Ngo-1964, uMongameli uLyndon Baines Johnson wasayina umthetho oyingqophamlando wamaLungelo oMphakathi waba ngumthetho, futhi wethula iMpi Yobumpofu. Ngemva konyaka, indawo ehlala abantu abaningi base-African American Watts e-Los Angeles yaqhuma ngodlame olungakaze lubonwe emashumini eminyaka; Kwalahleka imiphefumulo engama-34 kwathi abantu abangaphezu kwenkulungwane balimala. Kwezinye izikhungo zasemadolobheni, ukuvukela kwase kuba njalo. Ngokukhula kweMpi YaseVietnam okwabangela ukuthi Impi kaJohnson on Poverty ijikijelwe eceleni kakhulu, umbiko owawunesihloko esithi “The Negro Family: The Case for National Action,” owabhalwa nguDaniel Patrick Moynihan—owayeyisikhulu esiphezulu eMnyangweni Wezempilo. Umsebenzi—waputshuzelwa kwabezindaba.
Umbiko we-Moynihan, njengoba wawuvame ukwaziwa kanjalo, wawuwumzamo wokuhlola umjikelezo wobumpofu. Yamemezela ukuthi “inkinga eyinhloko… yileyo yokwakheka komndeni,” iphetha ngokuthi “umndeni wamaNegro endaweni yasemadolobheni uyawohloka.” Lo mbiko wamukelwe yisivunguvungu sokugxekwa, abanye abagxeki bephakamisa ukuthi ulimi lombiko lwathusa kakhulu, imininingwane yawo ihunyushwe ngokungeyikho, neziphetho zawo zenziwe zaba lula ngokweqile.
Kwaze kwaba maphakathi nawo-1980 lapho uMbiko wathola khona ukwamukelwa ngezinga elithile lapho izazi zezokuhlalisana kwabantu ezihlonishwayo njengoWilliam Julius Wilson, ababhali abaphikisanayo njengoCharles Murray, nabanye beqala ukukwamukela. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi—ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa iminyaka engu-50 yoMbiko—kaningi, abaningi nhlangothi zombili zomkhakha wezepolitiki baye bawuhlonipha umsebenzi kaMoynihan.
USusan Greenbaum, uprofesa ophuma phambili we-anthropology eNyuvesi yaseNingizimu Florida, kanye nesishoshovu somphakathi eside eTampa, eFlorida, unombono ohluke ngokuphawulekayo eMbikweni we-Moynihan. Umbiko, uGreenbaum ubhala encwadini yakhe entsha Ukusola Abampofu: Ithunzi Elide Lombiko we-Moynihan Ngezithombe Ezinonya Mayelana Nobumpofu (I-Rutgers University Press, 2015), "ibonise ukuphela okukhululekile kokuhlehla okukhulayo ngokumelene nemibhikisho eyandayo kanye nokungakhululeki ngokuvukela ukucabanga kwendabuko mayelana nokuhlukana kwezinhlanga kanye nokushoda kwabantu abampofu okusolwayo."
I-Blaming The Poor ithatha ukuhlakanipha okuvame ukubanjwa okushiwo embikweni we-Moynihan, futhi ikhanyisa ngesibindi amaphutha ekuhlaziyeni kwawo. Kodwa, uGreenbaum uyaphawula, “Imibono equkethwe embikweni onesikhunta awusungula [uMoynihan] ngokushesha ngo-1965 misha kakhulu.”
NgokukaGreenbaum, okwathi kwaqondana, waqashwa nguMoynihan emsebenzini wakhe wokuqala ngemva kokuthola i-BA yakhe kwezokuhlalisana kwabantu, ukholelwa ukuthi uMbiko we-Moynihan onamakhasi angu-78 uholele ekuqhubekiseni phambili “imibono engemihle engemihle ngomama, obaba, kanye nentsha empofu, ikakhulukazi labo abampofu. I-African American,” imibono “etholakala yonke indawo kuyo yonke inkundla yezepolitiki,” futhi okwenza kube nzima kakhulu “ukuqeda lokhu kungalingani” ngempumelelo.
Incwadi kaGreenbaum “ibuyekeza umlando omude wocwaningo lwesayensi yesintu mayelana namasiko nesakhiwo somndeni, izifundo zesimanje zobumpofu nobuhlanga, futhi ithi “izinqubomgomo zamanje ezifuna ukuxazulula izinkinga ezihlobene nobumpofu ngemihlangano yokucobelelana ngolwazi nothando oluqinile azisebenzi futhi ziqinisa imibono engemihle.” Ngithole ithuba lokuxoxa noGreenbaum.
UMTHETHOSIVIVINYO BERKOWITZ: Kungani unqume ukubhala iBlaming The Poor?
U-SUSAN GREENBAUM: Ngangisanda kuthatha umhlalaphansi emsebenzini omude wokufundisa nokucwaninga ngezindaba ezihlobene nobubha nokucwasa. Uhlelo lwe-anthropology ebengiyingxenye yalo luzinikele ekusebenziseni esikufundayo nesikufundayo ngokuzibandakanya nemiphakathi esihlose ukuyichaza. Esikhathini eside somsebenzi ezindaweni ezihlala abantu abahola kancane e-Tampa ngangihlale ngibhekene nezikhulu zikahulumeni zesigaba esiphakathi ezinezihloso ezinhle kanye nama-philanthropists azwakalisa izimo zengqondo nezinkolelo ezibonisa ubuntu nokwahlulela kakhulu mayelana nabantu ababezama ukubasiza.
Ukuhumusha kwabo kwakuwukuthi ukukhetha okubi kanye nokukhubazeka kwabazali kubangela ubumpofu, nokuthi amakhasimende abo adinga ukuhlaliswa kabusha ukuze alahle isiko lawo le-pathological. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwami siqu kanye ne-scholarship yayiphikisana naleyo nkolelo, futhi ngangicabanga, isizathu sokuthi izinhlelo zabo zingaphumelelanga ngokudabukisayo. Abazange bavuleleke kakhulu emibonweni yami ngale ndaba futhi ngafunda kakhulu ukubamba ulimi nokusebenza nabalingani abavumelana nami nomaphi lapho ngibathola khona. Lapho ngishiya isikhundla sami njengoMqondisi Wokusebenzisana Komphakathi e-U-South Florida, ngaba nethuba elikhudlwana lokuveza izinkolelo zami nokuphenya ngalokho okuhlangenwe nakho. Ngaso leso sikhathi, inani elikhulayo lokushicilelwa kanye nokuphawula lalitusa uMbiko we-Moynihan njengobeka isisekelo sezinhlobo zezinhlelo engangihlangabezana nazo e-Tampa, ukugcotshwa komqondo wokuthi ubumpofu, ikakhulukazi ubumpofu babantu abamnyama, bubangelwa ububi. isiko kanye nezindinganiso zomndeni ezinephutha. Ngo-2013, ngesikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-50 sombiko ka-Moynihan sekusele iminyaka emi-2 kuphela, ngabona ukuthi cishe kuzoveza ukutuswa okuningi nokuphindaphindeka ezinhlelweni ze-neoliberal ezizama ukusindisa abantu ogibeni lwamasiko “lokucabanga” kobumpofu. Ngakho-ke, nginqume ukuhlela ukunganeliseki kwami ngale sethi yemibono mayelana nencwadi enikeza kokubili ukugxeka nezinye izincazelo. Kwangithatha unyaka ukuyicwaninga futhi ngiyibhala, futhi cishe isikhathi eside kangako ukuze inyatheliswe. Ngesikhathi ngisebenza ngakho, uchungechunge lwezehlakalo lwaletha izinkinga nezinkinga ezingacacile ekunakeni okuvelele komphakathi. Ukwenziwa ubugebengu kwentsha emnyama nensundu, amasu amasha emali engenayo yamadolobha adla abampofu ngokusungula inqwaba yezijeziso ezintsha, nodlame lwamaphoyisa kwakungezinye zezinkinga engihlangabezane nazo emsebenzini wami eTampa ezaduma kakhulu ngemva kwalokho. kaFerguson.
BB: Yini obunethemba lokuyizuza?
SG: Ukusola Abampofu yembula amaphutha amakhulu eMbikweni we-Moynihan, njengoba wawubhalwe ekuqaleni futhi njengoba ubuhunyushwa eminyakeni edlule. Isahluko sokuqala simayelana nocwaningo kanye nesimo sokugxekwa okwaba khona ngemuva kokukhishwa kombiko, kanye nokuvuselelwa komyalezo nokubaluleka kwalo mbiko ngeminyaka yawo-1980 lapho kushaywa imithetho emisha eyisijeziso nencishanayo kanye nezinkulumo ezinobuthi ngenhlalakahle. izindlovukazi nezilwane ezizingelayo zazizuza imali, ngisho naphakathi kwezifundiswa ezikhululekile ezazibhekwa kahle. Lezi zindaba ezixoxwayo ziye zaba namandla ngemva kokuwa kwezimali okukhuphule izinga lobumpofu futhi kwacindezela noxhaso lomphakathi lwezinhlelo ezisiza abantu abampofu. Ngethemba ukuthi ukungqubuzana kanye nama-canard asobala aqukethwe kulokhu kucabanga kungadalulwa futhi kukhishwe isithunzi. Ingxenye eyodwa yencwadi yami ikhuluma ngezifo ezisobala zabahwebi abacebile baseWall Street nabanye abantu abacebile ukuzihlukanisa kwabo emphakathini kanye nokukhuliswa okuthonywe u-Ayn Rand okudale umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu emphakathini wethu kunanoma yini eyenziwe abantu abampofu.
BB: Chaza ukuthi umbiko uhambe kanjani ekubeni ugxekwe uye wamukelwa kalula?
SG: Ukulungiswa kabusha kombiko ngemuva kweminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-20 yokugxekwa kungenxa yezinto ezimbili. Okokuqala kwaba ukusabela ngokumelene nokuhlukahluka kwamasiko kanye nalokho okwakubizwa ngokuthatha i-leftist of faculty scholarship elandelela ukujika kwesokudla enkathini ye-Reagan. Okwesibili kwaba ukwazisa okuvuselelwe kwesimo sikaSenator Moynihan senkululeko kanye nesithunzi esicekeleke phansi. UCharles Murray wayebhale incwadi egcwele amabhamuza, nokho edumile, mayelana nesiko lokuncika ecaphuna umbiko kaMoynihan. UWilliam Julius Wilson, isazi sezenhlalo yabantu base-Afrika baseMelika, ohlonzwe njengenkululeko, akaphendulanga ngokunganaki uMurray noma uReagan, kodwa wasola ozakwabo abakhululekile ngokudelela uMoynihan nokungalandeli umsebenzi wakhe embikweni. Umsebenzi wakhe ku-"underclass" wasemadolobheni ohlanganisa ulimi olumayelana nezinkinga zomndeni kanye nentsha emnyama egulayo yayikhanga kokubili ama-liberals aphakathi kwesokunxele kanye nama-pundits aphiko lwesokudla. Nakulokhu futhi, ukwenqaba, uma ngisho nama-liberals evumelana nencazelo ye-pathological, kufanele-ke ilungile.
BB: Kuthiwani ngokuhlonishwa kukaMoynihan?
SG: Abantu abaningi bahlanganisa ukugxekwa kombiko wango-1965 awenza kanye nesimilo sendoda abantu abaningi ababeyazi ngobuntu bayo emphakathini kamuva. Angikhathazeki ngempela ngaleyo ngxenye yempilo yakhe, futhi ngizamile ukuhlanganisa ukubhala kwami emiphumeleni yombiko wakhe kanye nezinjongo ezihlukahlukene ezimbi oye wasetshenziselwa ukuzithethelela. UMoynihan ushone ngo-2003. Umbiko wakhe usaqhubeka, futhi yiwona ahlosiwe. Iqiniso lokuthi yabhalwa yisosha elikhululekile ku-War on Poverty linikeze ukuba semthethweni okungafanele futhi okudabukisayo kakhulu. Izisusa zakhe siqu azinandaba futhi akufanele zibe imbangela yezingxoxo.
BB: Uthemba ukuthi uzofunda bani Ukusola Abampofu?
SG: Ngizamile ukwenza incwadi yami iqine, ihehe futhi ifundeke. Nakuba izethameli eziyinhloko cishe zingama-undergraduates kusayensi yezenhlalakahle. Ngithemba futhi ukufinyelela kubafundi abajwayelekile kakhulu abantu abathanda ubumpofu. Izishoshovu zomphakathi zisho izinto ezinhle mayelana nokuqonda kwawo kanye nokufundeka kwawo.
BB: Yiziphi izinkinga obhekene nazo njengamanje?
SG: Ngisaqhubeka nokubamba iqhaza emsebenzini wokulwa nobubha eTampa. Futhi ngihlela incwadi nozakwethu e-Boston kanye nomqondisi wenhlangano engenzi nzuzo exhasa ucwaningo olusekelwe kubulungiswa bezenhlalakahle, ukubambisana komphakathi, namasu okwenza okuthile. I-Sociological Initiative Foundation isineminyaka engaphezu kweshumi ixhasa amaphrojekthi anjalo. Kunezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zomsebenzi owenziwe nemiphakathi oye wathela izithelo ezinhle emaholoni afanelekile, ekunqandeni ukudliwa kwempahla, amalungelo abokufika, nezinye izindaba. Kwesinye isikhathi ngiyaye ngikhathale ngokubhala ukugxeka okuneziphakamiso ezimbalwa ezibambekayo zoshintsho lwangempela. Lawa maphrojekthi ayikhambi kulokho kukhathala.
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