazo. Ucwaningo olwenziwe kabi lokuziphatha kwamagundane alusitsheli lutho
iwusizo mayelana namagundane, futhi ayisizi ngaluthoโuma ingeyona ingoziโuma isetshenziswa
kubantu. Uma sibheke ekudaleni umphakathi onobuntu, owodwa
lokho kuwukukhathalela nokulungile, asizidingi izinhlobo zezilwane. Sisendaweni enyakazayo
uma sisekela izimpikiswano zamalungelo omphakathi kubantu abathandana nezitabane ngokuthi abanye
izilwane zenza ubulili obufanayo. Ngicabanga ukuthi imibuzo
ezombangazwe kufanele kulwelwe ngazo ezimisweni zokuziphatha, izindinganiso kanye nomphakathiโhhayi isayensi. Wena
angakhetha ucezu oluthile lwebhayoloji futhi alwenze lulingane, bese kuba khona umuntu ongakwenza
angavumelani futhi angaphikisana naweโngisho โaboniseโ ukuthi unephutha. Lena akuyona indlela
ukusebenzela umphakathi ongcono. Ibhayoloji ayikwazi ukuxazulula ukulingana komphakathi.
Yiziphi izinhlelo zokusebenza ocabanga ukuthi umsebenzi wakho ku-intersexualism onazo
Ipolitiki yobungqingili neyobungqingili namuhla? Eminyakeni embalwa edlule kube nezimpi eziningi
kwipolitiki evamile yobutabane kanye neqhaza labantu abashintsha ubulili
abantu embuthweni, abanye abantu bengababoni abantu abashintshe ubulili
noma izindaba ezihambisana nesizathu "sobungqingili nabesilisa abathandana nabanye besifazane". Lokhu kwafika kwabancane
Inkinga kulo nyaka odlule lapho iNational Gay and Lesbian task Force [NGLTF]
ihoxise ukwesekwa kwayo eMthethweni Wokungacwasi Kokuqashwa [ENDA]
manje ngaphambi kweNgqungquthela ngaphandle uma abantu abashintsha ubulili, kanye nama-lesbians, izitabane
amadoda, kanye nobulili obubili, afakwe olimini lwayo. I-Conservative kakhudlwana
Umkhankaso Wamalungelo Abantu [HRC] wenze ngaphandle kwalokhu futhi wasola i-NGLTF
ukulimaza lo mthethosivivinywa cishe awekho amathuba okuphasa. Sakha kanjani
inhlangano engabhekana nemizwa yabantu eyinkimbinkimbi ngocansi
ukuma, ubulili, kanye nobulili?
Ngicabanga ukuthi umnyakazo kufanele uhlanganise konke. Lapho sisebenzisa i-determinist
umbono wokungabandakanyi abantu ngoba abangeni esimisweni esiqinile, esiqondile
isigaba sizisika emadolweni. Izintshisekelo zami zezepolitiki zidlulela ngale
i-ajenda yamalungelo abantu. Ngithanda imibuzo ebanzi yokuvula
ukukhulisa amathuba obulili. Noma ngabe yisiphi isigaba esifuna ukusibeka sibe ngabantu
ngaphakathi kuhlale kunokuhlukahluka okukhuluโkokubili kwamasiko kanye nesayensi yezinto eziphilayoโngaphakathi
lezo zigaba, kungani ungavele uvume ukuthi izinto ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Ngicabanga, futhi ngiyacabanga, ukuthi enye inzondo kubantu abashintsha ubulili
emgudwini ojwayelekile wobungqingili kanye nobulili obufanayo kungenxa yokuthi ingxenye "yejwayelekile"
ukholisa abantu abaqondile ukuthi โsifana nsรฉ nawo wonke umuntu.โ Lokhu
okunzima ukukwenza uma uhlanganisa abantu abashintsha ubulili noma abantu bobulili obuhlukile kuleyo miksi.
Kunoma yimuphi umnyakazo wesizwe-umlando wenhlangano yabesifazane usikhombisa lokhu-a
iphiko elivamile lihlala livela futhi alibandakanyi kakhulu, lilondoloza kakhulu
ebulungwini bayo nasezinjongweni zayo. Kodwa izuza inani elithile lesisekelo
ngenxa yalokhu. Kufanele sikhumbule njalo ukuthi yizinselelo ezinkulu
lokho kudala indawo entsha ukuze umnyakazo ukhule futhi lokho kuwenza
kungenzeka ukuthi kube khona indawo ephakathi nendawo yokuqala.
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