Uma ubucabanga ukuthi ukuzibandakanya kwe-US ekuhlushweni kweziboshwa eziboshwe “empini yobushokobezi” kukhawulelwe kumasosha ase-US kuphela, izikhulu zezobunhloli, onogada basejele abanamakhanda angalungile, noma “ukuhumusha okungajwayelekile” okusingathwa ama-proxies akwamanye amazwe, cabanga futhi. Umbiko omusha ovela ku-The Task Force on Preserving Medical Professionalism in National Security Detention Centers uthole ukuthi kusukela ngomhlaka-9/11, “Odokotela bezempi nabezobunhloli kanye nabanye ochwepheshe bezempilo, ikakhulukazi ochwepheshe bezengqondo, babambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni nasekuphathweni kwalolo kuphathwa kanzima. kanye nokuhlukunyezwa—okungqubuzana ngokucacile nezimiso nemithetho yobungcweti emisiwe yamazwe ngamazwe kanye kazwelonke.” Ngokuvumelana nethi “Ethics Abandoned: Medical Professionalism and Detainee Abuse in the War on Terror,” odokotela babehileleke emisebenzini efana “nokuklama…nokuvumela ukuhlushwa kanye impatho enonya, engenabuntu, neyehlisa isithunzi” yeziboshwa.
Futhi nakuba uMnyango Wezokuvikela uthi usuthathe izinyathelo zokulungisa izinkinga, “okuhlanganisa nokusungula ikomiti elizobuyekeza izinkinga zokuziphatha kwezokwelapha ejele laseGuantanamo Bay,” ababhali balo mbiko bathi le mizamo isilela kakhulu ekubeni nenjongo.
Umbiko uveze ukuthi ngo-2010, i-Institute on Medicine as a Profession (IMAP) kanye ne-Open Society Foundations babiza i-Task Force on Preserving Medical Professionalism in National Security Detention Centers “ukuze bahlole lokho okwaziwayo ngokubandakanyeka kochwepheshe bezempilo ekugwebeni. yokuhlukunyezwa noma impatho enonya, engenabuntu, noma eyehlisa isithunzi yeziboshwa ezigcinwe e-US nokuthi kwenzeke kanjani lokho kuchezuka ezindinganisweni zochwepheshe kanye nokuziphatha okufanele, okuhlanganisa nezenzo ezathathwa uMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-US (DoD) kanye ne-CIA ukuqondisa lokhu kuziphatha. ”
Uhlu olubanzi “lwabasebenzi bezempilo” kanye/noma “abasebenzi bezokwelapha,” okuhlanganisa odokotela, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo, abahlengikazi ababhalisiwe, abahlengikazi, abasizi bodokotela, amasosha omzimba (abasebenzi bezokwelapha ababhaliswe e-US Navy noma Marine-trained Marine), ama-medics (i-US Army-enlisted medical abasebenzi), kanye nochwepheshe babambe iqhaza, noma bavumela, ukuhlukunyezwa kwababoshiwe.
I-Task Force ithole ukuthi ngemuva komhla zi-9/11, izenzo zikahulumeni wase-US zihlanganisa “izinto ezintathu ezibalulekile ezithinta indima yochwepheshe bezempilo ezikhungweni zokuboshwa”:
1. “Isimemezelo sokuthi njengengxenye 'yempi yobushokobezi,' abantu abathunjwa futhi baboshwa e-Afghanistan, ePakistan, nakwezinye izindawo 'babengabamasosha angekho emthethweni' ababengafaneleki njengeziboshwa zempi ngaphansi kweMihlangano Yase-Geneva. Ukwengeza, uMnyango Wezobulungisa wase-US ugunyaze izindlela zokuphenya eziqashelwa ngaphakathi nangaphandle njengezihlanganisa ukuhlukunyezwa noma ukuphathwa kabi, okunonya, noma okululazayo.”
2. “Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-DoD ne-CIA kwezindlela zangaphakathi zokuqondisa ukubamba iqhaza kodokotela bezempi kanye ne-ejensi yezobunhloli nochwepheshe bezengqondo ekuphenyeni ngendlela ehlukumezayo nasekuphuleni iziteleka zendlala. Nakuba...amasosha kanye ne-CIA…basize lokho kubandakanyeka ngezindlela ezifanayo, okuhlanganisa nokubukela phansi ukwethembeka kwabasebenzi bezempilo emigomeni emisiwe yokuziphatha okuhle nokuziphatha ngokuchazwa kabusha kwaleyo migomo.”
3. Ngo-2004-2005, “imibhalo eputshuziwe yaqala ukuveza lezo zinqubomgomo” ebeziyimfihlo ngaphambilini. "Izimfihlo zivumele ukuphenywa nokuphathwa kabi kweziboshwa okungekho emthethweni nokuphambene nomthetho ukuthi kuqhubeke ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa izimiso zokuziphatha ezimisiwe kanye namazinga okuziphatha kanye nokubuyekezwa komphakathi, ubungcweti, kanye nokuphawula okungezona kukahulumeni kanye nomthetho."
Ukuze kuqaliswe inqubomgomo kahulumeni wase-United States yokuhlukumeza, yazishaya indiva iziqondiso zokuphenya ezisungulwe ngaphambili futhi yephula Izivumelwano Zase-Geneva kanye Nesivumelwano Sokulwa Nokuhlukunyezwa Nobunye Ukuphathwa Okunonya, Okunonya noma Okululaza Nesijeziso, izivumelwano i-US “okwakumelwe izilandele.” Ngokwencwadi ethi “Ethics Abandoned,” “izikhulu emazingeni aphakeme kahulumeni zazenqaba lezi ziqondiso, zathi zikholelwa ukuthi izindlela ezivamile zokuphenywa zidla isikhathi kakhulu ukuze zivimbele ukuhlasela okusatshwayo okuseduze. Ngenxa yalokho, cishe ngemva kuka-9/11, uhulumeni wase-US wasebenzisa izindlela ezihlukumezayo zokuphenya.”
Ukuhlukunyezwa kweziboshwa kwaqala ngobuqotho ngasekupheleni kuka-2001 lapho labo ababevalelwe “ezitokisini eBagram Air Base naseKandahar, [bebhekene] nokushaywa, ukuchayeka emakhazeni ashubile, ukumiswa ngamaketanga, ukubhaklazeka ezindongeni, ukungalali, ukukhanya okungapheli. , nokuphoqelelwa ukuba nqunu nezinye izinhlobo zempatho ehlazisayo nelulazayo.”
Okwaqala njengokuqulwa kwecala ngokuhlushwa—okuncane kwalokhu kanye nokuncane kwalokho—kusheshe kwakhula kwaba “inkolelo-mbono yokuphenywa… okunikeza ulwazi.”
Ngenkathi izindlela zokuhlukumeza zazanywa futhi zathuthukiswa, izikhulu zokuphatha uBush zaqala ukubeka “isisekelo esingokomthetho senqubomgomo eyayizoyeka imingcele yokuhlushwa nokuphathwa ngonya, okunonya, noma okokwehlisa isithunzi ebekwe izibopho zesivumelwano nomthetho wobugebengu wase-US.” Ekuqaleni kuka-2002, esinqumweni esiyingqopha-mlando, “ummeli we-White House wamemezela ukuthi Izivumelwano Zase-Geneva azisebenzi eziboshweni zaseGuantánamo.”
Imemorandamu eyimfihlo evela eHhovisi Lomnyango Wezobulungiswa Lomeluleki Wezomthetho, ekhishwe ngokuphendula isicelo seCIA, "yathi isethi yokuqala yezindlela 'ezithuthukisiwe' eziyi-10 ingasetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni njengengxenye yohlelo lokuphenywa oluklanyelwe u-Abu Zubaydah, oqokiwe. isiboshwa senani eliphezulu. Imemorandamu ikhawulele incazelo yobuhlungu obukhulu obungokwengqondo noma obungokomzimba noma ukuhlupheka ngendlela evumela izindlela zokuphenya ezinonya, okuhlanganisa ukubamba ukunaka (ukubamba isiboshwa ngazo zombili izandla nokumdonsela kumphenyi), ukujikijela isiboshwa ngokuphindaphindiwe odongeni, ebusweni. ibamba (ibambe ikhanda ngenkani), izimpama zobuso, ukuvaleleka esitokisini, ukuma odongeni (okuphoqa isiboshwa ukuba sisekele isisindo saso ngeminwe odongeni), indawo ecindezelekile, ukungalali kahle, ukusebenzisa izinambuzane, nokudonsa amanzi.”
Indima elinganiselwe yabasebenzi bezempilo phakathi nezikhathi zokuhlushwa eziqhutshwa yi-CIA yakhula. Ngo-2005, isethi yokuqala yezindlela eziyishumi “ezithuthukisiwe” yakhula yaba ngu-10. Isikhathi sokuntula ubuthongo sanda sisuka emahoreni angekho ngaphezu kuka-14 saya emahoreni angu-48: “Iziboshwa zazigcinwa ziphapheme ngokuboshwa ngamaketango ukuze zime, izandla zifike ophahleni nasezinyaweni. phansi, ephakelwa izisebenzi eziboshiwe futhi enanabukeni ukuze kungabikho lutho oluphazamisa ukuma.”
Iziboshwa bezinqunu. Ukukhipha amanzi abandayo kweziboshwa ezinqunu, okungafakiwe kumemo ka-2002, kwase kuvunyelwe, futhi i-waterboarding "ichazwe kafushane ngo-2002 [njengomgomo] ... umuzwa wokuminza nokuba nezingozi zokulangazelela, ukuvaleka kwemigudu yokuphefumula, nokufa ngenxa yokuphelelwa umoya.”
Kusukela ekuhlanganisweni kwasekuqaleni kweziboshwa e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq kuya ekusungulweni kweGuantanamo, ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha, ikakhulukazi ukunakekelwa kwezempilo yengqondo, bekungenele ngokudabukisayo. E-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, “ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi izisebenzi zasemtholampilo zazingahlukanisiwe ekuphenyweni njengaseGuantánamo; bazibandakanya ezicini ezihlukahlukene zokuphenywa kanye neminye imisebenzi yezokuphepha. Kubikwa ukuthi odokotela baqaphe ukuphenywa kanye nodokotela bengqondo basayina izinhlelo zokuphenywa ezihlanganisa nokuqwasha. “Ukuhlukunyezwa kweziboshwa akuzange kubikwe ngabezempilo. Umbiko uveza ukuthi, “Ngisho nalapho ukusetshenziswa kokuhlukunyezwa ngamasosha kwaqala ukwehla ngo-2005 nango-2006 lapho kukhishwa incwadi entsha ye-DoD yokuphenya ngemibuzo eyayivimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela eziningi (kodwa hhayi zonke) eziphoqelela kakhulu, odokotela nabahlengikazi. wahileleka ekudliseni abantu ngenkani ngendlela engafanele nokusebenzisa izihlalo zokunqanda iziteleka zendlala.”
UMnyango Wezokuvikela wenze izinguquko ezintathu “ezindinganisweni zokuziphatha nezinqubomgomo ukuze kulungiswe futhi kube lula ukubamba iqhaza kochwepheshe bezokwelapha nezengqondo ekuphenyweni.” Ungalimazi ukugwema noma ukunciphisa ukulimala. Olunye ushintsho “lwaluhilela ukungqubuzana kwezindinganiso zokuziphatha kochwepheshe bezempilo abahilelekile ekuphenyweni ngezindinganiso ezivamile ezingokomthetho.”
Njengoba indlala—okuchazwa njengokuzila ukudla okuphelele ngamanzi kuphela adliwe amahora angaphezu kuka-72 ngumuntu onekhono ngokwengqondo, ongazibulali ngenjongo yokuthola umgomo wokuphatha noma wepolitiki esikhundleni sokuzilimaza—kwaba yisikhali sababoshiwe, ezempilo. ochwepheshe bahileleka ezikhathini zokondla ngenkani.
“Izimiso Zokuziphatha Zilahliwe” igcizelela ukuthi, “izindinganiso zokuziphatha zamazwe ngamazwe neziqondiso zokwelashwa ezisungulwe i-World Medical Association kanye nezindinganiso kazwelonke zezokwelapha zase-US ziqondisa kokubili odokotela kanye nezimpendulo zezikhungo zokuboshwa ezitelekeni zendlala. Odokotela banesibopho sokuziphatha sokunquma:
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- uma isenzo sesiboshwa siyisiteleka sokulamba
- ukuqinisekisa inhlalakahle yomuntu obulawa indlala
- ukunquma ikhono lomuntu lokwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi
- yeluleka umuntu mayelana nezingozi zokwaliwa ukudla isikhathi eside
- nquma ukuthi izinqumo zomuntu zenziwa ngaphandle kokuphoqwa
- bheka ukunakekelwa kwezempilo komuntu ngesikhathi sokulamba
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Esikhundleni sokumela ababulawa yindlala, abahlinzeki bezempilo abaningi bahileleka ekudliseni ngenkani ezihlalweni ezivimbelayo, okuyindlela evame ubudlova nebuhlungu. Ngokwababhali balo mbiko, “izinqubomgomo zokuphakela abantu amandla zinciphisa ubuhlobo obuqhubekayo bodokotela nesiguli, kanye nokwahlulela okuzimele kwezokwelapha.” Ngesikhathi kubhalwa lo mbiko bebengakawutholi umgomo oqhubekayo mayelana neziteleka zendlala. "Manje sesiyazi ukuthi abasebenzi bezokwelapha bakhethwa ngezindlela ezibukela phansi ukusebenza kwabo kahle," kusho uMongameli we-Open Society Foundations u-Emeritus Aryeh Neier, "Ngokukhanyisela ukungaziphathi kahle, sithemba ukukhumbuza odokotela ngezibopho zabo zokuziphatha."
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UBill Berkowitz ungumbhali ozimele ohlanganisa ukunyakaza okulandelanayo.