M
urray Bookchin, umboni wemibono
futhi ngokuvamile i-iconoclastic social theorist kanye nesishoshovu, ushone ngeSonto,
Julayi 30 emzini wakhe eBurlington, Vermont. Wayeneminyaka engu-85. Ngesikhathi a
umsebenzi omningi wokubhala, wokufundisa, kanye nobushoshovu bezepolitiki
eyathatha ingxenye yekhulu leminyaka, uBookchin wakha umuntu omusha omelene nokugunyazwa
umbono ogxile ku-ecology, ifilosofi ye-dialectical, kanye ne-libertarianism yesokunxele.
Phakathi neminyaka yawo-1950 no-1960, i-Bookchin yakhela phezu kwamafa e-utopian.
ifilosofi yezenhlalo kanye nethiyori ebucayi, inselele ukubaluleka kwe
I-Marxism ngakwesobunxele futhi ixhumanisa imvelo yesimanje kanye nedolobha
izingqinamba zezinkinga zemali kanye nezikhundla zomphakathi jikelele. Yena
futhi yasungula inhlanganisela entsha yezombangazwe nefilosofiโebizwa ngokuthi
imvelo yezenhlaloโeyayifuna ukubuyisa amandla ezombusazwe wendawo
ngentando yeningi ethandwayo, ngokumelene nokuhlanganiswa
kanye nokwandisa ukuhlangana kombuso wesizwe.
Kusukela ngawo-1960 kuze kube manje, ubukhulu be-utopian be-Bookchinโs
i-social ecology yaphefumulela izizukulwane ezimbalwa zezenhlalo nezemvelo
izishoshovu, kusukela emikhankasweni ehamba phambili ye-ecology yasemadolobheni ukuya emuva kwezwe,
i-anuclear, kanye nokunyakaza kobuchwepheshe obuqhubekayo kwezepolitiki eziGreen
kanye nezolimo zemvelo emhlabeni jikelele wamanje ophikisana nokugunyazwa
ukunyakaza kobulungiswa. Ithonya lakhe lalivame ukucashunwa abavelele
izishoshovu zezombangazwe nezenhlalo kulo lonke elase-U.S., Europe, South
America, Turkey, Japan, nangale.
Nokho, njengoba izinhlangano eziningi zenhlalo yabantu zasebenzisa imibono yakhe, nokho, uBookchin
wahlala egxeka ngokungaphezi imisinga kuleyo mnyakazo
lokho akuthole kumphazamisa kakhulu, okuhlanganisa ne-New Left's drift
mayelana ne-Marxism-Leninism ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960, ukuthambekela kokungaqondakali
kanye ne-misanthropy ekuhambeni kwemvelo okunamandla, kanye nokukhula
gxila kumuntu ngamunye kanye nezindlela zokuphila zomuntu siqu phakathi kwama-anarchists ango-1990.
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1990 uBookchin wahlukana ne-anarchism, isiko lezombangazwe
wayesekhonjwe kakhulu iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30, futhi wachazwa
umbono omusha wezepolitiki awubiza ngokuthi ubukhomanisi.
B
u-ookchin wakhuliswa emndenini oshiywe ngaphandle
Bronx phakathi neminyaka yawo-1920 kanye nawo-1930. Wakujabulela ukuyixoxa kabusha indaba
ngokuxoshwa kwakhe ku-Young Communist League eneminyaka engu-18 ngokugxeka
Stalin, ukudlala ngothando kwakhe okufushane neTrotskyism njengomhleli wezabasebenzi
ezisekelweni zaseNew Jersey, kanye nesingeniso sakhe se-anarchism
ngomakadebona benhlangano yabasebenzi bokufika ngeminyaka yawo-1950.
Ngo-1974 wasungula i-Institute for Social Ecology, kanye
UDan Chodorkoff, ngaleso sikhathi owayengumfundi oneziqu e-Vermont's Goddard
Ikolishi. Iminyaka engu-30, i-Institute for Social Ecology yaletha
izinkulungwane zabafundi eziya eVermont ngezinhlelo ezijulile ze-ecology
egxile kuthiyori kanye nepraksis. Isazi esizifundisele, uBookchin
usebenze njengoprofesa ogcwele eRamapo College yaseNew Jersey noma kunjalo
ukuntula kwakhe iziqinisekiso ezijwayelekile zemfundo. Ushicilele okwengeziwe
kunezincwadi ezingama-20 nezindatshana eziyikhulu, eziningi zazo ezihunyushiwe
ngesiNtaliyane, isiJalimane, iSpanishi, isiJapanese, isiTurkey, nezinye izilimi.
Kusukela ngawo-1960 kuya ko-1980, uBookchin wagcizelela ukubaluleka kwakhe
Ukuhlukana kwethiyori neMarxism, bephikisana ngokuthi ingqikithi kaMarx
ukugxila kwezomnotho kanye nesigaba esifihle indima ejule kakhulu
ukubusa komphakathi ekubunjweni komlando wesintu. I-anthropological yakhe
izifundo ziqinisekise indima yokubusa ngeminyaka, ubulili, nokunye
ukubonakaliswa kwamandla njengezandulela zokuxhashazwa komnotho wesimanje.
In
I-Ecology Yenkululeko
(1982), uhlole ukuhambisana
amafa okubusa nenkululeko emiphakathini yabantu, kusukela emlandweni wangaphambi komlando
izikhathi kuze kube manje. Kamuva washicilela incwadi enemiqulu emine,
The
Inguquko Yesithathu
, ukuhlola imisinga ephikisana nokugunyazwa ku
Isiko lamavukelambuso aseNtshonalanga.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wagxeka ukuntuleka kokuqina kwefilosofi
evame ukuhlupha isiko le-anarchist futhi yadweba imibono
ukondliwa kwefilosofi ye-dialectical-ikakhulukazi imisebenzi
ka-Aristotle, uHegel, kanye neSikole saseFrankfurtโfuthi imbala
imisebenzi kaMarx noLenin.
Ngonyaka odlule, ngenkathi ngigulela ukufa nginesifo senhliziyo esibulalayo,
UBookchin wayesebenzela ukuhlola kabusha lokho ayekubona
njengoba ukwehluleka okungokomlando kwekhulu lama-20 kwasala. Wakuphikisa lokho
Ithiyori ye-Marxist crisis yehlulekile ukuqaphela ukonakala okungokwemvelo
yobunxiwankulu nokuthi uMarx akakaze abubone ubunxiwankulu ngesikhathi sabo sangempela
umqondo. UBookchin wagomela ngokuthi yizinkinga zemvelo kuphela ezadala
nge-capitalism yesimanje zazibukhulu obanele ukukhombisa
ukwehla kwesistimu.
UMurray Bookchin uzokhunjulwa ngamalungu omndeni wakhe azinikele,
kuhlanganise nomngane wakhe wesikhathi eside uJanet Biehl, owayengumkakhe uBea
Bookchin, indodana yakhe, indodakazi yakhe, umkhwenyana, kanye nomzukulu wakhe
njengabangane bakhe, ozakwabo kanye nezincwadi ezivamile kulo lonke
Umhlaba. Inkonzo yesikhumbuzo yomphakathi ibibanjelwe eBurlington, eVermont
ngeSonto, August 13.
Ukuze
ulwazi olwengeziwe ngomsebenzi kaBookchin: social-ecology.org. UBrian
UTokar uyisishoshovu sezemvelo nombhali.