Kuyo yonke ikhulunyaka lama-20 kwaba nokuxolisa kanye nezicelo zokunxeshezelwa ngonya olwenziwa esimweni sobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu namazwe, njengoba kuboniswa imizamo yaseJalimane mayelana nokuQothulwa Kwesizwe kanye nempendulo yase-US endabeni yama-American American agcinwe. eboshiwe phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Ngekhulunyaka lama-21 kube nesidingo esiqinile (futhi esingalalelwanga njalo) sokuxolisa mayelana nonya, udlame kanye nobugebengu obenziwa esikhathini esikude kakhulu noma esincane esidlule ngaphansi kobukoloni baseYurophu. Kwesinye isikhathi izimfuno zokuxolisa zihambisana nezicelo zokunxeshezelwa noma zokunxeshezelwa. Nazi izibonelo ezimbalwa.
Ngo-2004, uhulumeni waseJalimane wabubona udlame olwenziwa kubantu baseNamibia ekubulaweni kwabantu base-Namibia abangu-65,000 1904, ababevukele amakoloni abo ngo-2018. Ngo-2008, uhulumeni waseNamibia wafuna ukuxolisa okusemthethweni kanye nesinxephezelo ngalezo zenzo. Uhulumeni waseJalimane wenqaba ukwenza lokho. Lapho evakashele eLibya ngo-30, uNdunankulu wase-Italy uSilvio Berlusconi waxolisa ngokusemthethweni kubantu baseLibya โngamanxeba angapholiโ abadalwe yiminyaka engama-5 yobukoloni base-Italy futhi wathembisa isinxephezelo ngendlela yokutshalwa kwezimali kuka-$2014 billion. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, iLibya yahlaselwa futhi yabhujiswa โamabutho ahlangene,โ i-Italy eyayiyingxenye yawo. Kwathi ngo-XNUMX, Ikhomishana Yokubuyiswa Komphakathi WaseCaribbean yagunyaza isiphakamiso sokuzuza ubulungiswa kuzisulu zokubulawa kohlanga, ubugqila, ukuhweba ngezigqila kanye nobandlululo lobuhlanga, iKhomishana elithatha njengobugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini. Lesi siphakamiso sasikhuluma ngamazwe ayinhloko aphethwe yizigqila kuleso sifundaโiNetherlands, iNgilandi, neFranceโkodwa sasihloselwe nakwamanye amazwe. Yayihlanganisa uhlelo lokusebenza olubanzi kakhulu olunamaphuzu alandelayo: ukuxolisa okusemthethweni, ukubuyisela ezweni, uhlelo lokuthuthukisa abantu bomdabu, izikhungo zamasiko, ezempilo yomphakathi, ukuqedwa kokungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala, uhlelo lolwazi lwase-Afrika, ukuvuselelwa kwengqondo, ukudluliswa kobuchwepheshe.
Ngesikhathi evakashele eJamaica ngo-2015, undunankulu wase-UK ngaleso sikhathi, uDavid Cameron, wakhipha isinqumo sokuthi abuyiselwe imali. Lapho evakashela eNdiya eminyakeni emibili ngaphambi kwalokho, yena lo David Cameron wayebonile ukuthi ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi ngo-1919 kwamaNdiya ayengahlomile ayebhikishela ubukoloni baseBrithani โkwakuyihlazo elikhulu,โ kodwa akazange axolise ngokusemthethweni futhi akazange avume ukunxeshezelwa. Ngo-1,000, ngaphansi kwengcindezi yezinyathelo zomthetho, i-UK yavuma ukukhokha u-ยฃ 2013 kumalungu angama-2,600 enhlangano yaseKenya i-Mau Mau eyayiboshiwe futhi yahlukunyezwa ngawo-5,000 ngenxa yokumelana nobukoloniyali baseBrithani, ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho izwakalisa khona " ukuzisola okuqothoโ ngalesi sigameko. Kusukela lapho, abantu baseKenya abangaba ngu-1950 benze izimfuno ezifanayo zokuthi baphathwa kabi kanjani ngesikhathi sobukoloni. Ngo-44,000, lowo owayengumongameli ngaleso sikhathi, u-Emmanuel Macron, wavuma ukuthi ukwenza ikoloni kweFrance i-Algeria kube yicala elibhekiswe esintwini.
Kamuva nje, ngokugubha iminyaka engama-500 iSpain yanqotshwa iMexico, uMongameli u-Antรณnio Manuel Lรณpez Obrador wabhala iNkosi yaseSpain futhi uPapa ecela ukuxolisa ngokusemthethweni ngonya olubhekiswe kubantu bomdabu ngesikhathi sobukoloni, ngenkathi ezibophezela ukwenza okufanayo. njengenzalo yamakoloni. Isicelo senqatshwe ngokuphelele umbuso waseSpain; kodwa uhulumeni ozimele waseCatalonia washesha ukuvuma ukuhlukunyezwa, ukufa kwezigidi zabantu kanye nokubhujiswa kwawo wonke amasiko ezandleni zobukoloniyali baseSpain. Futhi muva nje ngo-4 Ephreli 2019, uhulumeni waseBelgium waxolisa i-metis Abantu baseBelgian, izinkulungwane zezingane eziyizinhlanga ezixubile zobaba baseBelgian nomama baseCongo, ezazalwa ekupheleni kobukoloni baseBelgium (phakathi kweminyaka ye-1940 ne-1950), bathathwa emindenini yabo ukuze bayofakwa ezindlini zezintandane ngempoqo futhi, amanye amacala, athunyelwa eBelgium.
Iyini incazelo yalokhu kunyakaza kobulungiswa bomlando nakho konke okuhambisana nakho, okukhule kwafaka isicelo sokubuyiswa kwezinto zobuciko ezilethwe (kungani?) zivela kumakoloni aseYurophu futhi manje ezibukiswayo kumamyuziyamu aseNyakatho yomhlaba wonke, noma ukubuyiswa komhlaba, njengoba kwenzeka eZimbabwe noma, muva nje, eNingizimu Afrikaโngokuphathelene nesikhathi sobandlululo, okwakuwuhlobo oluthile lobukoloniโkanye ne-Australia. Izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho noma zezimiso zokuziphatha noma iyiphi indlela azibonakali zinezela okuningi kukho. Ngokusobala lokhu akukhona mayelana nokuthola izizathu zokubamba izizukulwane zamanje zamazwe abusa amakoloni ziphendule ngobugebengu obenziwa kudala. Lena inkinga yezombangazwe edalwa yizinto eziningi, okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ukuzimela kwezombusazwe kukhona kanye nokuqhubekisela phambili ukuncika kwamakholoni.
Imizabalazo emelene nobukoloni eyaqhutshwa eLatin America (ngekhulu le-19) kwase kuba yi-Afrika ne-Asia (ikhulu lama-20) yayihlose ukuqinisekisa ubulungisa bomlando, ukubuyisela izindawo ezakhamuzini zayo futhi ivumele abantu ukuba babe abakhi bekusasa labo. Nokho, iqiniso liwukuthi akukho nokukodwa kwalokhu okwenzeka, njengoba kwacaciswa ngokuphawulekayo ekukhululweni kokuqala kwawo wonke amakoloni, okwaseHaiti, ngo-1804. ukuzihlukanisa kwamanye amazwe, bekunonya nje (njengoba zinjalo izimo zokulungiswa kwesakhiwo i-IMF isaqhubeka nokubeka ngaphandle kwesijeziso kulo lonke elaseNingizimu yomhlaba), futhi umphumela usobala eHaiti yanamuhla. Ukuqhubeka kokuncika kobukoloni kwadalulwa ngokugqamile ngo-1965 nguKwame Nkrumah, umongameli wokuqala waseGhana, lapho eqamba igama elithi neocolonialism. ukuchaza izimo ezazingokoqobo ngaleso sikhathi njengoba zinjalo manje. Ukuphangwa kwemithombo yemvelo okwakuyisici sobukoloni kusaqhubeka nanamuhla, okwenziwa izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zaseNyakatho yomhlaba wonke ngokuhambisana nezikhulu zendawo, okwathi, esimweni saseLatin America, ziyinzalo yamakoloni. .
Isidingo sobulungiswa bomlando singenye nje indlela yokugunyaza umzabalazo wokulwa nokungabi nabulungiswa nokungalingani okuqhubeka nokubonakalisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwamazwe awumongo nangaseceleni. Futhi lapho impendulo kuwukuxolisa nje, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwamukelwe noma cha, akukho lutho ngaphandle kokwenza amasiko asemthethweni kulabo abafuna noma abakwamukela ukuxolisa, ukuze yonke into ihlale injalo. Ngamanye amazwi, ubukoloni abuphelanga ngokuzimela kwezombusazwe. Sekuphelile ukudliwa kwezindawo ngamakholoni ngamazwe angaphandle, kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi ubukoloni buyaqhubeka buphuma ngezinye izindlela, ezinye zazo ezinonya kakhulu kunalezo zomlando wamakoloni. Njengoba ubugqila buqhubeka ngendlela eyihlazo โyokusebenza okufana nobugqila,โ ukusebenzisa inkulumo ye-UN, kanjalo nobukoloni busaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla hhayi nje ngendlela yokuncika kwezomnotho kuphela kodwa futhi nangesimo sokucwasa, ukucwasa, ukucwasa ngokobuhlanga, amaphoyisa. isihluku esibhekiswe kwabamnyama abasha, i-Islamophobia, "inkinga yababaleki," "impi yobushokobezi," ukubulawa kwabaholi bezenhlalakahle abalwela ukuvikela umhlaba wabo ekuhlaselweni yizinkampani zezimayini, ukugawulwa kwemithi noma izimboni zezolimo, ngokumelene nezinhlekelele zemvelo ezisongela abantu abalahlwayo. hlala ezindaweni eziyekelwe โnjengezindawo zomhlatshelo,โ nokunye nokunye.
Endabeni yeLatin America, lapho inkululeko yatholwa yinzalo yamakholoni, ukuphikelela kobukoloniyali kwathatha uhlobo oluthile: ubukoloni bangaphakathi lapho abantu bomdabu kanye nenzalo yabantu base-Afrika ababegqilaziwe baye babhekana khona. โIzibonelo zentuthukoโ zale minyaka engu-150 edlule zishaye indiva ngokuhlelekile izithakazelo, izifiso namasiko alabo bantu. Uma u-Lรณpez Obrador ephikelela ekusebenziseni okunye okuhlukile kwalezi zinhlobo, akufanele kumangaze ukuthi, esikhundleni sokucela ukuxolisa, abantu bomdabu abafuni nje ukuhlonishwa kweqiniso ngamasiko nezindawo zabo, kodwa futhi nokuchithwa kwamaphrojekthi amakhulu kanye ne-neo-extractivist. izinqubomgomo ezinqatshiwe abantu abathintekayo, uma sebexoxile nabo futhi baziswe ngobuqotho.
Ngokutshela umkoloni ukuthi axolise futhi azibophezele yena kanye nohulumeni wakhe kule nqubo, u-Lopez Obrador empeleni uletha into entsha engxabanweni ngobulungiswa bomlando. Ushaya ukuma kobuqotho obudabukisayo ngomqondo wenhlekelele yamaGreki. Unyakazisa onqenqemeni lwensingo engakwazi ukumenza awele phansi njengoba ezama ukusukuma. Yena, mhlawumbe ongcono kunanoma ubani omunye, uyazi ukuthi okwamanje umelela ukuqonda okuphezulu komphakathi okungenzeka ngasohlangothini lwemodeli yentuthuko ephikisana nenhlalo, ngoba yakhelwe ukukhiqiza imbuyiselo ikakhulukazi ehloselwe ukuphelela emaphaketheni omhlaba. ubunxiwankulu. Uyazi ukuthi ubunxiwankulu banamuhla, njengoba buphethwe yimali, abusoze bavuma ukuxoxisana ngemibandela yokuphanga uma impango ngokwayo ibuzwa. Uyazi ukuthi, ngaphansi kwanoma yikuphi okuhlukile, lo modeli wehlulekile kwamanye amazwe aseLatin America esikhathini esidlule (iBrazil, Argentina, Ecuador, Venezuela). Enyakatho, kunodonga oluyihlazo, lombuso, oluqine kakhulu ukuba lungancibilika ngegazi lalabo abazama ukuluwela. Ungumnikazi wethemba elisele lezwekazi elidatshulwe yi-U.S. kanye ne-European imperialism ngokubambisana kwezikhulu zendawo, ezingakaze zivumele izigaba ezithandwayoโlos de abajo -ngisho nokuphupha ngokuphela kobukoloni. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, lowo othwele umthwalo wemfanelo wethemba kumelwe futhi athwale umthwalo wemfanelo wokukhungatheka. Impendulo yenkosi yaseSpain ayihambi kahle. Kodwa kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi enkosini engenzi lutho umuntu akanakulindela konke.