Emakhasini angama-272, incwadi entsha kaDkt, Jack Rasmus, The Scourge of Neoliberalism: US Economic Policy From Reagan to Trump, iyincwadi encane enkulu. Ukuze uqonde ukubaluleka kwayo, ukuqhathanisa nenye incwadi encane enkulu kaJohn Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace, kuyasiza.
Imiphumela Yezomnotho ikhule ngenxa yokubamba iqhaza kukaKeynes ezingxoxweni zokuthula zangemva kweMpi Yezwe I njengommeleli wamaNgisi. Lapho uKeynes ethola isimo sokujezisa esimangalisayo sokuthula okwakubekwe phezu kweJalimane waphuma ebhikisha. Incwadi yakhe iyachaza ukuthi kungani.
Imiphumela Yezomnotho iqala ngencazelo ecophelelayo, enengqondo yokuthi umnotho waseJalimane i-France ne-England wawusuxhumene kanjani futhi wancikela kwelinye esingawuchaza manje njengomnotho womhlaba wonke. Ngakho ukujezisa oyedwa, kulokhu iJalimane, kwakuwukujezisa bonke. Ngokufanayo, unswinyo lwezomnotho olujeziswayo olwabekwa eJalimane lwalunzima kangangokuthi uKeynes wabikezela ukuthi kwakuzovela isilwane sezombusazwe eJalimane. Leso silo sezombangazwe ekugcineni safakwa kumuntu ka-Adolf Hitler.
I-Surge ichaza ukuthi izilo zethu zezombusazwe ezikhulele ekhaya zaba khona kanjani, lapho u-Rasmus enza umsebenzi omuhle ngomlando wezomnotho owasiza ukudala lezi zilo. Isisekelo sakhe siwukuthi izinhlaka zezomnotho azimi ndawonye, โโkodwa zihlala zishintsha ukuze zilawule izinselelo eziguqukayo zezomnotho nezombusazwe.
URasmus uhlukanisa umnotho waseMelika kusukela ngo-1900 ube yizinkathi ezintathu: cishe ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe I, phakathi nangemva kweMpi Yezwe II, kanye nenkathi yeReagan, eyaqala ukubusa kwe-neoliberalism. Ezinkathini ezimbili zeMpi Yezwe, iMelika yabhekana nenselele ejabulisayo: indlela yokuphatha amandla omnotho akhulayo waseMelika ukuze ibe amandla amakhulu angenakuqhathaniswa. Ukuhlelwa kabusha kokuqala kwenza onxiwankulu base-US babambisene abalinganayo nenhloko-dolobha yaseBrithani neyaseYurophu; okwesibili, ngesikhathi nangemva nje kweMpi Yezwe II, kwenza i-US yaba amandla amakhulu kwezomnotho emhlabeni jikelele. Inkathi yesithathu, kwaba, futhi iyisikhathi esingajabulisi kubenzi benqubomgomo baseMelika njengoba babebhekene nezinselelo zangempela kanye nokwehla. Umgomo wabo manje kwakuwukunqoba abaqhudelanayo basekhaya, njengezinyunyana, kanye nabaphikisana nembulunga yonke, njengeJapane neJalimane, emashumini eminyaka ezayo.
Isiteji sahlelelwa inkathi yesithathu ekuqaleni kwawo-1970. Izinyunyana zazinamandla amakhulu futhi zenze izinzuzo zamaholo ezingakaze zibonwe ezifika kumaphesenti angama-25 ekuqaleni kwawo-1970. Khonamanjalo, iMelika ayikwazanga ukuncintisana neJapan kanye neYurophu ngenxa yengqalasizinda yayo yezimboni exegayo futhi eguga. Ngakho abakhi bezinqubomgomo babhekane nenkinga yangempela. Ukusabela kwabo kwabizwa ngokuthi i-neoliberalism, engeyona entsha noma ekhululekile, kodwa igama lokumaketha elixhashazwa yisigaba songqondongqondo esithobela konke.
I-Neoliberalism empeleni iyisethi yezinqubomgomo eziluhlaza ezigcina inzuzo ephezulu yesikhathi esifushane ngenani lenzuzo yesikhathi eside nokuchuma kwabo bonke. Abenzi bezinqubomgomo bebengafuni ukungena, bathi, amaphesenti angama-35 e-GDP ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwengqalasizinda ngoba lokho kuzonciphisa inzuzo yabo. Kunalokho bathatha indlela elula yokuphuma: banciphisa intela yamabhizinisi nabacebile; bacekela phansi izinyunyana; badambisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-US emazweni aneholo elincane; bachitha amashumi eminyaka emithetho ebalulekile; bacekela phansi izinhlelo zempesheni zangempela zamaphesenti angama-90 aphansi; baphucwe i-Social Security; banikeza usizo olushibhile olusezingeni eliphezulu oluvela emazweni angaphandle; badedela imifula emikhulu emhlabeni wonke; bavumela amabhange ukuthi agembule ngezinsimbi zezimali; bacekela phansi imfundo yomphakathi futhi bakhubaza abasha ngemali ebolekiwe yabafundi engaphezu kuka-$1.5 trillion; bathulule okungenani ama- $ 5 trillion wemali cishe yamahhala emabhange nakubatshalizimali abavela ku-Fed futhi njalo njalo.
Ukusabela kweDemocratic Party kukho konke lokhu kwakushaqisa: isithembiso somkhankaso esisodwa ngemva kwesinye saphulwa futhi amaphesenti angama-90 aphansi ayebhekene nomsunguli osebenzayo wenqubomgomo ye-neoliberal, uBill Clinton, noma umsunguli ongenzi lutho wezinqubomgomo ze-neoliberal, u-Barack Obama.
U-Rasmus uyaphumelela futhi ekuboniseni imiphumela yezomnotho yalezi zinqubomgomo: iholo elintengantengayo kanye nezinga lokuphila kumaphesenti angama-90 aphansi; ukungalingani kweholo elibi; ingqalasizinda ebolayo; kanye nokuntuleka kokufinyelela ngamaphesenti angama-90 ezindlini ezanele, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, ezokuthutha kanye nemfundo. IMelika isiyizwe lesibili elinesibalo esithukuthele.
Ingxoxo ka-Rasmus mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwempi/ukuvikela iyakhanya. Akukaze kube nini kusukela ngo-1900 noma yiliphi izwe elaliwusongo lwezempi e-United States. Lokho kwaphela ngo-1812. Kodwa nokho, ukuqala ngoReagan nokuqhubeka ngempi ka-Obama/Trump/imali yokuvikela idlule ophahleni. Kungani?
Okokuqala, ukusetshenziswa kwempi/ukuzivikela kuyindlela elula yemali ye-Fortune 500 njengoba, ngencazelo, awukho umncintiswano wangaphandle. Ngokunjalo, kuyindlela enhle yokuxhasa ucwaningo nentuthuko ngaphandle kokukubiza kanjalo: Ubani ongavuma ukuthela amashumi ezigidigidi zamadola entela ku-IT ukuze enze, athi, uBill Gates acebe? Ekugcineni kwaba nokuvuma buthule ukuthi njengoba iMelika ingakwazi ukuqhudelana ngokomnotho ngakho-ke izoqhubeka nokuqhudelana ngezempi. U-Rasmus ukhombisa ukuthi lokhu kuwukuphela kwenqubomgomo okuphelele kanjani.
Le nqubomgomo yempi/yokuzivikela idale inkinga yokushoda okuphindwe kabili. Okusho ukuthi, iMelika ingazinciphisa kanjani izintela futhi yandise ukusetshenziswa kwempi / ukuzivikela? Impendulo: ukushoda kabili. I-US yavuma ukuvumela amadlelandawonye ayo ukuba angenise ngokuphawulekayo e-US ngaphezu kwalokho i-US eyayiwathumelela wona kodwa ukuze kuxhaswe lesi sishoshovu sezohwebo esingapheli futhi esikhulayo amadlelandawonye avuma ukuthenga ngenani elikhulu lezikweletu zase-US ukuvala igebe ekusetshenzisweni kwemali eshodayo. Ngokufanayo intela yamabhizinisi nabatshalizimali abacebile yehliswe ngama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-15 kusukela ngo-2001, okuphinde kwacindezela ukusilela kwasekhaya ophahleni. Kodwa lesi sikweletu esikhuphukayo sidale izinkokhelo ezinkulu zenzalo, iHhovisi Lesabelomali likaKhongolose elilinganisela ukuthi eminyakeni eyishumi izoba cishe isigidintathu esingu-$1 sezinkokhelo zenzalo kuphela ngonyaka. Khonamanjalo ukuntuleka kocwaningo lwangempela nokutshalwa kwezimali kwentuthuko kwe-US kuholele ekukhuleni okuphansi kokukhiqiza okubuye kwaholela ekucindezelweni okwengeziwe kwamaholo/iholo eliphansi ngamaphesenti angama-90.
Bese, ekugcineni, kukhona engikubiza nge-China Challenge, okubonisa ukuphela kwalolu khetho lwenqubomgomo. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, i-China yamemezela uhlelo lwayo lwenqubomgomo ka-2025, oluzobeka iChina phambili ekuthuthukisweni okusha kwe-IT okufana ne-G5, i-cybersecurity kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa. Lokhu kuwusongo lwangempela nolubalulekile ebuholini bezempi yi-US ngoba ukuthuthukiswa okusha kwe-IT kunezicelo ezisobala nezesikhathi eside zezempi. Lokhu kwadala impi yezohwebo kaTrump neChina eyagcina iwile.
Njengoba inkulumo yempi yezohwebo ishuba, ukuthengwa kwezikweletu zaseMelika ngamazwe ase-Asia kwehla; okubaluleke ngokufanayo ukuthi amaShayina ayeka ukuthenga imikhiqizo yezolimo yaseMelika eyayingesinye sezifunda zezepolitiki zikaTrump: Abalimi baseMidwest, abakhulu nabancane, abaningi babo abacwile, baqala ukuthethisa abaphathi bakaTrump ukuthi bahlehle eChina. Ngakho-ke uTrump wahoxa, naphezu kwezimemezelo zakhe zomphakathi zokuthi uyinqobile impi yezohwebo. AmaShayina azoqhubekela phambili ukuze abe umholi womhlaba wonke ku-IT kuyilapho i-US isalokhu ilandela ngemuva.
Esinye isiphetho esibalulekile senqubomgomo iGreenspan "beka." IGreenspan "beka" iwukugcina amanani enzalo aphansi ngeFederal Reserve. Lezo zilinganiso zenzalo ephansi zivumela abakwamanye amazwe ukuthi bathole inzuzo ephezulu ezinkampanini zabo ezingaphansi komkhiqizi wangaphandle. Kanjani? Amanani aphansi agcina inani ledola laseMelika liphansi ngakho-ke izinga lokushintshisana lemali yangaphandle yezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ezweni asebenza kulo liphezulu. Lokhu kuvumela izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ukuba โzithengeโ amadola engeziwe futhi ngaleyo ndlela zibuyisele inzuzo eyengeziwe ngamadola aseMelika emahhovisi azo amakhulu. Iphinde ivumele abathumeli bangaphandle base-US kwamanye amazwe ukuthi bathengise okwengeziwe, bakhulise inzuzo, futhi banqobe izimbangi. Kodwa izilinganiso zenzalo ephansi zivumela izikhungo zezezimali ukuthi zigembule ekuqageleni kwezezimali, okubangele ukwanda kwempahla ngemva kwenye kanye nokuwa okungenakugwemeka okufanayo, njengokuqhuma kwe-dot.com, ukuwa kwe-savings-and-loan, kanye nokuwohloka kwe-subprime. . Ukuwa ngakunye kuba kubi kakhulu kunangaphambili, kodwa amabhange alawulwayo kanye namabhange angalawulwa, amabhange angamathunzi, ayaqhubeka nokuqagela ngempahla yezezimali ngenxa yezigidigidi zamaRandi enzuzweni esheshayo.
Ngokunjalo, amanani enzalo aphansi azuzisa amabhizinisi amakhulu ngokuvumela ukuthengwa kwesitoko, ukukhokhelwa kwezabelo, ukuhlanganiswa nokutholwa kanye nokwehliswa kwemisebenzi. Kuncane uma kukhona okuya emnothweni wangempela e-US ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhiqiza nokudala imisebenzi yesikhathi esigcwele kubantu baseMelika.
Lokhu kwenza izimakethe zezimali zingazinzi kakhulu futhi kudinga ukuthi i-Federal Reserve ikhiphe imali eyengeziwe ohlelweniโizigidigidi zamadola okufanele ngabe zingene emisebenzini yangempela emnothweni wangempela e-US Kunalokho, zangena ekuthengeni isitoko, ukuhlanganiswa kanye nokutholwayo. , izinkokhelo zezabelo, ukuthengiswa kwezingxenye zokukhiqiza, kanye nokuqoqwa kwezinkulungwane zezigidigidi zamaRandi phesheya kolwandle yizinkampani ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe. I-Apple iyodwa iqongelela imali engaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-250 zamarandi emazweni ahlukahlukene ngaphandle kwase-US
Bese-ke inkinga iba ukuthi ngisho nokukhuphuka okuncane kwamanani enzalo kubangela ukuwa kwempahla efana nokwehla ngamaphesenti angama-35 emakethe yamasheya ngo-2018 okwadala impi phakathi kweFed neTrump. UTrump "unqobile" ngakho i-Fed yehlisa amanani, okusho ukuthi ukuwa okulandelayo kuzoba kubi kakhulu kunokugcina.
U-Rasmus futhi wenza umsebenzi omuhle wokuchaza izinguquko zemvelo kanye nesakhiwo ezizayo emnothweni. Umshayeli oyinhloko ukukhiqizwa kwamandla okusuka emanzini kuya emalahleni kuya kugesi namafutha, futhi manje sekubheke ekukhiqizeni ilanga ne-hydrogen. Esigabeni ngasinye salokhu kuguqulwa kokukhiqizwa kwamandla, umnotho kufanele ulungiswe kabusha futhi ulungiswe ukuze ubhekane nezinselele zenguquko okukhulunywa ngayo. Lokhu kunweba amabhizinisi amaningi kuze kufike lapho kunqamuka khona, okungukuthi ukuqothuka.
Ingxenye yamandla iyashintsha ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho ukuthuthukiswa kwe-IT kuphusha izakhiwo zezomnotho endaweni entsha ngokuphelele ngobuhlakani bokwenziwa, i-cybersecurity, i-G5 Communications Systems, kanye ne-biotechnology. Inkinga ukuthi i-neoliberalism ayinayo impendulo kulezi zinkinga ezibalulekile futhi ayinayo indlela yokubhekana nayo, isibonelo, lokho engikubize ngeChina Challenge. Njengoba zigcwele izikweletu, izinkampani ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe azikwazi, futhi ngeke, zenze ukutshalwa kwezimali okudingekayo okudingekayo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezinselele zalezi zintuthuko ezintsha futhi zihlale zincintisana.
U-Rasmus uqhubekisela phambili ikusasa ngokuchaza ukuthi izikhungo zethu zezombusazwe ziya ngokuya zihlanekezelwa futhi zincipha kanjani intando yeningi. Izindlela zokwenza i-America ibe yi-oligarchic iwukusebenzisa inqwaba yamathuluzi afana nekolishi lokhetho, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US, ukukhwabanisa, ukucindezelwa kwabavoti, kanye nemifula yemali egeleza isuka ku-1% kuzo zonke izikhungo zethu zezombusazwe, ziyonakalisa ngokuphelele.
Isithombe ngu-Sundry Photography/Shutterstock.com
Ngisho nencwadi enkulu inamaphutha. Okushodayo ku-The Scourge kuyingxoxo yokuthi impi yezidakamizwa-eqale yethulwa ngu-Reagan esaqhubeka nanamuhla-iyisikhali esinamandla se-neoliberalism sokukhulula unomphela amashumi ezigidi zabantu abampofu bebala kunoma yikuphi ukuhlanganyela okunenjongo emphakathini wase-US ngokulebula. labo tsotsi. Ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwezomnotho nezepolitiki kwezimpi zezidakamizwa ukwenza kube icala ingxenye engase ibe nokuphazamiseka kwezombusazwe emphakathini wethu futhi uqiniseke ukuthi i-US ayinaso isibopho sokubasiza ngemisebenzi ehloniphekile, izindlu, imfundo noma ukunakekelwa kwezempilo.
Njengasezimpini zezidakamizwa, imali ebolekiwe yabafundi, manje esengama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.5, ikhubaza ingxenye enkulu yomphakathi engase iphazamiseke kwezepolitiki ekushisekeleni kwezepolitiki ngokubaphoqa ukuthi bachithe isikhathi esiningi bezimpilo zabo belawula izikweletu.
Isigubhu esingapheli sikaRasmus sokuthi ikusasa liphethe ukulahleka kwemisebenzi okungapheli ku-automation kuyiqiniso, kodwa kunenkinga ejulile. Ukuzenzakalela, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa nokunye ukuthuthukiswa kwe-IT, kungakhulula izinsiza zabantu ezibucayi nezidingekayo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezinselele zesikhathi esizayo. Cabanga ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Cabanga ngamashumi ezigidi zemisebenzi engadaleka engadingeki nje kuphela kodwa eyisisekelo ukuze kugwenywe ukuwa kwemvelo okuzayo.
U-Rasmus ungummeli onamandla we-Medicare yabo bonke, kodwa kufanele futhi acabange ukuthi lokhu kuzodinga izinsiza zabantu ezinkulu-ukuqeqeshwa kwezinkulungwane zabasebenzi bezempilo kubasebenzi bezokunakekelwa kwempilo e-US, njengabasebenzi be-IT, badonswa izinkulungwane. Kufanele siqeqeshe abethu ukuze benze umsebenzi onzima wokunakekela wonke umuntu ezweni lonke hhayi nje ezindaweni ezinothile ezigudle ugu. Ukungafinyeleli ekunakekelweni kwezempilo okusezingeni eliphezulu kwabantu abampofu basemakhaya kuwubugebengu; akulona โiphuthaโ ukuthi iningi labalandeli bakaTrump abashiseka kakhulu ngabampofu basemakhaya.
Ekugcineni, ngifisa sengathi u-Rasmus anganikeza uhlu lwamagama. Amagama afana ne-median uma iqhathaniswa ne-avareji yemali engenayo kanye nezilinganiso zenzalo ezingezinhle, ingibalekela ngokuqhubekayo naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngifunde ngawo kumongo okungenani izikhathi ezingu-10.
Kepha sekukonke, I-Scourge iyincwadi enamandla, ebalulekile. Siyakuziba ngengozi yethu. Z