IAbesifazane base-ranian namaSulumane sebephenduke isihloko esithakaselwa kakhulu kwabezindaba base-Euro-American kanye nosopolitiki base-US eminyakeni yamuva. Ezimweni eziningi kuba nomzamo wokwenza lula futhi kubhekwe izithiyo ezibhekene nabesifazane base-Iranian namaSulumane ezintweni zangaphakathi, ezifana ne-Islam, isiko lama-patriarchal, kanye nezikhulu zezombangazwe. Eqinisweni, abesifazane baseMpumalanga Ephakathi bavame ukuhlupheka ngokulinganayo ngenxa yezinqubomgomo zangaphandle njengezijeziso zezomnotho, impi, nokusekelwa kwamanye amazwe kohulumeni abakhohlakele. Izijeziso zezomnotho, ngokunciphisa ukubamba iqhaza kwabesifazane emkhakheni womphakathi, kube nomthelela esikweni le-patriarchal.
Njengasendabeni yase-Iraq, ngemuva ko unswinyo luka-1990 kuya ku-2001, โabesifazane bathinteka esimweni lapho ukuswelakala kwezomnotho, ubumpofu obusakazekile, ingqalasizinda ewohlokayo, nezinga eliphezulu lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi kwakuhambisana nokuhoxiswa kombuso kwezinsizakalo zamahhala, obekuyisihluthulelo. ekubambeni iqhaza kwabesifazane empilweni yomphakathi, okuhambisana nokuguqukela emibonweni yobulili eqinile kanye nokuqiniswa kwamandla ezinzalamizi ezingeni lezizwe nemindeniโ (Nadje Sadig Al-Ali, I-Iraqi Women Untold Stories From 1948 to the Present). Ngokufanayo, izinsongo zempi kanye nokuvikeleka kwezwe ngamazwe angaphandle ziye zanda kakhulu e-Iran, okubangele isiko lezombusazwe elibuswa kakhulu ngamadoda futhi ekugcineni nokucindezelwa kwabesifazane.
Nokho, lezi zici zangaphandle ngokuvamile azinakwa. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi sethimba eNgqungqutheleni ye-Middle East Studies Association (MESA) ka-2008 enesihloko esithi One Million Signature Campaign, abethuli badingida izithiyo umkhankaso obhekane nazo ekuguquleni imithetho ecwasa abesifazane base-Iran, kodwa izethulo zanganakwa ukukhuluma ngenhlalo-mnotho. isimo esibucayi esithinta abesifazane base-Iran nezishoshovu zamalungelo abesifazane. Omunye wabethuli ngokubhuqa wacaphuna usombusazwe ophambili wase-Iran: โUsongo oluyingozi kakhulu kwezokuphepha kwezwe umbutho wabesifazane e-Iran.โ Ngibuze umethuli ukuthi kungani singaxoxi ngosongo lwempi ngokumelene ne-Iran, ukucindezela koshintsho lombuso, nezijeziso zezomnotho, zonke ezithinta abesifazane base-Iran nabalwela amalungelo abesifazane. Uphendule wathi: "Unswinyo kanye nosongo lwempi akuyona into yangaphakathi futhi umkhankaso we-One Million Signature Campaign wenzeka ngaphakathi kwe-Iran ngakho-ke awunamsebenzi."
Ngokuphambene nalesi simangalo, ngikholelwa ukuthi usongo lwempi kanye nezijeziso zezomnotho ziyizithiyo ezivelele abesifazane base-Iranian okufanele bazinqobe ukuze kuguqulwe imithetho ebandlululayo kuyo yomibili imikhakha yomphakathi neyimfihlo. Ngikholwa futhi ukuthi ubudlelwano bamandla besistimu yezepolitiki yase-Iranian buxhumene namandla angaphandle asebenza kuwo ngokucushwa okuyinkimbinkimbi.
Ezinye zezithiyo inhlangano yabesifazane base-Iranian eye yabhekana nazo ngaphansi kobuholi buka-Ahmadinejad zingaqondwa ezingxenyeni eziyinhloko zokuphatha kwakhe: ukuvuselelwa kabusha komphakathi wase-Iranian, inkulumo yobuzwe emelene nama impiriyali, kanye โnokubuyela komphakathi ezimisweni zemithetho yezwe. isikhathi soguquko,โ njengoba u-Ahmadinejad ethanda ukusho. Inkulumo ephikisana nama-imperialist kanye ne-Islamization kuholele encazelweni entsha yekhodi yokugqoka "yamaSulumane" yabesifazane, okuhlanganisa nemithetho eqinile yezimpahla zokugqoka kanye nezimonyo. Le khodi yokugqoka elandelanayo isiza ukuhlukanisa abesifazane base-Iranian kwababizwa ngozakwabo โbasentshonalangaโ futhi ikhombisa ukuthi umphakathi uphokophele kweyamaSulumane. Umqondo obalulekile onomthelela ekusetshenzisweni kwale khodi yokugqoka inkumbulo ekhethiwe yesikhathi esedlule njengoba kuvezwe isiqubulo esithi: โBuyela esikweni leqiniso lase-Iranian.โ Lesi siqubulo siholele emibukisweni yemfashini yezingubo zendabuko eminyakeni yamuva, okungase ngezinga elithile kungahunyushwa njengethuluzi lokumelana nezimfashini ze-hegemonic European-American. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ukulawula izingubo zabesifazane ngaphansi kwegama lika-Tarhe Efafe Omoumi (Uhlelo Lobumsulwa Bomphakathi) kungomunye umzamo wokusebenzisa imizimba yabesifazane ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubuzwe bamasiko kanye nokwenza i-Islamization yomphakathi.
Inkulumo emelene ne-imperialism idlulela ngalรฉ kwezingubo zabesifazane futhi ihlanganisa nezinye izimpawu nemiqondo eminingi ebhekwa โnjengeyasentshonalanga.โ Isibonelo, u-Ahmadinejad umemezele ukuthi amafilimu abesifazane akufanele akhiqizwe ngoba ubufazi abuyona i-Islamic, kodwa kunalokho inkolelo-mbono "yasentshonalanga". (I-Feminism isetshenziswe amandla obukoloni futhi, vele, inhloso yangempela yamakholoni bekungelona ukuthuthukiswa kwamalungelo abantu besifazane, kodwa kunalokho ukulawulwa โkwabantu bomdabuโ ngokubabiza ngokuthi โabanobuqabaโ kanye โnabasendulo.โ) ubufazi u-Ahmadinejad akhuluma ngabo yileyo ekhiqizwe abaqondisi bama-movie base-Iran abanjengoTahmineh Milani noma u-Rakhshan BaniEtemad. Nakuba kungaphikisana ngokuthi abesifazane base-Irani bangene ngezinga elingakanani izindinganiso zabesifazane bamakholoni, lawa mamuvi ngokwezinga elithile abonisa izinkinga ezibalulekile kwabesifazane base-Iranian (nakuba ikakhulukazi abesifazane besigaba esiphakathi), njengokugcinwa kwezingane kanye nelungelo lokuhlukanisa.
Yize ama-neoconservatives esebenzise izindaba zamalungelo abantu besifazane, phakathi kwezinye izizathu, ukuthatha nokuqhumisa amabhomu e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, akubanga khona mzamo omkhulu kwabezindaba base-Euro-American ukuze baqonde ngempela umzabalazo wamalungelo abesifazane baseMpumalanga Ephakathi. Esikhundleni salokho, abesifazane baseMpumalanga Ephakathi bavezwa njengezinto ezingavamile, ezilinganayo, nezingenzi lutho ezidinga ukukhululwa. Isibonelo, imithombo yezindaba yase-Euro-American ikhuthaze inani elikhulayo lezikhumbuzo zase-Iranian kanye namaSulumane, njengencwadi ye-neo-orientalist. Funda okungakumbi ngo- Lolita eTehran. Usongo lwempi ngokumelene ne-Iran kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezindaba zamalungelo abesifazane ngama-neoconservatives kwenze umzabalazo wabesifazane waba isihloko esibucayi kuhulumeni wase-Iran.
U-Nadje Sadig Al-Ali uphawula ku Abesifazane base-Iraq ukuthi isimo sabesifazane base-Iraq sibi kakhulu kusukela ekuthathweni kuka-2003. Izimpi, nalabo abazikhuthazayo, azigxilile ekusizeni abesifazane noma ukuthuthukisa izimo zabo zokuphila. Ukuphepha kwezwe okungazinzile kwe-Iran nakho kunomthelela esimweni esinobuthi kwabesifazane base-Iranian. Noma nini lapho amazwe ase-US noma aseYurophu ekhuluma ngoxhaso โngentando yeningiโ e-Iran (ngezisusa ze-imperialist), izishoshovu zesifazane zase-Iranian zihlangabezana nezinkinga ezingathi sรญna, njengokuboshwa, ukuboshwa, ukwenqatshelwa ukuhamba ngaphandle kwase-Iran, njalo njalo. Kubonakala sengathi lezi zimali, ngokwezinga elithile, zinesandla ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile ekucindezelweni kwezishoshovu zabesifazane base-Iran nguhulumeni njengoba zinikeza ukufaneleka kwesimangalo sikahulumeni sokuthi ubufazi buyibhizinisi langaphandle okuhloswe ngalo ukubukela phansi umbuso wase-Iran.
Esinye isithiyo enhlanganweni elwela amalungelo abesifazane e-Iran unswinyo lwezomnotho. Lolu daba belungagqami kangako ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili eziyinhloko. Okokuqala ukuthi uhulumeni akazimisele ukucacisa ukuthi unswinyo luyithinta kanjani impilo yabantu base-Irani, ngoba uhulumeni akafuni ukuvuma ukuthi uyathinteka emazweni angaphandle. Isizathu sesibili ukuthi labo abaphikisana nohulumeni wase-Iran abazimisele ukuveza laba bakamuva njengezisulu zendaba. Kunjalo, izisulu zangempela zonswinyo ngabantu base-Iran. "Umthelela wezijeziso zezomnotho zase-US ube mkhulu ekwehliseni Ukutshalwa Kwezimali Okuqondile Kwangaphandle (i-FDI), ekukhuphuleni izindleko ze-Iran, nasekubambezeleni ukuxhashazwa kukawoyela negesi ye-Caspian Sea" (Hossein Askari, Izingobo zomlando zeForamu Yenqubomgomo Yangaphandle: โIndida yase-Iranian: Ukwehluleka Kwezomnotho, Ukuvuka Kabusha Kwesifunda, kanye Nethuba Lengxoxoโ). Inzuzo kawoyela, inzuzo enkulu yezwe, isakazwa nguhulumeni. Izijeziso, ngokuncishiswa kwe-FDI, empeleni ziqinisa uhulumeni, onqumayo ngokuncipha kokusatshalaliswa kwengcebo.
Izijeziso ziphinde zibangele ukwanda kokuntuleka kwemisebenzi kwabesifazane nabesilisa besigaba sabasebenzi. โAmabhizinisi ajwayelekile nawo ashayeke kanzima, ngokusho kwezikhulu zaseNtshonalanga kanye nabase-Irani. Izinkampani ezinkulu nama-bazaaris amancaneโnjengoba abathengisi bendabuko bebizwa kanjalo e-Iranโ baya ngokuya bephoqeleka ukuthi bakhokhele izinto ezithengwayo kusengaphambili, ngokheshi. Abathumeli bangaphandle balahlekelwa amakhasimende; Izimpahla zokusetshenziswa ezimbonini ezingasebenzisi uwoyela kunzima ukuzikhokhelaโ (New York Times, Okthoba 31, 2008). Abesifazane, abasengozini enkulu yezinkinga zezomnotho, ngokuvamile yibokuqala abalahlekelwa imisebenzi. Kulesi simo sokuncipha kwamathuba emisebenzi, abesifazane abampofu, abangenazo ezinye izindlela zokusekelwa, bangase baphendukele ebufebeni ukuze baphile. Eqinisweni, inani labesifazane base-Iran abasebenza ngokudayisa ngomzimba liyakhula futhi iminyaka yabo emaphakathi iyehla. Ngesikhathi sokuvakasha kwami โโe-Iran ngangivame ukuzwa izindaba ezimayelana nabesifazane abanikeza abanikazi bezitolo zegrosa ucansi ukuze bathole ukudla.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemva kokuba amazwe angaphandle ebeke unswinyo emabhange e-Iran, abanikazi bamafekthri nabamabhizinisi abakwazanga ukudlulisela imali kwamanye amazwe ngamabhange. Konke lokhu kubangela ukwenyuka kwentengo yokudla. Izimboni eziningi ziye zehlisa noma zavalwa ngenxa yokuthi unswinyo kanye nosongo lwempi kubenze bangenanzuzo kangako. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abasebenzi abaningiโabesifazane noma abesilisa abanemali ethinta abesifazaneโbaxoshiwe. Ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele ukuthi bekwenzekani kwabesifazane e-Iran, umuntu kufanele abheke ukuthi kwenzekani emadodeni ase-Iranian. Ngenxa yenswinyo yezomnotho nezinye izici, amadoda ase-Iranian avame ukungasebenzi noma angasebenzi.
I ngasuka e-Iran ehlobo lika-2004 futhi ngabuya ngo-2007. Phakathi nokuvakasha kwami, ngabona ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwenani lamadoda asebenza njengabashayeli bamatekisi. Idolobha lami, i-Gohardasht, ngaphambili elaligcwele izindawo zobuciko, izitolo ezinhle zezingubo, amathilomu nezindawo zokudlela ezishisayo, lase ligcwele izitolo zezingubo zamasekeni kanye nezindawo zokudlela ezishibhile ezingenandawo yokuhlala. Ngemva kuka-6:00 PM wawukwazi ukubona isixuku samadoda athengisa amasokisi noma amahembe ekhwalithi ephansi emigwaqweni. Iningi lala madoda laba ngabadayisi basemgwaqweni ngemuva kokuphelelwa yimisebenzi yezimboni. Omunye wabo uthe inkampani yakhe ngeke isakwazi ukuthumela ushingamu noshokoledi kwamanye amazwe asePersian Gulf nokuholele ekutheni alahlekelwe umsebenzi. Wawukuzwa ukuphoxeka kwala madoda ayenakho, njengoba emphakathini wase-Iran amadoda azibheka njengomthwalo wemfanelo wokondla umndeni wawo ngokwezimali. Ukukhungatheka kwezezimali kwabesilisa kwenzeka kanye kanye nemizamo kahulumeni yokwenza abantu besifazane babambisane ngenjongo yokugcina umndeni uqinile, ukuvikela โudumoโ lwabesifazane, nokuvikela ukuphepha kwezwe. Uhulumeni ubeke imikhawulo emisha ecindezelayo ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi Tarhe Amniyate Ejtemaie (Uhlelo Lokuvikeleka Komphakathi). Amaphoyisa abopha abesifazane ngokuzicwala, ama-mantoo amafishane (ingubo yeshethi abesifazane abayigqokayo ukuze bavale imizimba yabo), ngisho namabhuzu imbala. Kube nesifiso esinamandla sikahulumeni sokuxhumanisa i-hijab yabesifazane nokuvikeleka komphakathi namandla omndeni. Ngenkathi usongo lwempi olubhekene ne-Iran beluqhubekisela izwe endaweni yezempi, abesifazane bebelokhu behlangabezana nokucindezelwa kwezempi kobaba nguhulumeni ekhaya.
UNadje Sadiq Al-Ali uchaza ukuthi, esimweni sase-Iraq, unswinyo lwashintsha ubudlelwano bobulili nezindima. Umphumela ofanayo uyenzeka e-Iran ngenxa yenkinga yezezimali lapho unswinyo lwezomnotho lunomthelela khona. Ehlobo lika-2007, ngaphinde ngezwa ngabesifazane, kuhlanganise nabesifazane abafundile, ukuthi bafuna indoda engakwazi ukusekela umndeni wabo wesikhathi esizayo futhi ongeke ashade ngenye indlela. Izindinganiso zomshado zishintshile kusukela emfundweni, othandweni, kanye nesigaba senhlalo kuya ekuzinzeni ngokwezimali ngokuphelele. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngokwezinga elithile ngamadoda afuna unkosikazi onobaba ocebile ongabasekela ngokwezimali. Izakhamizi zase-US kanye namazwe aseYurophu zihlukile: zibhekwa njengabangane abafiselekayo ngamadoda nabesifazane base-Iranian. Ngabuza umngane kamzala wami uHiva ukuthi kungani efuna indoda esebenza esitolo ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi ucebile. Waphendula ngokuthi ungumuntu ongokoqobo futhi uyazi ukuthi imibono enjengothando, imfundo nokubukeka komzimba ayibeki isinkwa etafuleni.
Ehhovisi likadokotela wamehlo eKaraj, ngahlangana no-Fatemeh owangitshela ukuthi usenesikhathi eside esebenza lapho. UFatemeh wakhononda ngenkinga yezomnotho, wangitshela ukuthi usedayise bonke ubucwebe bakhe begolide ngemuva kokuba umyeni wakhe exoshwe e-Iran Khodro ngenxa yenswinyo yezomnotho. Ngemva kokuqeda bonke ubucwebe bakhe ukuze ondle umkhaya wakhe, wazizwa engalondekile futhi engaphephile. Lapho owesifazane ethengisa igolide lakhe ukuze ondle umndeni wakhe ngesikhathi senhlekelele, isikhundla sakhe siba ntekenteke futhi sibe sengozini. Lapho abesifazane belahlekelwa ukuzimela kwabo ngokwezimali, baba sengozini yokuphathwa yizinzalamizi.
Izishoshovu zamalungelo abesifazane e-Iran nazo zilwela ukuvimbela isithembu, isikhungo esivuna amadoda acebile. Izijeziso zezomnotho zenza kube nzima ukugwema isithembu ngoba izinsizwa eziningi azikwazi ukuganwa zakhe imindeni ngenxa yokushoda kwemisebenzi nokumba eqolo kokudla nezindlu. Labo abambalwa abazuzayo ngezijeziso, ngakolunye uhlangothi, bangakwazi ukondla imindeni emibili noma ngaphezulu kalula. Ngenxa yezimo zezimali ezinzima, ukuba unkosikazi wesibili wendoda esivele ishadile kuyinketho ekhangayo kwabanye besifazane abangashadile abampofu. Ngokwezinga elikhulu, ukuba semthethweni kwalezi zinqubomgomo zikahulumeni kusuka ebunzimeni bezomnotho okwenzeka e-Iran, okunomthelela kukho unswinyo.
Nakuba unswinyo lwezomnotho lungasebenzi ekudambiseni uhulumeni okuhlosiwe, iqiniso lokuthi zihlose ukuguqa abantu liyanyanyeka ngokokuziphatha. Izijeziso zezomnotho akuzona kuphela ezibophezele umnotho wase-Iran. Kodwa-ke, ukululazeka, ukuhlukaniswa, kanye nokuhlehla okubangelwa yilezi zijeziso kuyingqayizivele. Abantu base-Irani bacabanga ukuthi kukhona okungalungile ngabo, ukuthi bafanelwe ukuhlukaniswa okunjalo kwezomnotho. Ngokuphazima kweso umngcele phakathi kwabo nohulumeni uyashabalala. Ezikhathini ezingcono, babezozihlukanisa nohulumeni, ngakho-ke, bangacabangi izinqumo zikahulumeni ezimbi nokushiyeka kwabo njengokwabo. Endabeni yonswinyo, abantu bayaphoqeleka ukuthi baphendule mathupha ezenzweni eziqondiswe kuhulumeni wabo. Nampa abantu abanqatshelwe ukuhwebelana namazwe angaphandle futhi abazizwa bebandlululwa yizinkampani zangaphandle. Le nqubo yokukhomba abantu base-Irani ngamandla angaphandle isiza uhulumeni wase-Irani ukuthi ahlanganise inkulumo yesitha. Uma uhulumeni wase-Irani esenobufakazi bangempela bokufakazela ubuqiniso bale nkulumo, umqondo wobunikazi be-Iranian obuqinile obuhlukile kunesitha ungaqhubekela phambili futhi uqinise umqondo wokuthi "thina" ngokumelene "nabo." Umthelela walo mehluko ungaba ukukholwa okwengeziwe komphakathi, ukutolika imithetho yamaSulumane ngokulandela imithetho yezikhulu zikahulumeni, ukuhlehla okukhethekile emibonweni noma emiqondweni ebhekwa โnjengeyasentshonalanga,โ kanye nokunika amandla amaqembu ezepolitiki angqubuzanayo, afana no-osoulgerayan (ama-fundamentalists) e-Iran. ababezomelana namazwe angaphandle (izitha).
Tusongela ukuphepha kwezwe uvame ukuhlanganisa abantu abavela kuyo yonke imikhakha yezombangazwe futhi ngokuvamile uphusha izindaba zabesifazane emaphethelweni. Esimeni sokusongelwa kwempi ne-Iran, izishoshovu eziningi zamalungelo abesifazane ezimelene nempi zincamela ukuhlala zithule ngezinhloso zokuphepha kwezwe futhi zigweme ukugxeka ukucindezelwa kwabesifazane nguhulumeni. Labo abathatha isinqumo sokuqhubeka nomzabalazo wamalungelo abesifazane bavame ukuboshwa noma babhekane nezinye izinhlobo zengcindezelo futhi bathathwa njengamadlelandawonye ombuso wase-US.
Abesifazane base-Iran bavela ezigabeni ezehlukene zomphakathi, izizinda zomuntu siqu, amazinga emfundo, izinkolelo zenkolo, izindinganiso zomndeni, amagugu amasiko, kanye nemikhuba. Noma yikuphi ukwenza lula ngokweqile okuzama ukuhlanganisa abantu besifazane base-Iranian ngeke kwenze ubulungiswa ekuphindaphindeni kwemibono yabo, futhi ngeke kube nembayo. Kodwa-ke, ngokuphambana kwezingxenye eziningi ezahlukene zabesifazane base-Iranian, umuntu angacabanga ngenhlangano yabesifazane base-Iranian ephikisana namandla angaphandle (anti-imperialist, anti-occupation, anti-neocolonization, anti-sanctions, kanye nempi) kanye ukungabi nabulungisa kwangaphakathi. Le nhlangano yabesifazane base-Irani kungenzeka ukuthi yenzeke ngaphansi kokutolikwa okuncane kwemithetho yamaSulumane kanye nesimo sezepolitiki esingenabudoda, okunzima ukusifinyelela ngaphansi kwezinsongo zempi kanye nezijeziso zezomnotho.
Amazwe angaphandle angasiza abesifazane base-Irani ngokubheka umthelela omubi wosongo lwempi, unswinyo lwezomnotho, kanye nezimali "zokushintsha kombuso" "zentando yeningi." Uhulumeni wase-Irani ubheka ngokusemthethweni konke lokhu njengezinsongo kwezokuphepha kwezwe. Njengoba izindaba zabesifazane base-Iran nazo zidingidwa ngamabutho angaphandle, kunempendulo embi embuthweni wamalungelo abesifazane owenziwa nguhulumeni wase-Iran. Abalweli bamalungelo abantu besifazane abakwazi ukushintsha imithetho ebandlululayo ngaphandle uma kususwe ukuxhumana phakathi kobushoshovu besifazane kanye namandla angaphandle futhi izimo zomnotho ziba ngcono kubesilisa nabesifazane ngokuzinza kwezepolitiki nezomnotho. Lokho ngeke kwenzeke ngaphandle kokuthi kuphele ukuphazamiseka kwamanye amazwe.
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UMina Khanlarzadeh ufundisa izibalo nefiziksi eBenjamin Franklin Institute of Technology eBoston. Isithombe sesihloko ngu-Mina Khanlarzadeh.