Oekuseni ebusika ngo-1996, ama-ejenti e-Border Patrol angena emtholampilo wase-Los Angeles osekhoneni lomgwaqo lapho izisebenzi zezinsuku ezingama-40 zazishaye ujenga zizohlolelwa ingculaza. Esinye isisebenzi, u-Omar Sierra, sasisanda kuhlala futhi umhlengikazi efake inaliti yokudonsa igazi. Njengoba ama-agent e-migra egijima enqamula umgwaqo kanye nomgwaqo, u-Sierra wagxuma, wadabula i-tourniquet, wakhipha inaliti emthanjeni wakhe wagijima. USierra wabaleka wabuyela ekhaya. Enyakaziswa ulwazi lwakhe futhi ezimisele ukungalokothi abakhohlwe abangani bakhe ababedingisiwe, wabhala iculo:
Ukusebenza, Umthetho Wobugebengu SIerra isho iqiniso elisobala ngabantu base-US abangenawo amaphepha okuthuthela kwelinye izwe: "Sonke kufanele sisebenze." Nokho umsebenzi usuphenduke icala kwabangenazo izincwadi. Lokho kugasela kwaseHollywood kwenzeka eminyakeni eyi-13 edlule, kodwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho yokufuduka kwabasebenzi kuye kwanda kakhulu. Eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili yokugcina yokuphatha kukaBush ikakhulukazi, ukulandelana kokugasela kuthathe abasebenzi abangenazo izincwadi njengezigebengu. Ngonyaka odlule e-Los Angeles, ama-ejenti e-Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) (โthe migraโ) afika e-Micro Solutions, imboni yokuhlanganisa ibhodi lesifunda e-San Fernando Valley. Izisebenzi ezingaqaphile zalandwa endaweni yokudlela yalesi sitshalo. Khona-ke abezokufika batshela labo ababeyizakhamuzi ukuba bafole ohlangothini olulodwa lwegumbi futhi izisebenzi ezinamakhadi aluhlaza ukuba ziye ohlangothini olulodwa. Ekugcineni, njengoba esinye isisebenzi sasho, โkuvele kwasishiya.โ Izisebenzi eziseleโlezo ezazingezona izakhamuzi noma ama-visaโzafakwa emavenini zayiswa ejele laseMigra. Abanye besifazane kamuva bakhululwa ukuba banakekele izingane zabo, kodwa kwadingeka bagqoke amasongo eqakala futhi bangakwazi ukusebenza. NgoMeyi 12, 2008, ama-agent e-ICE agasela imboni yokupakisha inyama ye-Agri-processors e-Postville, Iowa. Bathumele abantu abasha baseGuatemala abangama-388 ku-National Cattle Congress, inkundla yokubukisa imfuyo e-Waterloo, okuyindawo eqhele ngamahora amabili. Enkantolo yesikhashana, abasebenzi baboshwe ngamaketanga phambi kwejaji elasiza abashushisi ukuba benze izivumelwano zokuvuma icala ezinyangeni ezinhlanu ngaphambi kokuthi kugasele. Abasebenzi bebenikeze inkampani izinombolo zeSocial Security okungenzeka ukuthi zaqanjwa noma ngezomunye umuntu. Ijaji kanye nomshushisi batshele abasebenzi ukuthi bazobekwa icala lokweba omazisi elinesigwebo seminyaka emibili, futhi bagcinwe ngaphandle kwebheyili. Uma belivuma icala lokusebenzisa kabi inombolo ye-Social Security, bazohlala izinyanga ezinhlanu bese bexoshwa ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho. Iningi lalaba bantu abasha lalikhuluma isiMam noma isiQanjobal kuphela, ulimi lwendabuko lwezifunda zabo eGuatemala, ngakho ngisho nangokuhumusha kweSpanishi babengayiqondi kahle le nqubo. Babengenazo izindlela zangempela noma kunjalo futhi bavumelana nezinyanga ezinhlanu zokuvalwa kwezwe base bexoshwa ezweni. Omunye wabo kwakungumsebenzi osemusha owayeshaywe ngodobo lwenyama ngumphathi. Eswele amaphepha, wayesaba ukukhononda. Ngemva kokugasela, waya ejele nabanye. Umphathi wahlala esebenza kulayini. Njengase-Los Angeles, abesifazane abakhululwa ukuze banakekele izingane zabo babengakwazi ukusebenza. Ayengenayo indlela yokukhokha intela noma yokuthenga ukudlaโabayeni noma abafowabo babeboshiwe noma badingisiwe futhi babebhekwa njengesisulu sokucwaswa edolobheni labo. Ukube bekungengenxa yeSonto LamaKatolika iSt. Brigida kanye nezishoshovu zendawo, ngabe balambe bengenamakhaya njengoba belinde izinyanga ukuze kuqulwe amacala abo nokudingiswa. Ngonyaka odlule, ama-ICE agasela imboni yaseHoward Industries eLaurel, eMississippi, athumela abasebenzi abangama-481 esikhungweni esiphethwe ngasese eJena, eLouisiana futhi badedela abesifazane abangu-106 ababefake amasongo eqakala. Abasebenzi bagqunywe ejele bengazi nokuthi bagcinwe kuphi futhi abazange babekwe amacala noma banikezwe abameli izinsuku. Balala phansi kukasimende futhi bateleka indlala ngemuva kwesonto lonke bedla amasemishi amakinati namasemishi ojeli. U-Patricia Ice, ummeli we-Mississippi Immigrant Rights Alliance (MIRA), ubize lokhu kugasela kwezombusazwe: โBafuna ukuphuma ngobuningi babokufika kuhulumeniโฆ. Inhlangano yezombangazwe lapha isongelwa ukushintsha kwezibalo zabantu baseMississippi nokuthi abavoti bangase babukeke kanjani eminyakeni engu-20.โ Wayesho ukuthi abantu base-Afrika baseMelika babebuyela e-Mississippi futhi manje sebengaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-35 abantu. Eminyakeni eyishumi, abafuduki bazokwakha amanye amaphesenti ayishumi. I-MIRA kanye nekhokhasi emnyama yezwe yomthetho inohleloโukuhlanganisa lawo mavoti nezinyunyana kanye nabamhlophe abaqhubekayo, futhi iMississippi ingagcina isuse uhlaka lwamandla obuswa eJackson kusukela kwangemva kweMpi Yombango Kabusha. Ukuhlasela kweHoward Industries kwakuhloswe ngakho ukufaka uhlaka enhliziyweni yalowo mfelandawonye wezepolitikiโukumisa noma yikuphi uguquko olungenzeka. I-ICE ithi lokhu kuhlasela kuvikela izakhamizi zaseMelika kanye nezakhamizi ezisemthethweni kubaqashi abaqasha abasebenzi abangenazo izincwadi ukuze behlise amaholo nezimo zokusebenza. Kodwa izikhathi eziningi ukugasela kwabokufika kusetshenziswa ngokumelene nabasebenzi abahlela futhi babhikishele lezo zimo ezifanayo. Embonini yaseSmithfield eTarheel, eNorth Carolina, lapho abasebenzi bachitha khona iminyaka engu-16 bezama ukujoyina le nyunyana, inkampani izame ukuxosha abantu abangu-300, okuhlanganisa nobuholi bezinyunyana zabokufika, ithi ithole ukuthi izinombolo zabo zeSocial Security azilungile. Abasebenzi bamise olayini izinsuku ezintathu bathola ukubuyiselwa isikhashana kwalabo abaxoshiwe. Kodwa-ke i-migra yenza ukuhlasela oku-2 futhi abasebenzi abangu-21 baboshwa ngenxa yokusebenzisa izinombolo ezingezomunye umuntu. Kuthathe iminyaka emibili ukuthi umkhankaso wenyunyana ululame. Inqubomgomo Ethambile? Skusukela ekupheleni kokuphatha kukaBush, iziphathimandla zezokufika zithi zizolandela inqubomgomo ethambileโesikhundleni sokugasela, zizosebenzisa uhlelo lokuhlola isimo esisemthethweni sabasebenziโisizindalwazi esibizwa ngokuthi i-E-Verify. Abantu abasebenza ngezinombolo ezingezinhle Zokuvikeleka Komphakathi bazoxoshwa. Ngo-Okthoba, abesifazane abasebasha abangu-2,000 1,200 embonini yezingubo yaseLos Angeles yaseMelika Apparel baxoshwa. NgoNovemba, abaqaphi abangu-XNUMX baxoshwa eMinneapolis. UMnyango wezokuPhepha kwezwe uthi ucwaninga amarekhodi ezinkampani ezingu-654 ezweni lonke ukuthola amagama abasebenzi abangenazo izincwadi. Ukugasela emsebenzini, ukudubula, kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwe-E yizo zonke izindlela zokuphoqelela unswinyo lwabaqashiโingxenye yoMthetho Wezinguquko Nokulawulwa Kwezokufuduka ka-1986 othi, ngokokuqala ngqa, abaqashi kufanele bahlole isimo sabasebenzi sokuthuthela kwelinye izwe. Umthetho wawukwenza kube yicala lombuso ukuthi umuntu ongenazo izincwadi asebenze. Abafuna kuqiniswe umthetho othi izijeziso azizange zenzeke njalo baveze ukuthi balutshwana abaqashi abake bahlawuliswe. Kodwa amashumi, mhlawumbe amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabasebenzi axoshiwe ngenxa yokungabi nawo amaphepha. Akekho olandela inombolo. I-ICE ithi ukuphoqelelwa kwezijeziso kubhekise kubaqashi โabasebenzisa izisebenzi ezingekho emthethweni ukuze badicilele phansi amaholoโโlabo abaholela abasebenzi abangekho emthethweni amaholo angekho ezingeni noma abaphoqelele ukuba babekezelele izimo zokusebenza ezingabekezeleleki. Ukwelapha izimo ezingabekezeleleki ngokuxosha noma ukuxosha abasebenzi akusizi abasebenzi noma ukuguqula izimo, nokho, futhi lokho akusikho i-ICE eqondise yona noma kunjalo. I-American Apparel ikhokha kangcono kunezimboni eziningi zezingubo, nakuba abasebenzi kufanele basebenze ngokushesha futhi kanzima ukuze bathole lowo mholo. EMinneapolis, abaqaphi abaxoshwa abangu-1,200 kwa-ABM bangabe-SEIU Local 26, bathola amaholo aphezulu kunabasebenzi abangebona abenyunyana, futhi kwadingeka bateleke balwe ukuze bawine. I-ICE isaqondise isethi efanayo yabaqashi ukuhlasela kukaBush okwalandelaโizinkampani zezinyunyana ezifana neHoward Industries noma izitshalo ezibhekene namadrayivu ahlelayo afana nalawo aseSmithfield. Ukugasela kwama-Agri-processors kwenzeke esikhathini esingaphansi konyaka abasebenzi bakhona bezame ukuhlela. E-Howard Industries e-Mississippi, i-migra yenza ukuhlasela okukhulu kunakho konke phakathi nezingxoxo zenkontileka yezinyunyana. I-ICE ijezisa abasebenzi abangabhalisiwe abahola kakhulu noma ababonakala kakhulu ngokufuna amaholo aphezulu kanye nokuhlela izinyunyana. Naphezu kombono wokuthi ukuphoqelelwa kwezijeziso kuzojezisa labo baqashi abaxhaphaza abokufika, abaqashi bakwa-American Apparel nakwa-ABM baklonyeliswe ngokubambisana ngokugonywa ekushushisweni. Ngabe ukwenza ubugebengu kufeza yiphi inhloso? Ngokwengxenye isebenzela i-bureaucracy enkulu. Ngama-ejenti angu-15,000, i-ICE isibe ingalo yesibili enkulu yokuqinisa umthetho kahulumeni wobumbano. Izikhungo zokuvalelwa ezizimele zakhiwe ezweni lonke, zisetshenziswa izinkampani ezifana ne-Geo Corporation, eyayibizwa ngokuthi i-Wackenhutโngaphambi kwalokho, i-Pinkertons. UJanet Napolitano, unobhala we-DHS, usanda kumemezela izinhlelo zokwakha izikhungo ezimbili ezintsha zokuboshwa. Babalelwa ku-350,000 abantu ababoshelwe ukwephula umthetho wokungena kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe ngonyaka odlule futhi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi abantu ababalelwa ku-35,000 babeboshiwe. Noma kunjalo amandla okuqinisa umthetho ajulile kunezinkontileka nemisebenzi. Vula Umnyango Wangaphambili, Vala Umnyango Ongemuva FOwayenguNobhala Wezokuphepha Kwasekhaya uMichael Chertoff uthe, โKunesixazululo esisobala enkingeni yomsebenzi ongekho emthethweni, okuwukuthi uvula umnyango wangaphambili bese uvala umnyango wangemuva.โ UChertoff usho ukuthi โngokuvula umnyango wangaphambiliโ ukuthi ufuna abantu beze e-US njengabasebenzi bezinkontileka, abaqashwe abaqashi besebenzisa ama-visa athi isisebenzi singaza kuphela emsebenzini. Lona umqondo kanye nemfuneko yalo lonke uhlelo lwesisebenzi sesivakashi, sibuyela emuva kuma-braceros. Ukuze enze abantu beze kuphela ngalolu hlelo olusekelwe emisebenzini, "uzovala umnyango ongemuva," ngokwenza ukuhamba ogwadule awele umngcele - ukusebenza ngaphandle kwalolu hlelo lokusebenza lwenkontileka, ubugebengu obujeziswa hhayi nje ngokuxoshwa, kodwa ukuboshwa kanye nejele. Abantu abeza njengabasebenzi benkontileka abalokothi babe izakhamuzi, bavote, noma babambe amandla. Lokho kulula kakhulu eMississippi, ngokwesibonelo, lapho abaqashi bedinga umsebenzi wabantu bokufika, kodwa besaba ukuthi kuzokwenzekani uma bevota. Ngokungangabazeki, umbuso uqashe abasebenzi abaningi abayizivakashi ngomuntu ngamunye kunanoma yimuphi omunye. UMississippi usanda kuphasisa umthetho wezinhlawulo zomqashi wombuso, ngenhlawulo engu-$10,000 neminyaka emihlanu ejele ngokusebenza ngaphandle โkokugunyazwa.โ Inhloso ye-E-Verify, ukugasela, ukudubula, kanye nalo lonke olunye uhlobo lokuphoqelela ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe kuwubugebengu obuyisisekelo bomsebenzi. Uma ungenawo amaphepha, kuyicala ukuba nomsebenzi. Ngakho uma ekhoneni lomgwaqo, iloli liyama ukuze lithathe izisebenzi, futhi uyangena. Usebenza usuku lonke elangeni uze ukhathele kangangokuthi awukwazi ukubuyela ekamelweni lakho. Kuyicala leli. Ukwenzela ukuthumela imali ekhaya emndenini wakho. Nalokhu kuyicala.
Abokufika kanye nabasekeli babo bamasha edolobheni elincane lezolimo laseKennett Square, ePennsylvania ngoMeyi 1, 2007. |
Zingaki โizigebenguโ ezinjengalezi ezikhona? I-Pew Hispanic Trust ithi kunabantu abayizigidi ezingu-12 abangenawo amaphepha lapha e-US Kodwa akukhona lapha kuphela. UManu Chao ubhale i-CD yonke yezingoma ngalokhu: I-Clandestine. Ucula ngabantu abasuka eMorocco baya eSpain, Turkey baya eGermany, Jamaica baya eLondon. Kunabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-200, emhlabeni wonke, abahlala ngaphandle kwamazwe abazalelwa kuwo. Ukube bonke โabasebenzi abangekho emthethweniโ emhlabeni bebehlangana endaweni eyodwa bekungaba nabantu abanele amaDolobha ayi-10 aseMexico noma angu-15 eLos Angeleses. Uma ukusebenza kuwubugebengu kusho ukuthi abasebenzi bayizigebengu. Futhi uma abasebenzi beba izigebengu, abasekeli balolu hlelo bathi, bazogoduka. Lokho kuyisizathu esiyisisekelo sakho konke ukuphoqelela ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe emsebenzini. Kodwa akekho ohambayo ngoba imisebenzi ayikho. Kungani Abantu Abaningi Kangaka Bexoshwa? Skusukela ngo-1994, abantu baseMexico abayizigidi eziyisithupha bafike bazohlala e-US Izigidi zafika ngaphandle kwama-visa ngoba kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba zithole ama-visa. Izingcindezi zezomnotho ezibangela ukufuduka nokufuduka zifinyelela emadolobheni namadolobhana akude kakhulu eMexico, lapho abantu besakhuluma khona izilimi zakudala lapho uColumbus efika emazweni aseMelikaโiMixteco, iZapoteco, iTriqui, iChatino, iPurepecha, isiNahuatl. Awukho umphakathi e-Mexico ongenawo amalungu omndeni e-US I-NAFTA iyingxenye eyodwa nje yezinguquko eziguqule umnotho waseMexico ngenxa yentshisekelo yabatshalizimali bangaphandle kanye nabalingani abacebile baseMexico. Isivumelwano savumela izinkampani ezinkulu zase-US ezifana no-Archer Daniels Midland ukuthi zithengise ummbila eMexico ngentengo ephansi kunalokho okubize abalimi abancane e-Oaxaca ukuze bawukhulise. Izinkampani ezinkulu zase-US zithola uxhaso olukhulu kuCongressโ$2 billion emalini yokugcina yepulazi. Kepha imithetho yeBhange Lomhlaba kanye ne-NAFTA yanquma ukuthi uxhaso lwabalimi baseMexico kufanele luphele. E-Cananea, idolobhana elincane elisezintabeni ze-Sonora kanye nesizinda sezimayini zethusi ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni, abavukuzi sebetelekile iminyaka emibili. I-Grupo Mexicoโinkampani yamazwe ngamazwe eyanikezwa imayini kwenye yezinkampani ezizimele zikaMongameli wangaphambili uCarlos Salinasโifuna ukunciphisa izindleko zabasebenzi ngokuqeda amakhulu emisebenzi, ngokubhidliza inyunyana yabavukuzi, futhi ifake abaholi bayo ohlwini lwabangavunyelwe. Ngenkathi abavukuzi baseCananea belahlekelwa isiteleka sokugcina sokuncishiswa kwemisebenzi ngo-1998, abangaphezu kuka-800 bafakwa ohlwini lwabavinjelwe futhi abaningi balimala besebenza eTucson, Phoenix, naseLos Angeles. Lesi siteleka esikhona manje sesineminyaka emibili siqhubeka. Abavukuzi balwela ukuhlala emakhaya. Uhulumeni waseMexico usanda kuthumela amasosha ukuba ayothatha zonke izizinda zikagesi eDolobheni laseMexico, wahlakaza Inkampani kahulumeni i-Power and Light Company (Luz y Fuerza), futhi waxosha abasebenzi bayo abangu-44,000. Lesi senzo sisongela ukucekela phansi inyunyana lapho, enye yezindala nentando yeningi ezweni. Lesi isinyathelo sokuthengisa ugesi waseMexico kubatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe, abazimeleโnjengoba nje izingcingo, izindiza zezindiza, amachweba, imizila yezitimela, nezimboni konke kwenziwe kwangasese kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule. Bazoshonaphi abasebenzi bakagesi abaxoshiwe? Uma bengayinqobi impi yabo nohulumeni, abaningi bazolandela ababengaphambi kwabo enyakatho. I-NAFTA, kanye โnezinguqukoโ zezomnotho ezigqugquzelwa ohulumeni base-US nabaseMexico, zisize izinkampani ezinkulu ukuba zicebe ngokugcina amaholo ephansi, ngokuzinikeza uxhaso futhi zivumele abalimi ukuba bangene ekuqoqweni, ngokwenza amabhizinisi kahulumeni azimele kanye nokuvumela ukuncishiswa kwabasebenzi nokusebenza. izimo. Lezo izinguquko ezenza kube nzima emindenini ukuthi iphile: amaholo aphansi, angabe esakwazi ukulima, abekwe phansi ukuze kwehliswe izindleko, ifekthri izimele futhi inyunyulwe inyunyana. USalinas uthembise abantu baseMexico ukudla okushibhile uma i-NAFTA ivunywa futhi ukuthengwa kommbila kugcwele izwe. Manje intengo yama-tortilla isiphindwe kathathu kunaleyo eyayiyikho ngesikhathi kudlula isivumelwano. Lokho kuhle ku-Grupo Maseca, umkhiqizi we-tortilla we-monopoly waseMexico (u-Archer Daniels Midland uhlala ebhodini lakhe). Futhi kuyilungele i-Walmart, manje eyisidayisi esikhulu kunazo zonke e-Mexico. Kodwa uma ungeke ukwazi ukuthenga lawo ma-tortilla, uya lapho ongawathenga khona. Abagqugquzeli bokukhululeka kwezomnotho bathi umnotho wama-maquiladora kanye namaholo amancane azokhiqiza imisebenzi emngceleni. Kodwa namuhla, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezisebenzi lapho alahlekelwe imisebenzi. Lapho kuqala ukwehla komnotho e-US, abantu bayeka ukuthenga imikhiqizo eyenziwe ezimbonini ezisemngceleni. Ngisho noma besebenzaโngeholo le-maquiladora elingu-$4-6/ngosukuโkuthatha ingxenye yomholo wosuku ukuthenga igalani lobisi. Iningi lihlala ezindlini zamakhadibhodi emigwaqweni engenandlela egandayiwe noma indle. Uma bephelelwa wumsebenzi kanti umngcele uqhelelene nje, ucabanga ukuthi bazoshonaphi? Ukube ubungenamsebenzi noma ukudla komkhaya wakho, ubungenzenjani? Uma abantu bebhikisha, uhulumeni uletha amaphoyisa namasosha ukuze avikele ukuthula nokutshalwa kwezimali. Abantu bayashaywa, njengoba nothisha base-Oaxaca ngo-2006. Ngemva kokuba ibutho ligcwele amajele ase-Oaxaca, bangaki abanye abantu okwadingeka bahambe? Ngenkathi uMengameli waseHonduran uManuel Zelaya ephakamisa iholo elincane ukuze anikeze imindeni ikusasa elingconoโhhayi njengabafuduki, kodwa eHondurasโumbutho wezempi oqeqeshwe e-US wamthumba egqoke izingubo zokulala, wamfaka endizeni, wamkhiphela ngaphandle kwezwe. Bangaki abantu abazoyishiya iHonduras ngoba umnyango wekusasa elisimeme ekhaya uvaliwe? ICongress kanye Nokuphatha abazami ukumisa ukufuduka. Akukho ongakwenza, hhayi ngezivumelwano zohwebo ezifana ne-NAFTA ne-CAFTA kanye nezinqubomgomo zezomnotho ezimele. Umthetho wokungena kwabokufika awuvimbeli abantu ukweqa umngcele noma ubavimbele ukuthi basebenze. Kunalokho, inqubomgomo yokuthuthela kwelinye izwe inquma isimo sabantu uma sebelapha. Igcizelela ukungalingani phakathi kwabasebenzi emalungelweni nasezimeni zezomnotho nezenhlalo. Lokho kungalingani kukhiqiza amaholo amancane kanye nenzuzo ephezulu. Kubaqashi, Lolu hlelo lusebenza kahle Acishe abantu abayizigidi eziyi-12 bahlala e-US ngaphandle kwemibhalo yokuthuthela kwelinye izwe. Abanye abayizigidi ezingama-26-28 bazalelwa kwenye indawo, futhi bayizakhamizi noma abanama-visa. Lokho kucishe kube yizigidi ezingama-40 abantu. Uma wonke umuntu engaya ekhaya kusasa, ingabe kuzoba nezithelo nemifino emashalofini e-Safeway? Ubani owayezosika izinkomo nezingulube ezitshalweni zokupakisha inyama? Ubani obengahlanza amahhovisi aseNew York, eLos Angeles, eSan Francisco, noma eChicago? Abantu bokufika akubona bodwa abasebenzi esisebenza nabo, yibona kuphela abantu abazimisele ukusebenza, noma yibona kuphela abantu abadinga imisebenzi. Abasebenzi bethu bahlanganisa imindeni yama-Afrika aseMelika, amaMelika Omdabu, ama-Asian American, kanye nemindeni yamaChicano enikele ngokusebenza kwayo amakhulu eminyaka. Iningi labantu abamhlopheโinzalo yezifiki zaseYurophuโliyizisebenzi futhi. Sonke siyasebenza. Sonke sidinga ukusebenza. Kodwa ngaphandle komsebenzi wezifiki, lolu hlelo luzoma. Lezo zinkampani ezisebenzisa lezo zisebenzi, nokho, azikhokhi izindleko zangempela zokukhiqiza abasebenzi ezithembele kubo. Abalimi nabapakisha inyama nabanikazi bezakhiwo abakhokhi lutho. Abakhokhi ngisho intela emazweni lapho izisebenzi zabo ziphuma khona kanti abanye abayikhokhi intela nalapha. Ngakho-ke ubani okhokha izindleko zokukhiqiza nokugcina abasebenzi babo? Abasebenzi bakhokhela yonke into ngemali abayithumela ekhaya. Izinqubomgomo zokulungiswa kwesakhiwo zidinga amazwe afana ne-Mexico noma i-Philippines ukuthi anciphise isabelomali sikahulumeni sezinsizakalo zezenhlalakahle, ngakho izimali eziphumayo zikhokhela noma yiziphi izinsizakalo zezenhlalakahle leyo miphakathi manje ezitholayo. Kubaqashi, lelo uhlelo olushibhile kakhulu. E-US abasebenzi abangenawo amaphepha bakhokha izintela kanye Nezokuphepha Komphakathi, kodwa bavinjelwe ezinzuzweni. Kubo, awukho umshwalense wokungasebenzi, inkokhelo yokukhubazeka uma begula, kanye nezinzuzo zomhlalaphansi. Kubantu abangenawo amaphepha, i-New Deal ayizange yenzeke. Ngisho nezakhamuzi ezisemthethweni ezinamakhadi aluhlaza azikwazi ukuthola izinzuzo eziningi Zokuvikeleka Komphakathi. Kungani wonke umuntu engakwazi ukuthola inombolo Yokuvikeleka Komphakathi? Phela sifuna abantu babe yingxenye yohlelo. Bonke abasebenzi, abangabhalisiwe kubalwa, bayaguga futhi balimele. Ingabe abantu kufanele baphile ngokudla kwezinja ngemva kokusebenza impilo yonke? Inhloso ye-Social Security ukuqinisekisa isithunzi nemali engenayo kwabadala nabalimele. Lolu hlelo akufanele lusetshenziswe kabi ukuze kutholwe isimo sokuthuthela kwelinye izwe futhi lukhuthaze ukuzingela abathakathi, ukudubula nokuxoshwa kwezisebenzi ngaphandle kwalo. Kodwa abokufika bangabalwi. Ngo-1992, ama-drywallers angekho emthethweni amisa ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokuhlala zaseSouthern California unyaka owodwa ukusuka eSanta Barbara ukuya emngceleni waseMexico. Batelekile emafemini, ezakhiweni zamahhovisi, elondolo, emahhotela nasezinkundleni. Lezi zinyunyana ezikhulayo namuhla yizona ezenza umbimbi nabasebenzi bokufika futhi ezazi ukuthi zizolwela izimo ezingcono. Eqinisweni, izimpi ezilwiwa abokufika kule minyaka engu-20 edlule zenze izinyunyana zaseLos Angeles zaqina namuhla futhi zashintsha ezombangazwe zedolobha. Edolobheni nedolobha, uguquko olufanayo lungenzeka noma seluyaqhubeka. Ngakho-ke izinyunyana kufanele zizibophezele, nazo. Ngo-1999, i-AFL-CIO yaba nengqungquthela eyingqophamlando e-Los Angeles futhi izinyunyana zathi zizolwela ukuqeda umthetho owenza umsebenzi ube yicala. Izinyunyana zithe zizolwela ukuvikela ilungelo labo bonke abasebenzi lokuhlela, kubalwa nabokufika. Abasebenzi kufanele bafeze leso sithembiso. Namuhla izinyunyana zilwela umthetho i-Employee Free Choice Act (EFCA), okuhloswe ngawo ukwenza kube lula futhi kusheshe ukuthi abasebenzi bahlele. Lokho kungasiza bonke abasebenzi, kuhlanganisa nabokufika. Kodwa uma abantu abayizigidi ezingu-12 bengenalo nhlobo ilungelo emisebenzini yabo futhi bephula umthetho ngokusebenza, bazosebenzisa kanjani amalungelo i-EFCA eklanyelwe ukuwavikela? Ukudala Ukungalingani Seminye yemithetho yokuqala yesizwe ichaza ukuthi ubani ongagqilazwa nokuthi ubani ongakwazi. โIconsi legazi lase-Afrikaโ lalichaza ukuthi ubani osemthethweni nongekho emthethweni. Ngenkathi i-Illinois ne-Indiana ingena kwiNyunyana, njengezifundazwe ezikhululekile, imithetho yabo yokuqala yathi umuntu wozalo lwase-Afrika wayengeke akwazi ukuhlala lapho. Lowo mqondo wokungabi namthetho wabe ususetshenziswa nakwabanye abantu, ngenjongo efanayo. Abokufika baseShayina balethwa besuka e-Toishan ngaphansi kwenkontileka ukuthi bazosebenza kumzila wesitimela futhi bakhiphe amanzi omfula i-Sacramento/San Joaquin River delta. Khona-ke uMthetho Wokukhishwa KwamaShayina wango-1882 wenqabela ukuqhubeka kwabo kwamanye amazwe, ngoba ngaphansi komthetho wobuzwe base-US, babengeke babe izakhamuzi. Ngaleso sikhathi umthetho wawuthi amaShayina ayengenalo ilungelo lokuba lapha, kwase kunezinkulungwane zabafuduki baseChina eCalifornia ngisho nase-Idaho. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1900, isishayamthetho esasibuswa abalimi saseCalifornia senza kwaba yicala kubantu basePhilippines ukushada nabesifazane abangebona abaseFilipina. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukufuduka kwabesifazane besuka ePhilippines beya ezweni elikhulu kwakunzima kakhulu. Kubasebenzi basemapulazini basePhilippines bango-1930s kanye nama-40s kanye nama-50s, cishe kwakuyicala ukuba nomndeni. Amadoda amaningi ahlala engashadile kwaze kwaba seminyakeni yawo-50 noma 60, ehlala emakamu okufukuzwa kuwo, ehamba futhi esebenza nomaphi lapho abalimi bedinga khona umsebenzi wabo. Phakathi nohlelo lwe-bracero kusukela ngo-1942 kuya ku-1964, abalimi baqasha abasebenzi baseMexico, ababengaba ngaphansi kwenkontileka futhi kwadingeka balishiye izwe ekupheleni kokuvuna. Babiza ama-braceros ngokusemthethweni, kodwa hlobo luni lomthetho abantu abahlala ngemuva kocingo oluhlabayo emakamu, behamba futhi besebenza kuphela lapho abalimi befuna khona? Uma ama-braceros etelekile, ayexoshwa. Ingxenye yomholo wabo yayigodliwe, okwakucatshangwa ukuthi yayizoqinisekisa ukuthi bazobuyela eMexico. Ngemva kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka basalwela ukuthola imali elahlekile. Kodwa wonke umuntu walwela ukuhlala. AmaShayina abekezelela ukushiswa kwamaShayinatown eSalinas naseSan Francisco. Abantu basePhilippines kwadingeka balwele ilungelo lokuba nomndeni. Ama-braceros amaningi aphuma emakamu okufukuzwa kuwo futhi aqhubeka ehlala futhi esebenza ngaphansi komhlaba iminyaka engama-30, kwaze kwaba yilapho engathola isikhundla somthetho kushwele wango-1986. Namuhla, kune-ajenda yebhizinisi mayelana nokufuduka ekhuthazwa amazwi anamandla e-Washington, DC, njengoMkhandlu Wezobudlelwano Nezangaphandle kanye nokunxenxa abaqashi i-Essential Worker Immigration Coalition (cabanga ngo-Wal-Mart, Marriott, noTyson Foods). Bahlongoza ukuphatha ukufuduka ngezinhlelo zezisebenzi eziyisivakashi kanye nezinhlawulo ezikhulayo kulabo abazama ukusebenza ngaphandle kwalolu hlelo. Ezinye zeziphakamiso zabo ziqukethe nokuncishiswa kwezomthetho kwabangenazo izincwadi, kodwa okungase kukhiphe abantu abaningi noma kubenze balinde iminyaka ukuthola ama-visa, kuyilapho kususwa isikweletu somqashi kubasebenzi abangenazo izincwadi asebevele beziqashile. Kodwa, abakwa-lobbyists baseWashington bayabuza, ngeke yini izinhlelo zezisebenzi zezivakashi zibe ngcono kunalokhu esinakho manje? Umbiko weSouthern Poverty Law Centre, โKuseduze Nobugqila,โ ubhala ukuthi ama-braceros anamuhla avame ukukhohliswa amaholo kanye nesikhathi esengeziwe. Abasebenzi ababuthwe eNdiya ukuthi bazosebenza endaweni yemikhumbi yaseMississippi bakhokha u-$15,000-20,000 nge-visa ngayinye. Le nkampani inqamule amaholo eyayithenjiswe wona yase ixosha umholi wayo, uJoseph Jacobs, ngesikhathi abasebenzi bebhikisha. Uma abasebenzi bebhikisha, bafakwa ohlwini lwabavinjelwe. UMnyango Wezabasebenzi ngaphansi kukaBush awukaze ukhiphe isitifiketi sokuthi isivakashi senkontileka yesisebenzi siphula umthetho wabasebenzi futhi wathi uhlu lwabavinjiwe lusemthethweni. Lapho uRafael Santiago ethunyelwa iKomidi Lokuhlela Umsebenzi WasePulazini eMonterrey ukuthi ayoqapha ukuqashwa yiNorth Carolina Growers Association, ukuze kuqedwe uhlu lwabavinjiwe futhi kuphele inkohlakalo yosonkontileka, ihhovisi lakhe lagqekezwa, wabotshwa, wahlukunyezwa, wabulawa. Akekho umqashi oqasha izisebenzi eziyizivakashi ukuze akhokhe ngaphezulu. Babaqasha ukuze bagcine iholo liphansi. Ukuhlehlisa Ukungalingani In 1964, amaqhawe enhlangano yeChicano afana noBert Corona, Ernesto Galarza, Cesar Chavez, kanye noDolores Huerta aphoqa iCongress ukuthi iqede uhlelo lwe-bracero. Ngonyaka olandelayo, abantu baseMexico nabasePhilippines bateleka emasimini kaCoachella noDelano futhi kwazalwa i-United Farm Workers.
Izinkulungwane zamasha eSan Francisco ngo-2006, zibhikishela izikweletu kuKhongolose yase-US ezizokwenza kube yicala isimo sabokufika futhi zinciphise amalungelo abo. |
Ngo-1965, labo baholi, kanye nabanye abaningi, babuyela kuKhongolose. Bathe, sinikeze umthetho, ongenzi izisebenzi zibe ama-braceros noma izigebengu ngemuva kocingo oluhlabayo zibe izigqila zabalimi. Sinikeze umthetho othi imindeni yethu iyona ebalulekile, imiphakathi yethu. Saphumelela kanjalo uhlelo lokuthandwa komndeni. Kungakho, uma usunekhadi eliluhlaza, ungacela umama wakho, ubaba, kanye nezingane zakho ukuthi bakujoyine e-US Besingenakho lokho ngaphambilini. Inhlangano elwela amalungelo abantu yawunqoba lowo mthetho. Leyo mpi ayikapheli. Eqinisweni, kufanele silwe kakhulu manje kunangaphambili. Kodwa akudingekile ukuba sicabange ukuthi ukwesaba kugxilile kithi noma ukuthi ngeke sikwazi ukukunqoba. Amaphephandaba amakhulu athe abantu bashaye ihlombe embonini yaseLaurel ngesikhathi abokufika beboshwa bekhishwa ngozankosi. Kodwa ngemva kokuboshwa, izisebenzi eziMnyama zaphuma ngesango zagaxa abesifazane bokufika ababehlezi ngaphandle befake amasongo abo emaqakaleni, befuna amaholo abo angakakhokhelwa. Abesifazane base-Afrika baseMelika bazinikele ngokuletha ukudla komama baseMexico, futhi basekela isidingo sabo semholo emuva. ESmithfield eNorth Carolina, ukugasela kwabantu bokufika oku-2 kanye nokudutshulwa kwabantu abangama-300 bethuse abasebenzi kangangoba umkhankaso wabo wezinyunyana wama. Kodwa-ke abaseMexico nabase-Afrika baseMelika bahlanganisa ndawonye inyunyana. Bathola isizathu esifanayo ngokutshelana ukuthi bonke babedinga amaholo nezimo ezingcono, ukuthi bonke banelungelo lokusebenza, nokuthi inyunyana izolwela umsebenzi noma ubani, owokufika noma ozalelwe lapha. Abokufika, okuhlanganisa nabangenazo izincwadi, bateleke emafemini, emahhovisi, elondolo, emahhotela nasezinkundleni. Ezinye izinyunyana namuhla ziyakhula ngoba zazi ukuthi abasebenzi bokufika bazolwela amaholo nezimo ezingcono. Izimpi ezilwiwe abokufika kule minyaka engu-20 edlule zisiza ukudala amandla ezepolitiki emadolobheni afana neLos Angeles. Pho Sifunani? FOkokuqala, sifuna ukwenziwa kube semthethweni, ukunikeza abantu abayizigidi ezingu-12 amalungelo okuhlala namakhadi aluhlaza ukuze baphile njengabantu abavamile. Asifuni ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe kusetshenziswe njengendlela eshibhile yokuhlinzeka abasebenzi, abasebenzi abakhokhela abaqasha futhi, uma sebelapha, besaba ukuthi bazoxoshwa uma belahlekelwa imisebenzi. Sidinga ukulahla imithetho eyenza ukusebenza kube ubugebengu kanye nezigebengu zabokufika. Ngeke kusaba khona izikhungo zokuboshwa, amasongo eqakala, iziqhumane nezinhlamvu ezingefaniswe, futhi ngeke kusaba nokugasela. Bonke abantu emiphakathini yethu kufanele babe namalungelo nesimo esifanayo. Kumele senze isiqiniseko sokuthi labo abathi bakhulumela abokufika abagqugquzeli ngempela amaholo aphansi. Ukuthi abenzi bezinqumo baseWashington ngeke bafake imindeni eMexico, e-El Salvador, noma e-Colombia ebuphofini, ukuphoqa isizukulwane esisha sabasebenzi ukuthi sishiye ikhaya singene ngeminyango yamafekthri efenisha nelondolo, izakhiwo zamahhovisi, nezindawo zokupakisha. , ezindaweni zokwakha noma ezingadini nasezinkulisa zabacebile. Imindeni inelungelo lokusinda, ilungelo lokungafuduki. Ukuze lelo lungelo libe ngokoqobo, badinga imisebenzi namapulazi akhiqizayo, izikole ezinhle, nokunakekelwa kwezempilo. Uhulumeni wethu kufanele ayeke ukuxoxisana ngezivumelwano zohwebo ezifana ne-NAFTA ne-CAFTAโfuthi esikhundleni salokho avimbele inqubomgomo yezohwebo nezomnotho ebangela ubumpofu nokufuduka. Ngo-1955, ngesikhathi sempi ebandayo, ama-braceros kanye nabasebenzi basemapulazini babengacabangi ukuthi uguquko luyoke lube khona. Eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva saba nomthetho omusha wokuthuthela kwelinye izwe ovikela imindeni futhi uhlelo lwe-bracero lwaluphelile. Singaba nohlelo lwabokufika oluhlonipha amalungelo abantu. Singakumisa ukuxoshwa. Singazuza ukuvikeleka kwemindeni esebenzayo nhlangothi zombili zemingcele yethu. Yebo, kungenzeka. Sekuphelile.
Z
UDavid Bacon ungumthwebuli wezithombe nombhali we Abantu Abangekho emthethweni, Imiphakathi Engenayo Imingcele, futhi Izingane ze-NAFTA. Izithombe kulesi siqeshana ezikaBacon, iwebhusayithi yakhe, dbacon.igc.org, iqukethe izindaba nezithombe ezengeziwe.