W
isigqoko uma kuvela ukuthi i
UMongameli wase-United States wayephula ngokusobala uMthethosisekelo
kanye nomthetho ophasiswe yiKhongolose ukuvikela abantu baseMelika ekuhlukunyezweni
ngenhlangano eyimfihlo yezinhloli? Kuthiwani uma, esikhundleni sokuxolisa, yena
wathi, empeleni, โNginamandla okwenza lokho ngoba ngithi
Ngingakwazi.โ Leso simo esesabisayo yiso kanye esisibonayo
endabeni yobunhloli beNational Security Agency (NSA) engenawaranti
eyalwe nguMongameli Bush eyabikwa ngoDisemba 16, 2005 ngu
the
New York Times
.
Ngokusho the
Times
, uBush usayine umyalelo kamongameli
ngo-2002 ivumela i-NSA ukuthi iqaphe ngaphandle kwemvume
izingcingo zomhlaba jikelele (futhi ngezinye izikhathi zasekhaya) kanye ne-imeyili
imiyalezo yamakhulu noma izinkulungwane zezakhamizi nezakhamuzi ezisemthethweni
ngaphakathi kwe-United States. Lolu hlelo lwagcina lufake phakathi
ezinye izilawuli zangaphakathi kuphelaโkodwa asikho isidingo esigunyazayo
kutholwe eNkantolo Yezobunhloli Zangaphandle njenge
isichibiyelo sesi-4 soMthethosisekelo kanye nezobunhloli bangaphandle
imithetho yokugada idinga.
Ngamanye amazwi, akukho ukubuyekeza okuzimele noma ukwengamela kokwahlulela.
Lolo hlobo lokugada alukho emthethweni. Isikhathi.
Ngosuku olulandelayo lokhu kusetshenziswe kabi kwamandla ngendlela eshaqisayo kwaba esidlangalaleni, Mongameli
UBush uvumile ukuthi ukugunyazile, kodwa wathi ukugunyazile
igunya lokwenza njalo. Kodwa-ke, umthetho olawula ukulalela kukahulumeni
ezakhamuzini zase-US isekelwe kahle futhi icacile. Umongameli
Isimangaliso sikaBush sokuthi akaboshiwe yilowo mthetho siyamangaza.
Flouting Umlando omude
T
ukungezwani phakathi kwesidingo sobuhlakani
izinhlaka zokuvikela isizwe kanye nobungozi abangaba yikho
i-ejensi yezinhloli zasekhaya iye yalwa ngokusobala nangokuphindaphindiwe
ngaphandle emlandweni wase-US. Umthetho Wezokuphepha Kazwelonke ka-1947 wawuqukethwe
ukuvinjelwa okukhethekile kwezisebenzi zezobunhloli ekusebenzeni ekhaya.
Ngawo-1970 i-US yafunda ngepolitiki yasekhaya ebanzi
ukuhlola okwenziwa yi-FBI, amasosha, i-CIA, kanye ne-NSA,
kanye noKhongolose waphasisa imithetho emisha ukuvimbela ukuphinda lokho kuhlukumeza.
Enkulumweni yomsakazo yangoDisemba 17, uBush wagomela ngokuthi ubunhloli
โkuhambisana ngokugcwele nezibopho zami zomthethosisekelo kanye
iziphathimandla.โ Kodwa umsebenzi wakhe ngokomthethosisekelo โukuthatha
banakekele ukuthi imithetho ilandelwe ngokwethembekaโ (Isigaba II, Isigaba
3); umthetho ubeka ngokucacile izinqubo ezichazwe kahle zokulalela
kubantu base-US futhi iqiniso liwukuthi, uBush wayala ukuthi lezo zinqubo
lingalandelwa.
Ukulalela kukahulumeni abantu baseMelika kuyindaba ebucayi kakhulu;
ikhono lokungena endaweni yangasese lingamandla amakhulu
engasetshenziswa ukuqapha, ukuphoxa, ukulawula, ukuhlazisa, noma ukucekela phansi
umuntu ngamunye. Ngoba ihlasela kakhulu, ubuchwepheshe bokucofa ama-wiretapping
ingaphansi kwezilawuli ezisemthethweni eziklanywe ngokucophelela cishe
njengoba yasungulwa. Ukuziba lezo zilawuli kanye nokuthinta ngocingo ngaphandle
umyalelo wenkantolo yicala elithwala isigwebo esibalulekile sasejele
(eqinisweni, ukwephulwa kobugebengu bomthetho we-wiretap bekuphakathi
imibhalo yokuthweswa icala eyabhalwa uMongameli Nixon maduze nje
ngaphambi kokwesula kwakhe).
Ngokusobala Akukho emthethweni
U
ngenhlanhla, nakuba umthetho kule ndaba
kuyacaca, abantu baseMelika abaningi, babhekane nokugomela kukaMongameli Bush
wegunya "elingokwemvelo" lalezi zenzo, ngeke wazi
okumele ukukholwe. Kunamaphuzu amahlanu kuphela okudingeka bawaqonde:
-
Point #1: Ukugadwa ngogesi nguhulumeni kuqinile
kunqunyelwe uMthethosisekelo kanye nomthetho wenhlangano
.
Umthetho on
ukugada kuqala ngeSichibiyelo Sesine soMthethosisekelo,
okusho ngokusobala ukuthi ubumfihlo babantu baseMelika angeke buhlaselwe
ngaphandle kwewaranti esekelwe kusizathu esingaba khona.
INkantolo Ephakeme yase-US (
US v. Katz
389 US 347) wenze
kuyacaca ukuthi lesi sivikelo sobumfihlo sihlanganisa uhulumeni
ukulalela. Ngenxa yalokho, konke ukubhekwa ngogesi nguhulumeni
e-United States akukho emthethweni, ngaphandle uma iwela ngaphansi kwe-a
inani elincane lezinto ezihlukile eziqoshwe ngokukhethekile ku
imithetho. (Ikhodi Yase-United States Isihloko 50, Isahluko 36, Isahluko Esingaphansi 1, Isigaba
1809, unswinyo lobugebengu:
(a) Imisebenzi enqatshelwe: Umuntu
unecala uma enza ngamabomu ku-electronics
ukugadwa ngaphansi kombala womthetho ngaphandle kwalapho kugunyazwe umthetho
.
)
In
ngamanye amazwi, i-NSA ingahlola kuphela lapho inikezwe khona ngokucacile
imvume yokwenza lokho ngokomthetho. Izakhamizi ezikhathazekile ngokugadwa
akudingeki uphendule umbuzo othi, โYimuphi umthetho ovimbela i-
I-NSA iyinhloli?โ Kunalokho, uhulumeni kudingeka ahlinzeke
impendulo yombuzo othi โYimuphi umthetho ovumela i-NSA ukuthi ibe yinhloli?โ
-
Point #2: Mithathu kuphela imithetho evumela uhulumeni
ukuhlola
UKhongolose ukubeke kwacaca ukuthi imithetho emithathu iyona kuphela
izindlela zokugada nge-elekthronikhi zasekhaya ezingenziwa
(18 USC, Isigaba 2511(2)(f)). Kunjalo:
Isihloko III kanye ne
I-Electronic Communications Privacy Act, eyakha imithetho
ebusa ama-wiretap obugebengu e-United States; kanye nowangaphandle
I-Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), okungumthetho olawulayo
ukulalela ama-ejenti "amandla angaphandle" ngaphakathi
I-United States, kuhlanganise namaphekula angaphandle asolwayo.
-
Point #3: Ukuhlola kwe-Bush-NSA akuzange kugunyazwe noma yikuphi kwalokhu
imithetho
Isihloko III kanye ne-ECPA zibusa ama-wiretaps obugebengu basekhaya futhi awanjalo
ehambisana nobunhloli be-NSA. I-FISA umthetho ongaphansi kwawo
I-NSA bekufanele isebenze. Igunyaza uhulumeni ukuthi aziphathe
ukugadwa ezimeni ezithile ngaphandle kokuhlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo
YeSichibiyelo Sesine esisebenza ngaphansi komthetho wobugebengu, kodwa sidinga
ukuthi kungamele iNkantolo Yokugada Ubunhloli Bangaphandle
lokho kubhekwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abantu baseMelika abangenabo izibopho
izinhlangano zamaphekula zakwamanye amazwe noma amanye โamandla angaphandleโ
azihloliwe.
I-FISA yaxegiswa ngokuphawulekayo uMthetho we-PATRIOT (okungukuthi, isibonelo,
ivumele ukuthi isetshenziselwe uphenyo oluthile lobugebengu). Izingxenye ze
iphikisana ngokusobala neSichibiyelo Sesine. Nokho, ngisho
inguqulo ye-post-PATRIOT Act ye-FISA ayimgunyazi umongameli
ukwenza ukulalela ngaphandle kwe-warrantless kuzakhamizi zase-US noma unomphela
abahlali abasemthethweni e-US ngaphandle komyalo ovela eNkantolo ye-FISA.
Nokho iyona kanye imfuneko yomyalelo wenkantoloโebekelwe ukuvikela
abantu baseMelika abangenacala-umongameli angakunaki.
Ilungu elilodwa leNkantolo ye-FISA, iJaji uJames Roberson, ngokusobala unalo
wesula enkantolo ephikisana nemfihlo kaMongameli Bush
ukugunyazwa kwalolu hlelo. I
New York Times
kubika
ukuthi ijaji elikhulu lenkantolo lakhala ngohlelo lapho
waziswa (ngemva kwesikhathi) ngakho futhi wenqaba ukuvumela imininingwane
eqoqwe ngaphansi kohlelo oluzosetshenziswa njengesisekelo se-FISA wiretap
oda.
-
Point #4: Isinqumo seCongress se-post-9/11 sokusebenzisa amandla siyakwenza
hhayi ukwenza kube semthethweni ukuhlola kukaBush/NSA
ICongress ngemuva komhla ka-9/11 yagunyaza Ukugunyazwa Kokusebenzisa Amandla Ezempi
ngokumelene nalabo abathintekayo ekuhlaselweni ukuze bagunyaze
umongameli ukuqhuba imisebenzi yezempi yangaphandle njenge
ukuhlasela kwe-Afghanistan.
Kodwa leso sinqumo asiqukethe ulimi olushintshayo, ukubhala ngaphezulu, noma
ukususa noma yimiphi imithetho ephasiswe yiCongress. ICongress ayichithi
umthetho ngokusebenzisa amacebo kanye nemibono, kanye nokuGunyazwa ko
Ukusebenzisa i-Military Force akugunyazi umongameli ukuthi ephule umthetho
umthetho omelene nokugadwa ngaphandle kwencwadi egunyaza ukwedlula owugunyazayo
ukuba enze inkunzi ehlomile noma abambe ukulawula kweCitibank
ukuze bakhokhele imisebenzi yokulwa namaphekula.
Lapho uMongameli Truman ezama ukubamba ukulawula izigayo zensimbi lokho
zabanjwa iziteleka ngo-1952, iNkantolo Ephakeme yenqaba ngokuphelele
igunya lakhe lokuqhwaga okunjalo, ngisho nalapho ephikisana
ukuthi isiteleka sizophazamisa ukuhlinzekwa kwezikhali nezinhlamvu
emabuthweni ase-US eKorea.
E-Newstown
Inkampani V. Sawyer
(343 US 579, 1952)
ithi,
"The
umyalo ngeke ugcinwe ngendlela efanele njengomsebenzi kaMongameli
amandla ezempi njengoMkhuzi Omkhulu Webutho Lezempiโฆ.
Cha
ingabe umyalelo wokudliwa ungagcinwa ngenxa yemithetho eminingana yomthethosisekelo
izinhlinzeko ezinikeza uMongameli amandla okuphathaโฆ."
INkantolo Ephakeme iphinde yachitha izinkulumo ezifanayo zesiphathimandla esingokwemvelo
amandla nguRichard Nixon.
I-FISA iqukethe ulimi olucacile oluchazayo
amandla kamongameli "ngesikhathi sempi" futhi ahlinzeke
ukuthi โuMongameli, esebenzisa i-Attorney General, angagunyaza
ukubhekwa ngogesi ngaphandle komyalelo wenkantolo ngaphansi kwalesi sihloko ukuze
thola ulwazi lwezobunhloli lwangaphandle isikhathi esingangeqi
izinsuku eziyishumi nanhlanu kulandela isimemezelo sempi yiCongress."
Ngakho-ke noma samukela impikiswano yokuthi isisombululo sokusebenzisa amandla
kusibeka ezingeni lempi, ukugadwa okungenasisekelo bekungaba nakho
kube semthethweni izinsuku eziyi-15 kuphela ngemuva kokuphasiswa kwesinqumo ngoSepthemba
18, 2001
.
-
Point #5: Isidingo sesenzo esisheshayo asikuthetheleli ukuphela kokugijima
nxazonke ezinkantolo
I-FISA ivumela ukuthinta ngocingo ngaphandle komyalelo wenkantolo esimweni esiphuthumayo; i
inkantolo kufanele yaziswe engakapheli amahora angama-72. Uhulumeni uyazi
lamandla aphuthumayo futhi usewasebenzise kaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho,
inkantolo yezobunhloli bangaphandle itholakala ngokoqobo e-Justice
Ukwakhiwa komnyango kanye nomthetho we-FISA udinga lokho okungenani okubili
Amajaji e-FISA ahlala endaweni yaseWashington, DC, ngokunembile
isizathu sokuthi isinyathelo esisheshayo ngezinye izikhathi siyadingeka.
Uma kubhekwa amandla okuqapha abanzi (ngempela, adlulele).
uhulumeni usevele unawo, okuPhatha ngokusobala
ukusetshenziswa okungekho emthethweni kokugada okungena-waranti kuphakamisa umbuzo obalulekile:
ngani? Okunye okungenzeka, okuphakanyiswe yi-
New York Times
ngoZibandlela
24, 2005 indaba (โI-Spy Agency Mined Vast Data Trove, Izikhulu
Reportโ), ukuthi i-NSA ithembele osizweni oluvela kwabambalwa
izinkampani zokuxhumana ezingashiwongo ngamagama ukuze โzilandelele futhi zihlaziye
imiqulu emikhulu yezokuxhumanaโ futhi โmikhulu kakhulu kune
i-White House ivumile."
Lokhu, njengoba uchwepheshe wezokuphepha uBruce Schneier ephawulile, kuphakamisa
Ukuphathwa kukaBush kwenze โindlela entsha yokugada
i-paradigmโโukuxhaphaza amakhono aziwayo e-NSA
inhloli abantu hhayi oyedwa ngesikhathi, njengoba FISA izimvume, kodwa
sebenzisa ukuxhumana ngobuningi ngokusebenzisa amakhompuyutha ekusesheni
abantu noma amaphethini "asolisayo". Le "paradigm entsha"
ingase ixhunywe ohlelweni lwe-NSA ngezinye izikhathi olwaziwa ngokuthi i-Echelon,
eyenza lolo hlobo lweqoqo lenqwaba yezokuxhumana
(www.nsawatch.org). Lokhu kugadwa โokuthe xaxaโ, njenge
U-Schneier ubiza kanjalo, kungaba ukuhlasela okungekho emthethweni kobumfihlo
ngezinga elingakaze libonwe ngaphambili (Schneier, โNSA
kanye Nokulalela Okungemthetho kukaBush,โ i-Salon.com).
Ngokusho the
Times
, izinkampani eziningana zokuxhumana
inikeze i-NSA ukufinyelela okuqondile emifudlaneni yezokuxhumana
phezu kwamanethiwekhi abo. I-NSA ibonakala inokufinyelela okuqondile ku-
ivolumu enkulu yokuxhumana kwabantu baseMelika - hhayi kuphela
imvume, kodwa nokubambisana kwezinkampani eziphethe lezo
ezokuxhumana.
Akucaci embikweni ukuthi yiziphi izinkampani ezibandakanyekayo noma kanjani
noma lokho i-NSA engafinyelela kuyo. Kodwa lesi sambulo siphakamisa imibuzo
mayelana negunya elingokomthetho le-NSA lokucela nokuthola lokhu
idatha nokuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi lezi zinkampani zephule umbuso
imithetho evikela lezi zokuxhumana noma izinqubomgomo zabo zobumfihlo
(okungase, ngokwesibonelo, kuhlinzekele ukuthi bazophendula kuphela zabo
idatha yamakhasimende ngemvume yabo noma ngokuphendula okufanele
ukuhleleka).
Kungakhathaliseki izinga lokuhlola, sibhekene nomlando
umzuzu: umongameli wase-United States uthi uyashanela
amandla ngesikhathi sempi ukubekela eceleni imingcele ecacile yamandla akhe asethiwe
ngoMthethosisekelo wethu kanye nemithethoโisitatimende esihlasimulisa umzimba sikamongameli
amandla angakaze abonwe kusukela kuRichard Nixon.
Ukuze
okuningi, bheka www.aclu.org