Lokhu kwakuyiphupho elibi eliphikisana nesithombe sikaBarbara
Bush noNancy Reagan bememezela ukuthi bayizithandani ngoSuku Lukazwelonke Lokuphuma, noma
U-Kenneth Starr uzithethelela njengoMshushisi Okhethekile ngoba uhambe lelo mayela wangena
Imigqomo kaMonica. Lokhu kungase kube kubi nakakhulu. Lokhu bekumayelana nalezo zithombe
amamodeli wobudoda obusha baseMelika, lawo mapharamitha wokulungela kanye nobunzalamizi: uMfana
Ama-scouts.Ngo-March 2, 1998 iNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala yaseNew Jersey yakhipha isinqumo sokuthi uMfana
I-Scouts of America (BSA) yephule umthetho wombuso wokulwa nokucwasa ngokuxosha uJames.
UDaleโi-Eagle Scout enconywe kakhulu ngeminyaka engu-11 yokuhlola kanye namabheji angama-30
ngemuva kwakhe-ephuma enhlanganweni ngo-1990 ngemuva kokuvela kwegama lakhe ephephandabeni njengo
usihlalo ohlanganyele weLesbian/Gay Alliance yaseRutgers University. Isinqumo samajaji amathathu
yachitha isinqumo sika-1995 seJaji Lenkantolo Yesifunda sase-NJ u-Patrick J. McGann esasisekela
Isinqumo seBSA sokunqamula ubudlelwano bukaDale namaScouts, ikhala ngokuthi
"[t]lapha abukho nhlobo ubufakazi phambi kwethu, obunamandla noma ngenye indlela, obusekela i-
isiphetho sokuthi u-Gay Scoutmaster, ngenxa nje yokuthi ungungqingili, akanawo
amandla omlingiswa ukuze unakekele kahle, noma udlulise ama-BSA
izimiso zobuntu kubafana abancane." Baphinde basho lokho, ngoba i-BSA iyabutha
amalungu ezweni lonke nangenxa yokuthi ahlangana ezindaweni zomphakathi njengezikole nasemasontweni
ayenjengamahhotela noma izindawo zokudlela, izindawo zokuhlala zomphakathi futhi angaphansi kwe
imithetho yombuso emelene nokucwasa. Akushiwo ukuthi iBSA iyasidlulisa lesi sinqumo.Ukuphakama kokunqoba kweNew Jersey kwehliswa ezinsukwini ezingama-20 kamuva
lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseCalifornia inquma ukuthi ama-Boy Scouts of America angakhipha
ongqingili, abathi uNkulunkulu akaziwa, nabaphika ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu ezinhlwini zabo ngoba bangabantu abazimele
iqembu lobulungu elingahlanganiswa namalungelo omphakathi wombuso noma
imithetho emelene nokucwasa. Izinqumo bezisemacaleni amabili ahlukene. UTimothy Curren wayenakho
waletha icala, ethi wayenqatshelwe ngokungemthetho njengentsha ngabakwaScouts
1981 lapho u-Scoutmaster wakhe ethola ukuthi uyisitabane. I-suit yaseCalifornia yesibili yalethwa
UMichael noWilliam Randall abavinjelwa emgodini we-Orange County Cub Scout ngo-1990
laphoโlapho beneminyaka eyisishiyagalolunyeโbenqaba ukumemezela ukuthi bayakholelwa kuNkulunkulu.Omunye wemibuzo yezomthetho eyinhloko kuwo wonke amacala wawuzungeza
mayelana nesimo se-Boy Scouts of America njengeqembu elizimele elinobulungu
ilungelo lokungabandakanyi abafana abangahambisani nezidingo zabo. Inkantolo Ephakeme yaseCalifornia
Isinqumo ngazwilinye sasiwukuthi i-BSA yayiyibhizinisi elizimele elinelungelo lokubekela imingcele
ubulungu. Lesi bekuyisiqondiso esisha seNkantolo eNkulu yoMbuso esikhathini sakamuva
okwedlule kwakunqume ukuthi i-Boys Clubs kanye neklabhu yezwe yangasese, empeleni, yayiyibhizinisi
izikhungo ngoba izakhiwo nezinhlelo zabo zazivulekele umphakathi. Lokhu okusha
isiqondiso sacaciswa ngemibono ehlukene ngamaJaji amabili athi ayezokwenza
yeluleka iNkantolo ukuthi ichithe izinqumo zayo zangaphambili mayelana neKlabhu Yabafana kanye neqembu lezwe
kanye nokunciphisa incazelo "yezikhungo zamabhizinisi," futhi ngokwandisa
ikhono labantu lokusebenzisa umthetho omelene nokucwasa kanye nomthetho wamalungelo abantu ukuze bathole usizo
ngaphansi kwerubrikhi "yendawo yokuhlala yomphakathi."Ngalo mqondo, isinqumo seNkantolo esisekela i-BSA sihambisana ne
ukwephula imithetho nezinqumo zokwahlulela ezihlanganisa izindaba ezinjengokuqinisekisa
isenzo kanye nemithetho evikela abokufika abasemthethweniโngaleyo ndlela kusetshenziswa umbono wokunye
umphakathi ozimele, obekela imingcele ongavumela (ngaphansi kwesicathulo sokuhunyushwa kabanzi
"inkululeko yokuhlangana" ingxabano) ukukhetha komuntu siqu kanye nokubandlulula ukuthatha
kuqala kunombono ovuleke kakhudlwana wamalungelo alinganayo nokufinyeleleka. (Ngokuthakazelisayo, i-
izinqumo zenze iphuzu lokusho lokho ngenkathi umthetho wamalungelo omphakathi waseCalifornia ungahlangani
izinqubomgomo zobulungu zama-Scouts, i-BSA โyayingakhululekile ukubakhipha abafana kuyo
ubulungu ngokobuhlanga, noma ezinye izizathu ezisolwa ngokomthethosisekelo, nge
ukungajeziswa," njengoba eminye imithetho, okuhlanganisa nemithetho yentela ye-Federal enikeza isimo sokungakhokhi intela,
uzosebenza.)Ngokuphambene nalokho, iNkantolo Yokudluliswa Kwamacala yaseNew Jersey yaphikisa ngokuthi ngoba
IBoy Scouts inamalungu angaphezu kwezigidi ezi-5 ezweni lonke (namalungu angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-90 kusukela lapho
yasungulwa ngo-1910), isebenzisa njalo izakhiwo zomphakathi njengezikole namasonto, kanye
ukunxenxa ngodlame ubulungu ngama-PSA wethelevishini nomsakazo angachazwa ngokuthi
indawo yokuhlala yomphakathi. Icaphuna umthetho wecala laseNew Jersey-iningi lawo kusukela maphakathi nawo-1960 lapho
ukucwasa ngokwebala bekuphonselwa inselelo ngempumelelo ezindaweni eziningi ezahlukene, i
INkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala ayitholanga sizathu sokuthi kungani i-BSA kufanele iwele esigabeni a
"iklabhu yangasese noma ibhizinisi."I-BSA iphendule ngokuthi izinqubo nezinqubomgomo zobulungu zayo azikwenzi lokho
"bonisa isimemo esivulekile nesingenamingcele emphakathini wonkana ukuthi ujoyine
"inhlangano," futhi lobo bulungu "bunikezwa kuphela labo abazimisele
futhi ekwazi ukuqonda futhi aphile nge-Scout Oath kanye noMthetho Wokuhlola." Bakhomba futhi
kuzinqubomgomo ze-BSA ezibuphika ngokusobala ubulungu obuvulekile bobungqingili kuma-Scouts. Ngo-1978
isitatimende senqubomgomo esingadalulwanga, kodwa sibhekiswe ekomidini eliphezulu
amalungu, wathi, โumuntu ozisho ukuthi ungongqingili
angaqokwa ukuthi abe umholi wevolontiya we-scout, abhaliswe njengelungu leyunithi, noma abe
oqashwe njengochwepheshe noma ongeyena uchwepheshe."Isitatimende Sesikhundla sango-1993 sathi: โI-Boy Scouts of America
ayibuzi abazoba amalungu mayelana nokuthanda kwabo ubulili, futhi asihloli
ukuziphatha kocansi kwabafana asebengamaScouts. Iqiniso liwukuthi i-Scouting iyasebenza
izingane ezingenalo ulwazi, noma intshisekelo, ezithandwayo zocansi. Sivumela intsha ukuba
thanda njengezingane futhi ujabulele i-Scouting kanye nokwehlukahlukana kwayo ngaphandle kokuvela kuyo
kwezombangazwe zangaleso sikhathi.โ Kodwa, banezela: โAma-Boy Scouts aseMelika abelokhu ekhona
yabonisa lokho okulindelwe imindeni ye-Scouting ebinakho ngenhlangano. Asazi
bakholelwa ukuthi ongqingili banikeza isibonelo esihambisana nalokhu okulindelekile.
Ngakho-ke, asikuvumeli ukubhaliswa kongqingili abaziwayo njengamalungu noma njengawo
abaholi beBSA."Lezi zimpikiswano empeleni zahoxiswa kanye neNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala e-NJ
base benqume ukuthi iBSA iyindawo yomphakathi, kodwa amajaji akhuluma nabo ngokuthi
kahle. I-Boy Scouts yaseMelika ibiphikisana ngokuthi inqatshelwe eyabo
"inkululeko yenhlangano ecacile" ngokungakwazi ukucwasa
ongqingili; ukuthi isigijimi sabo esibalulekile sokuziphatha nesomphakathi sizongcoliswa noma sinciphe
ngenxa yokuba khona kwezitabane nabesilisa. Ngaphandle kweSitatimende Sesikhundla, i-BSA
waphawula ukuthi, ngokwesifungo sabo, amaScouts kwakufanele โaqonde ngokuziphathaโ futhi
โhlanzekileโโkokubili okwakungavumelani nokuba ungqingili.Iphimbo lokuhlehla kweNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala kwaba ngesineke
futhi eshaqisayo ebukhali. Siphinde siphawule ukuthi ngobulungu bukazwelonke obungaphezu kwezigidi ezinhlanu,
I-BSA yayingasekeli nowodwa umyalezo wezenhlalo noma wokuziphatha. Ngaphezu kwalokho bathi kusukela
"kuyiqiniso elingephikiswe ukuthi iqoqo le-BSA 'licacile
inhloso' akukhona ukugxeka ubungqingili [futhi] isizathu sakho sokuba ukunganikezi a
inkundla yomphakathi yamalungu ayo ukuthi asekele izinzuzo zobulili obuhlukile kanye
'ububi' bendlela yokuphila yobungqingili" "inkululeko yabo yokukhuluma
ukuhlanganaโ akuzange kuvinjwe. Eqinisweni, babethi, ukuziphatha okuvamile
imithetho yenhlangano ye-Scouting-ukwethembeka, iqiniso, ubuholi,
ubuqotho - "ngezindlela eziningi ziyahambisana nezinhloso ezifunwayo
okuzuzwe yi-LAD" (umthetho waseNew Jersey wokulwa nokucwasa).Ngesikhathi ikhuluma ngeSitatimende Sesikhundla Sokulwisana Nezitabane, inkantolo yathi
ubutha ngempela. Ngoba iSitatimende sabhalwa ngo-1993-phakathi kwamasudi amaningi
ngokumelene ne-BSA ngongqingiliโbathi โakuyona into engenakwenzeka ukubuka
lezi Zitatimende Zesikhundla njengezimo zokuqulwa kwamacala ezithathwe yi-BSA esikhundleni sokuthi zithathelwe
ukubonakaliswa kwenkolelo eyisisekelo mayelana nenjongo yayo." Ngemva kokusola i-BSA ngo
ukubekwa obala kalula kokuziphatha, iNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala yabe isilandela isinqumo sangaphambili
nguJaji u-Patrick J. McGann, lapho aphikisa ngokuthi u-James Dale "wayengumuntu osebenzayo
sodomite" (nakuba abuye avuma ukuthi njengoba iNew Jersey yayingenawo umthetho wesodomy, lokhu
kwakuyisenzo esingokomthetho) futhi "wacaphuna isiko lamaJuda namaKrestu elilahla ubudoda njenge
'okubi kakhulu'." Kwakuyi-logic kaMcGann-lokhu
"okungalungile" okwenza uJames Dale "angahlanzeki" futhi akunjalo
"ngokuziphatha kahle." Ngokusebenzisa kancane kwezomthetho nolimi isandla Isikhalazo
Inkantolo ithe uDale waxoshwa kuma-Scouts ngoba โwayengumuntu othembekile
ubungqingili" hhayi ngoba "wayeyi-sodomite esebenzayo" nokuthi ubungqingili
ngokwengxenye, empeleni, yayingathathi hlangothi ngokokuziphatha futhi yayingahambisani nokuziphatha kwama-Scouts
imiyalelo.Kungalesi sikhathi lapho isinqumo seNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala eNew Jersey
iba idokhumenti yomthetho neyenhlalo emangalisayo. Isinqumo akuyona nje edingekayo futhi
ukuphendula ngesibindi ekubandlululweni okusobala kwe-BSA kanye nenselelo eqondile
I-Homophobia egcwele yonke indawo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, kodwa kuwukubukezwa okukhulu kwe
indlela ubungqingili, ubudoda, nokuziphatha okucatshangelwa ngayo. Kuyisinqumo ukuthi,
kuyilapho kuphikisana ngemibandela yomthetho echazwe ngokucacile, kuhambisana nemithelela ebanzi kakhulu.Kodwa le mithelela (kanye nesinqumo seNkantolo) injalo
imbozwe indida eyisisekelo: INkosi uRobert Baden-Powell, umsunguli wama-Scouts,
isitabane kanye nocansi. Le yindawo ka Tom Jeal Umfana-Indoda, a
I-biography ka-1990, imininingwane yokukhangwa kuka-Baden-Powell, kanye nezindaba okungenzeka ukuthi,
abafana abancane, kanye nokuthanda kwakhe izithombe zabafana abanqunu kanye nezimfuneko ezitholakala kuma-Scouts
ukunakekela kwakhe kufanele ageze ngaphandle nqunu. Namuhla u-Baden-Powell ubezongena kwabayishumi abahamba phambili ku-a
Uhlu lwe-Sex Offenders Registry.Kodwa ubungqingili buka-Baden-Powell buyindida nje
uma kuqhathaniswa neqiniso lokuthi naphezu kwalokho iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseNew Jersey ekushoyo, uMfana
AmaScouts of America aqinisile impela: ubungqingili abuhambisani nhlobo nabo
umlando, incazelo, kanye nenhloso ye-Scouting njengoba ibiqondwa kuze kube manje. Kanjani
kungaba ngenye indlela? Njengoba kwaqanjwa futhi kwahlelwa nguLord Baden-Powell ngo-1907,
Inhloso ye-Scouting kwakuwukwenza abafana baziphathe kahle, babe nezwe, futhi babe nempilo. Ngaphansi kakhulu
izinkulumo ezingenangqondo ezikhuthaza ama-Scouts ukuthi "asize abanye," "bakhulume iqiniso,"
futhi "yiba nomusa ezilwaneni," izimiso ze-Baden-Powell's Scouting zigxile kukho
ukulalela igunya, ukwenza โumsebenzi wakho kuNkulunkulu nasezweni,โ kanye โnobukhona
emsulwa emcabangweni, ezwini, nasezenzweni.โ UkuhlolaโuBaden-Powell abhekisela kukho ngokuthi a
"imboni yezinhlamvu" -kwakuyibutho lokugxilisa ukugcinwa ngokujulile,
ubuKristu bezwe obabusekela ubuzwe obuvikelayo, ukungabekezelelani kwezinhlanga, nobulili
izithibelo. Ukuhlola kwakuzoba amadoda angempela azogcina isimo-quo, hhayi
inselele ezindinganisweni zomphakathi ezikhona. Lapho kuqubuka iMpi Yezwe I, i-Scouting yayibhekwa njengeyona
indawo yokuzalela yamasosha amahle.Njengoba iMpi Yezwe II iqala uBaden-Powell wezombangazwe kanye
izimo zengqondo zobuhlanga, ezazisa umlando we-Scouting kodwa zihluke ngokusobala kuwo njenge
kahle, kwaba sobala nakakhulu. Ngo-1937 u-Baden-Powell wayelangazelela umnyakazo wokuhlola
ukusungula ubuhlobo obusemthethweni namaqembu entsha kaHitler. Ngo-1939 wabhala encwadini yakhe yezenzakalo:
โLala usuku lonke. Funda Mein Kampf. Incwadi enhle, enemibono emihle
imfundo, ezempilo, inkulumo-ze, inhlangano njllโkanye nemibono uHitler angayifuni
aziqeqeshe."Nakuba ama-Boy Scouts namuhla angelona iqembu le-neo-Nazi, futhi
njengamasosha njengoba ayenjalo esikhathini esidlule, imibono eminingi yokuqala ka-Baden-Powell namanje
hlala-ikakhulukazi lawo azisa ukuthi "amadoda angempela" enziwa kanjani
imboni yezinhlamvu. "Umsebenzi we-Scout kuNkulunkulu" uchazwa, ngisho namanje, ngu
emincane kakhulu yokuziphatha. (Yize eCalifornia izimisele ngobulungu be-BSA.)
Umyalelo wokuba โmsulwa emcabangweni, ngezwi, nasezenzweniโ wawubonisa abasunguli bawo
imibono ecindezelayo ngocansi (okuhlanganisa ukuthatheka ngokuyeka ukushaya indlwabu phakathi
Ama-Scouts) futhi avumele ukulalana kwabantu bobulili obuhlukile kuphela emshadweni.Imibono enjengalena isesenhliziyweni yokuphikisa kweBSA
ubungqingili. Encwadini yabo yango-1990 exosha uDale enhlanganweni ababethi nguye
"yaphule isifungo se-Scout ukuthi ihlale 'iqondile ngokuziphatha'
kanye negunya ngaphansi komthetho we-Scout ukuthi amalungu ahlale 'ehlanzekile'." Kalula nje, i
I-Boy Scouts imayelana nokukhiqiza amadoda angempela, futhi ongqingili abawona "amadoda angempela"
ngencazelo yabo.Inselelo yeNkantolo mayelana nesinqumo seBSA sokumelene nezitabane ayikona
mayelana namalungelo abantu bobulili obufanayo, kodwa kuwuphawu lwempi yamasiko enkulu kakhulu yokuthi kanjani
umphakathi ubuchaza ubudoda. Ngenkathi uqeqeshwa ngokwemibandela yezomthetho ethi "public
indawo yokuhlala" kanye "nokucwasa" isinqumo seNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala
imele ukuphucwa i-Boy Scouts patent yabo ekukhipheni okuwukuphela kwayo
"amadoda angempela" avela efektri yabalingiswa. "Ngokuziphatha okuqondile" futhi
"clean" amagama anekhodi aqinisa amasiko avimbela ubudoda,
amasiko amukelwa abantu abambalwa nabambalwa.Ngokuhambisana nalesi sicelo sokuchaza kabusha ubudoda, Isikhalazo
Isinqumo senkantolo siphinde siphikisane nombono owake wathandwa futhi osadlangile wabesilisa abayizitabane
ziyingozi ebantwaneni. Inkantolo yokudlulisa amacala isola iJaji uMcGann ngokukhulisa ngokungafanele
"ukwesaba okubi nokungashiwo ukuthi abaholi be-gay scout bazobangela ngandlela thile ngokomzimba noma
ukulimala ngokomzwelo kuma-scouts." Baphendula ngokuthi "imibono enjalo, ebikezelwe
I-stereotypical generalizations, kunokuba iqiniso, ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa njengokuthi "shorthand
izinyathelo" esikhundleni sezici ezisemthethweni ezithethelela ukuvikelwa kwesichibiyelo sokuqala. Lokhu
umbuzo ogcwele yonke le nqubo. Icala lokunukubezwa kwezingane ngu
Okubalulekile ekutheni i-homophobia yakhiwe kanjani emphakathini wethu, futhi noma iyiphi inselelo kukho
wamukelekile futhi kuyadingeka. Okuxakayo ukuthi wushintsho oluye lwazuza ukwethembeka okwengeziwe kusukela ngaleso sikhathi
abantu abayizitabane bebelokhu bezabalazela amalungelo abo ayisisekelo, kanti elinye yiNkosi
U-Baden-Powell akakaze abhekane nakho empilweni yakhe.Ezindimeni zabo zokugcina abaHluleli Bezikhalazo baveza indida
lokho kuqhuma ubuzenzisi obungenanembeza be-BSA: "Ngokubona kwethu, kukhona
ukungahambisani kwelungelo lobunikazi embonweni wokuthi umholi we-Scout oyisitabane ogcina eyakhe
'imfihlo' efihliwe ingase ihlale ku-Scouting kanye nalowo onamathela emithethweni ye-Scout by
ukwethembeka nesibindi sokumemezela ubungqingili bakhe kufanele kuxoshwe." By
ngokumane ucabangeโucabangeโukuthi ubungqingili bungokwemvelo futhi bungathathi hlangothi ngokokuziphatha,
INkantolo Yokudluliswa Kwamacala yaseNew Jersey ihlele kabusha ngendlela umhlaba osebenza ngayo: ubungqingili
manje "ihlanzekile," izingane zingazuza ku-Gay Scoutmasters, futhi ziphume
ukwethembeka neqiniso.Imboni yezinhlamvu zika-Baden-Powellโnombono wayo owonakele
ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuziphatha kahle, ukuba neqiniso, nokwethembekaโkuyinqubo ehamba kancane kakhulu
ekugcineni ivale; wuhlelo oseluneminyaka luqhubeka. Izibalo ze-BSA
isidingo sokuqhubeka nokuchaza "amadoda angempela" kuwumzamo wokugcina wokubambelela futhi
thuthukisa amanani aphelelwe yisikhathi, amabi. Eminyakeni ezayo kuzobonakalaโnjengekaBaden-Powell
ukukhangwa kuHitler Youth kanye Mein Kampf- ukucasuka nje.