Akungabazeki ukuthi kukhona ubhubhane lomdlavuza e-US Umdlavuza ukhula ngokushesha ngesifo senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi njengembangela ehamba phambili yokufa. Umdlavuza uyinkinga enkulu yezempilo yomphakathi emhlabeni jikelele. Ngokombiko weWorld Cancer Report ka-2014 okhishwe yi-World Health Organization (WHO), umdlavuza ukhula โngesivinini esishaqisayoโ emhlabeni wonke. Izibalo ezibikwa e-US ziyangabazeka, "Ngenxa yokuthi akukho rejista yomdlavuza ezweni lonke, ayikho indlela yokwazi ukuthi zingaki izehlakalo ezintsha zomdlavuza ezitholakala minyaka yonke e-United States." I-National Cancer Institute yabika ngo-1996 ukuthi izinga lomdlavuza ezinganeni landa ngamaphesenti ayishumi phakathi kuka-10 no-1973. New York Times isihloko sekhasi lokuqala ka-January 8, 2003 sabika ukuthi izinga lomdlavuza ezinganeni liye landa ngamaphesenti angu-20 eminyakeni engu-20 eyandulele, futhi ezinsaneni ezingaphansi konyaka owodwa ubudala ukwanda kwakungamaphesenti angu-36. I-International Agency for Research on Cancer isanda kukhipha umbiko we-World Cancer Report ka-2014. Lo mbiko uthi izibalo zomdlavuza emhlabeni wonke zibikezelwa ukuthi zizokhuphuka ngamaphesenti angu-70 phakathi neminyaka engu-2 ezayo. Kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule imithombo yezindaba igcwele izindaba mayelana nesisekelo sofuzo somdlavuza. Kangangokuthi abantu abaningi manje bakholelwa ukuthi isifo sikashukela, umdlavuza nokukhuluphala kakhulu โkuyizifo zofuzo.โ Ukwaziswa okuyiphutha okunjalo empeleni kuwukusola isisulu. Nokho abantu abaningi ngeke bathi umkhuhlane, inyumoniya, noma i-ebola yizifo zofuzo. Kunokuqonda okuvamile ukuthi ama-ejenti angaphandle angakwazi ukweqa ukuzivikela kwemvelo komuntu kwangaphakathi. Akuthina sonke esiyogula noma sife ngenxa yobhadane. Isici esiyinhloko esithi "Yini ebangela umdlavuza?" Inkulumo-ze emithonjeni yezindaba iyinkohliso yokuthi ngokuyinhloko iwufuzo, hhayi imvelo. Lokhu kuhlanekezelwa okubi kakhulu kweqiniso lezifo eziwumshayabhuqe zamuva nje ezinjengomdlavuza nokukhuluphala, kuchazwe esihlokweni esithi โUmthombo Wokuvimbela Ukukhuluphala, IGes Are Not Destiny, I-Harvard Public Health:โ
โIzinguquko zofuzo cishe ngeke zichaze ukusabalala okusheshayo kokukhuluphala [noma umdlavuza, ukuphawula kwami] emhlabeni wonke. Lokho kungenxa yokuthi iqoqo lofuzo lihlala lizinzile ezizukulwaneni eziningiโฆ. Ngakho uma izakhi zethu zofuzo ziye zafana kakhulu, yini eye yashintsha phakathi neminyaka engu-40 edlule yokukhula kokukhuluphala? Indawo yethu.โ I-Center for Disease Control (CDC) nayo iqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwemvelo njengembangela yezifo kusizindalwazi sayo: โNgempela, ezinye izifo ezingandileโฆ ingxenye encane yazo zonke izifo zabantu. Izifo ezivamile, njengesifo sikashukela noma umdlavuza, ziwumphumela wokuhlangana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezakhi zofuzo nezendawo ezungezile.โ Ukuma kwe-CDC kwafakazelwa ngokusobala ucwaningo olukhulu lwamawele afanayo angama-53,666, olwanyatheliswa kuyi-Journal of Translational Medicine, olwaphetha ngokuthi amandla e-genome okubikezela ukugula โawazisi kangako.โ Kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe 11, indawo yethu isingcoliswe ngokushesha ubuthi. Encwadini Ipolitiki Yomdlavuza Iphinde Yavakashelwa, nguSamuels Epstein, MD, 1998, u-Epstein uphawula ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwamakhemikhali okwenziwa kwemvelo kwanda kakhulu kusukela ngo-1940, kanye nemikhiqizo evela ku-petroleum negesi yemvelo cishe ngo-1945. Amapulasitiki nezibulala-zinambuzane zethulwa kusukela ngo-1945 kuya ku-1955. I-CDC ibhala kuwebhusayithi yayo 135. izinto ezibhekwa โnjengama-carcinogens angenzeka emsebenzini.โ Ambalwa kakhulu kumakhemikhali angu-80,000 asetshenziswayo manje ake ahlolelwa ukuphepha.
Ngokuvumelana ne Scientific American (July 2014): โUmthetho Wokulawulwa Kwezinto Ezinobuthi, ogcine ukubuyekezwa ngo-1976 uvumela imboni ukuthi isebenzise amakhemikhali amasha ngaphandle kokubonisa kuqala ukuthi aphephile. Kunalokho kubeka umthwalo wobufakazi ku-EPA. Nokho kumakhemikhali angaphezu kuka-50,000 asetshenziswa kwezentengiso, i-EPA ihlole angu-300 kuphela.โ
Umhlaba ugcwele amakhemikhali anobuthi. Amakhemikhali ezimboni nezolimo abelokhu engcolisa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba asebenzela izigidi eCalifornia okungenani iminyaka engama-50. Izigidi zamathani ezibulala-zinambuzane ezibanga umdlavuza zithelwe emhlabeni wokulima e-US nasemhlabeni jikelele zingcolisa ukudla ekhaya nalokho okuthunyelwa phesheya.
E-US, i-Allied Signal Company yakhiqiza isibulala-zinambuzane i-Kepone, esihlobene ne-DDT, futhi yasilahla e-James River Estuary iminyaka ngeminyaka yo-1960 kanye no-1970. Umfula uJames wavalwa ukudoba iminyaka engu-13. Umkhiqizo wavalwa emhlabeni wonke ngo-1990, kodwa abanikazi bamasimu kabhanana banxenxa eminye iminyaka emi-3 yokusetshenziswa. I-Kepone ingaphikelela amakhulu eminyaka. Ngo-2003, i-Island of Guadalupe yanqanda ukutshalwa kwezitshalo ngenxa yokungcola okuqhubekayo kwe-kepone. I-Guadalupe inezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lomdlavuza wendlala yesinye emhlabeni. Muva nje, iDuke Energy Company itholwe inecala lokulahla umlotha wamalahle onobuthi e-Day River. Ukulahlwa okunobuthi nsuku zonke, noma lokho okubizwa ngokuthi โizingoziโ zezikhathi ezithile e-US, European Union, nase-Japan, akuzange kubonise ukuncipha okukhulu kule minyaka engu-40 edlule. Ubuthi obuningi kudala baziwa ukuthi bubanga umdlavuza. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinto ezingcolisa imvelo kanye nokukhula komdlavuza kuqale ngo-1775, lapho uPercival Pott eshicilela ucwaningo lokushanela kukashimula wamaNgisi okwaba nomdlavuza wescrotum ngenxa yensimu netiyela lamalahle. Ezinye zezinto ezivame kakhulu ezaziwa ngokubangela umdlavuza yilezi: i-arsenic, i-asbestos, i-benzene, i-formaldehyde, imisebe ye-ionizing, i-soot, i-radon, odayi bezinwele, izibulala-zinambuzane ezingezona i-arsenical nama-biphenyl ane-polychlorinated.
Ucwaningo lwango-2006 ngabasinde ngamabhomu e-Atomic e-Hiroshima kanye ne-Nagasaki eminyakeni engama-55-58 ngemuva kokuchayeka emisebeni lwabonisa impendulo yomthamo wemisebe eqondile yezimila zegilo nomdlavuza. I-President's Cancer Panel yabika ukuthi โumthwalo wangempela womdlavuza obangelwa imvelo uye wabukelwa phansi kakhulu.โ Inqwaba yamakhemikhali emvelo atholakala njalo kubantu. Kutholakale ukuthi abesifazane abanamazinga aphezulu e-PCB, (polychlorinated biphenyls) noma i-DDT egazini labo ngokushesha ngemva kokubeletha banamathuba amaningi okuba nomdlavuza webele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungcola kwemvelo kuboniswe ukuthi kunomthelela unomphela ukusebenza kwezakhi zofuzo. Le ngxenye yolwazi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-epigenetics iphinde yabonisa ezilwaneni ukuthi i-DDT ingabangela imiphumela engemihle enzalweni: amakhemikhali ayingozi namanye ama-ejenti angashintsha unomphela ukuthi yiziphi izakhi zofuzo ezivulwayo ngaphandle kokushintsha noma iyiphi ikhodi yezakhi zofuzo, ezaziwa ngokuthi izinguquko ze-epigenetic. Namuhla, akekho ongabaza ukuthi imiphumela ye-epigenetic idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuleni, ekugugeni ngisho nasemdlavuzeni. Izintshisekelo zemboni zinomlando wokusitha ulwazi lwesayensi olunesikhathi eside mayelana noxhumo lomdlavuza-imvelo.
Isibonelo esisodwa esigqamile yindaba yemisebe ye-ionizing kanye nomdlavuza. Ebhekene nobufakazi obuqandโ ikhanda bokuthi imisebe yenuzi ibangela umdlavuza, uHulumeni wase-US wenqaba ukuvuma ukuthi izisebenzi zezitshalo zenuzi ezaba nomdlavuza zazinomdlavuza wemvelo obangelwa ukuchayeka emisebeni ye-ionizing emsebenzini. โNgemva kwamashumi eminyaka ephika, uhulumeni uyavuma ukuthi kusukela ekuqaleni kwenkathi ye-athomu, izisebenzi ezakha izikhali zenuzi ziye zachayeka emisebeni nasemakhemikhalini aye abangela umdlavuza nokufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi.โ Kucatshangwa ukuthi ukuphika kukahulumeni kwaba umphumela wengcindezi yemboni yenuzi, kanye namabhizinisi onxiwankulu ngokujwayelekile, ukuthi aphike noma yikuphi ukuxhumana phakathi komdlavuza kanye nemvelo. Umnyango ojikelezayo wezikhulu zikahulumeni (i-EPA FDA, njll,) kamuva eziqashwe imboni engcolisayo ibhalwe kahle encwadini. Ukukhohlisa Okunobuthi. Okuyingozi nakakhulu ngekusasa Lezempilo Yomphakathi ukuhlangana phakathi kweNhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba (i-WHO) kanye ne-International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). โI-WHO iye yamelana ngokuqinile nokuqhuba izifundo ngemiphumela yezempilo yokuchayeka ku-uranium 238 kulandela iDesert Storm, iBosnia, neKosovo.
Isizathu salokhu kunqatshwa yisivumelwano esasungulwa ngo-1959 phakathi kwe-IAEA, egqugquzela ngamandla amandla enuzi emhlabeni wonke, kanye ne-WHO, esisho ukuthi uma i-ejensi eyodwa ifisa ukwenza ucwaningo oluthinta umsebenzi wenye, isivumelwano sokubambisana siyadingeka. I-IAEA ayikaze ivume izifundo ezinjalo.โ Izivumelwano ezinjalo ezivimbela ukufunda nokuzibophezela zingena enhliziyweni yemboni yonxiwankulu. Kuyingxenye yenqubomgomo esebenzayo yolwazi olungasabalalisi. Ngenkathi uhulumeni enza isinyathelo sokunqanda ukungcoliswa, wakha i-EPA kanye ne-Clean Air Act. Ukusebenza ngendlela engokoqobo kwalezi zinhlangano ezilawulayo kuvame ukwenziwa buthaka, ukuxhaswa ngezimali kancane, futhi akuphoqelelwe ukuphoqelelwa yizimboni. Njengoba kushiwo kwethi Occupational Health, ehlelwe u-Barry S. Levy, MD kanye no-David H. Wegman, MD โ...isifiso sabasebenzi sokunethezeka, imali engenayo, ukuphepha, nokungcebeleka sihlala siphikisana nesidingo somqashi senzuzo.โ Ukuncintisana komhlaba wonke ngenzuzo nokuphila kuwumkhuba ohamba phambili webhizinisi ngaphansi kohlelo lwamanje lwezomnotho. Imiphumela kuba inzuzo yesikhashana phezu kokuphepha kwesikhathi eside kwabasebenzi kanye nomphakathi wonkana. Izinhloko zezinkampani ziphendula njalo lapho zigxekwa imikhuba yazo engcolisayo ngokuthi mhlawumbe izenzo zebhizinisi zingahunyushwa njengezingcolile, kodwa azikho emthethweni.
Izinkampani ezihweba esidlangalaleni zifunwa ngokomthetho ukuthi zibeke izinzuzo zezezimali zabanikazi bazo ngaphezu kwakho konke okunye, okuhlanganisa okuhle komphakathi. Ngokusobala uhlelo lwamanje lwezomnotho wonxiwankulu lunokuziphatha okuhle. U-Lawrence Summers, isazi sezomnotho esiyinhloko seBhange Lomhlaba, wahlanganisa imibono yoKaputeni Bonxiwankulu besimanje kumemo eyathunyelwa ngo-December 12, 1991: โNgicabanga ukuthi umqondo wezomnotho wokulahla imfucumfucu enobuthi ezweni elihola kancane awulungile futhi awunaphutha. kufanele sibhekane nalokho.โ Isimiso samanje sezomnotho, i-capitalism, โsiyisimiso esonakalisa isidleke saso, kokubili izimo zenhlalo yabantu nendawo engokwemvelo ebanzi okuncike kuyo.โ
I-American Medical Association inomyalezo omningi wezindaba onesihloko esithi AMA Morning Rounds. Lokhu okulandelayo yingcaphuno yakamuva ka-August 22, 2014: โUcwaningo Olusha lubonisa ukuthi umdlavuza awukwazi ukuqedwa.โ Baqhubeka becaphuna isazi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo esithi โikhono lamangqamuzana ethu okuba nomdlavuza liyingxenye eyisisekelo.โ Isihloko se-Scientific American sango-May 21, 2010, esithi โMangaki Umdlavuza Obangelwa Imvelo?โ ithi: โKodwa cishe ososayensi ngeke bakwazi ukuhlekisa ngendima yangempela yezinto ezingcolisa indawo ezungezile ngoba ukuchayeka kwendawo ezungezile, izakhi zofuzo nendlela yokuphila kubonakala kuhlangana.โ Lesi sihloko sibe sesicaphuna uDkt. Clapp waseBoston University School of Public Health: โKuwukuzivivinya okuyiphutha ukuzama ukunikeza ikhemikhali ngalinye noma ukuchayeka ingxenye ethile yomdlavuza.โ
Ukwamukelwa kobhadane lomdlavuza wezingane kungena emkhakheni wamasiko njengezinhlelo ze-TV, amamuvi, nezincwadi, mhlawumbe ukuze kusize umphakathi wamukele iqiniso lezingane ezinomdlavuza. Impendulo yesikhungo sezokwelapha kulolu bhubhane lomdlavuza ilinganiselwe ngokuyinhloko ekuhlolweni okukhuthazayo kanye nezinguquko zendlela yokuphila. Ukuhlola okunjalo โakuvimbiโ umdlavuza. Ama-mammograms kanye ne-colonoscopy yakhelwe ukuthola umdlavuza wangaphambi kwesikhathi noma izinguquko eziyingozi, kodwa ayivimbeli ukukhula komdlavuza kubantu bebonke. Izinguquko zendlela yokuphila mancane amathuba okuba zibe namandla amakhulu okulwa nobhubhane lomdlavuza.
Imisebenzi yezempilo yomphakathi yohulumeni yathola amaphesenti amathathu kuphela emali engaphezu kuka-$3 trillion eyasetshenziswa i-US ekunakekelweni Kwezempilo ngo-2. Udokotela odumile uRudolph Carl Virchow (2009-1821), kubikwa ukuthi wathi โUkwelapha kuyisayensi yezenhlalo, futhi ipolitiki ayiyona into edlula imithi ebhalwe ukuthi inkulu.โ Umdlavuza awukwazi ukuvinjelwa ngaphansi kohlelo lwamanje lwezomnotho lwenzuzo phambi kwabantu. Encwadini ethi Capitalism a Ghost Story, u-Arundhati Roy uyabhala, "Asilwi nokuzama ukulungisa uhlelo oludinga ukushintshwa." Kumelwe sifune isinyathelo esisekelwe olwazini lwesayensi lokuthi imvelo iyisici esibalulekile esidala ubhubhane lomdlavuza. Izinhlangano Zezempilo Zomphakathi, ezibophezelekile ukuvikela impilo yabantu bonke ngokuvikela izifo, kanye nabo bonke ochwepheshe bezempilo, kufanele zifune ngamandla isinyathelo namuhla nansuku zonke. Ngokudabukisayo, ngokuvamile bayathula.
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U-Nayvin Gordon ungudokotela womndeni oxhumene neDokotela Medical Center e-Oakland CA.