Gibson
UPaul Freire, u
radical Brazilian "Vagabond of the Obvious" kanye
uthisha owaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni, washona ngoMeyi 2, 1997
eSao Paulo, eBrazil. Wayeneminyaka engu-75.U-Firere uqhubekile
imibono yabantu kanye ne-Marxist ukwakha umqondo wokudumile
imfundo yokufunda neyokukhululeka komphakathi. Yena
uphakamise ukuthi kusetshenziswe "isenzo sakhe sejaji"
izindlela ezigxile kubafundi zingaholela ekubucayini
ukwazi, ukuqaphela isidingo njalo
ukwembula ukubonakala okuklanyelwe ukuvikela ukungabi nabulungisa, futhi kube a
isisekelo sokusebenza ngokulingana nentando yeningi. Kuya
Freire, alukho uhlobo lwemfundo olungahle lungathathi hlangothi. Zonke i-pedagogy
kuwubizo esenzweni. Emphakathini oqhutshwa ukungalingani kanye
ubushiqela, wakhetha uhlangothi lwabaningi, wadalula
ukuchema kwalabo ababethi bangaphezu kwakho konke.Freire waba umhlaba
ngemuva kokuboshwa isikhashana ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokufunda
ithuthukiswe imiphakathi yamaKatolika phakathi kwabalimi abampofu.
Waxoshwa ezweni lakubo eBrazil ngenxa yobushiqela obukhulayo
ngo-1964. Wabalekela eChile ukuze asebenze nentando yeningi
kukhethwe uhulumeni we-Allende owawela ku-CIA-eyenziwe
ukuketula umbuso. Wachitha iminyaka engu-15 elandelayo ekudingisweni, esebenza eHarvard
kanye neWorld Council of Churches eGeneva, ehlela
kanye nokubhala izincwadi zokusiza umphakathi.Ngo-1989, ngemva nje kwalokho
wabuyela eBrazil njengomholi wenhlangano yeningi labantu
I-Workers Party, uFirere uqokwe njengonobhala wezemfundo eSao
I-Paulo, idolobha elinabantu abayizigidi ezingu-13. Wasebenza iminyaka emibili.Ekuqaleni kwawo-1970,
I-Freire's I-Pedagogy yabacindezelwe
futhi Imfundo Yokuqaphela Okubalulekile
washanela imbulunga. Izincwadi, kanye nezinye ezicishe zibe ishumi nambili lokho
yalandela, yaphakamisa leyo mfundo, nakuba ingalingani
imiphakathi ikakhulukazi iyithuluzi labaphezulu, futhi i
isikhali sokulingana sentando yeningi. Freire ezinconyiwe izindlela
ukuqaphela ulwazi nesithunzi sabafundi kanye nezabo
isiko, amasu abangela ukungabaza okucatshangwayo
eyayiphansi kwezinhlelo zabo zokuxhumana. I-Freire's
i-pedagogy ihlanganise ikharikhulamu, ibambe lokho okungenamthungo
ijazi lokufunda lenziwa alijwayelekile ngezindlela zokufundisa ezihlukanisayo
ibe yizicucu ezingenangqondo. Ukufunda ngendawo kaFreire
kwakuhilela izinkinga zamamephu, hhayi ukubamba ngekhanda imingcele.U-Firere ugxekile
"banking" izindlela zemfundo ebona abafundi njengoba
ama-akhawunti angenalutho azogcwaliswa ngamadiphozithi olwazi. Yena
wenza isitayela sokuguqula, umfundi abe a
isihloko ekuzuzeni nasekuzameni ulwazi. Iqiniso
yaba ukuhlolwa kokuqonda komphakathi, hhayi a
imfundiso enqunywe ngamasevisi okuhlola. Ugqozi lwavela
izinkomba zokuthi imfundo ixhumene namandla. Okwe
inqubo ukusebenza, uthisha-umholi kwadingeka ajule
abathintekayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwabafundi.ELatin America, ngoba
isibonelo, indlela ejwayelekile ye-Freireian social inquiry method
landelela indlela (1) yokutadisha ngokucophelela kwabafundi'
okuzungezile kanye nempilo yansuku zonke, kulandelwa (2) a
"i-codification session" nabafundi lapho ukhiye
izici zokuphila zadwetshwa njengezithombe. Bese (3) abafundi
uzocelwa ukuthi ubuke izithombe hhayi njengokoqobo,
kodwa njengezinkinga, okokuqala njengezinkinga zomuntu ngamunye, bese kuba njenge
izinkinga ezihlangene ezinezizathu eziyisisekelo. Njenge-codification
okuholele ekuxazululeni izinkinga, amagama afanele axhunyaniswa ne
imidwebo yabafundi yomhlaba, kanye neqiniso
ibekwe kabusha njengesidalwa esingumuntu. Ekugcineni, (4) abafundi
bacele ukusebenzisa ulwazi lwabo lokufunda nokubhala abasanda kukuzuza njengendlela yokwenza
izinhlelo zoshintsho. Ikakhulukazi, isithombe somlimi
iqhugwane kanye ne-hacienda eningi kungabhangqwa nomdwebo
wokugetshengwa komlimi kanye nomxhasi ephumule. Kungani ephumula
i-hacienda ngenkathi sijuluka futhi sihlala emaqhugwaneni? Ikakhulukazi ku
emazweni asathuthuka, uFirere wabonwa njengomholi wenhlangano
okungaxhuma ukufunda nokubhala, ukuqonda kwezenhlalo, ukuguquguquka, kanye
ukuthuthukiswa komnotho kazwelonke.Kunezinkinga
ngomsebenzi kaFreire. Waba, ngokumelene nemibhikisho yakhe, i
icon, ekhonzwe imikhakha yezemfundo ehluke kakhulu
kanye nezinhlangano ezilwela inkululeko. Imboni encane yokushicilela
kwavela ekudumiseni ngokungagxeki indoda ethobekile ephila ngayo
kwaba ukugxekwa komphakathi.Kodwa uFreire wafona
ngokwakhe engumuntu oziphikisayo. Ipolitiki yakhe ayikaze
kucace ngokuphelele. I-Marxist Freire inxuse ukuhlaziya
umsebenzi nokukhiqiza. Njengawo wonke iphrojekthi ye-socialist,
UFreire akakwazanga ukuxazulula ukungahambisani komuntu
inkululeko kanye nokuthuthukiswa komnotho wezwe. Isazi sobuntu
i-post-modern Freire iphikile ukubaluleka kwekilasi futhi yagxila
ekucekeleni phansi isiko nolimi. Kuzo zombili izimo, Freire
kwadingeka athembele ekuziphatheni kukathisha-umholi ukuze alamule
ukungezwani phakathi kothisha bekilasi eliphakathi futhi ngokujulile
abafundi abaxhashazwayo. Ngakho, ngomzamo omncane, imisebenzi yakhe yayinjalo
kanyekanye ezabiwe onxiwankulu amabhizinisi afana
UCon Edison, ukunyakaza kwama-Marxist okuqinile eGuinea
I-Bissau neGrenada, kanye nezinhlelo zobumpofu eziguqulayo e-
I-united states.I-Conservative kwabaningi
izindlela, uFirere wayesekela amasistimu okugreda ezikole ajwayelekile
kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezincwadi zokufunda zangemva koguquko, ezifakwe ikhodi njalo
izimiso zeqembu—nangaphezu kokugxekwa. Eyakhe kamuva
izincwadi zahlanjululwa ngemibhalo yakhe engaphandle
izingxoxo phezu kwengilazi yewayini. Waphoqeleka ukuba enze kanjalo
ngixolise kumafeminists nabanye abaphikisana ne
ulimi olugxile kwabesilisa ezincwadini zakhe zokuqala.Noma kunjalo,
Ukugxila kukaFreire endimeni yemibono kanye ne-utopian
umbono, izidingo zokucabanga ngekusasa elingcono ngaphambi kokuba likwazi
kuzuzwe, kanye nesidingo esibalulekile sobuholi ngokugcwele
omunye nabantu, wajulisa imikhuba ukunyakaza for
ushintsho kwezenhlalo. Ukuqonda kwakhe ukusebenzelana okuphindaphindiwe kwe
isigaba, uhlanga, ubulili, nobuzwe njengokubaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi esisodwa
esenzweni sokuqaphela soshintsho esenziwe ngaphambili kokubili ubufazi kanye
i-post-modernism. Izindlela zakhe zivula inqubo lapho abafundi
hlola zombili izindima ezingaba khona njengabazikhululayo, futhi
umlando wabantu abayeka ukuba amathuluzi abo
ukucindezelwa okwakho.Paulo Freire,
Yethula.
URich Gibson nguye
umxhumanisi we-International Social Studies Education at
Wayne State University eDetroit. Incwadi yakhe ethi "The
I-Promethean Literacy" igxeka umsebenzi kaFirere kuwo
ithiyori kanye nokwenza.