Ukushoda kudala kwasetshenziswa njengethuluzi lempi yekilasi, kanye nenguquko kanye ne-counter-revolution. Ngenkathi yeNguquko YaseFrance iNkosi uLouis XVI yaphoqeleka ukuthi ibize i-Estates General ngo-1789 ngenxa yokuthi inkinga yezezimali yayinzima kangangokuthi kwadingeka aqinisekise i-Third Estate (kanye nezimakethe zezimali ezazibusa) ukuthi uguquko lwezezimali lwaluseduze. Njengoba kuvezwa esinye sezishoshovu ezinkulu zangaleso sikhathi, u-Comte de Mirabeau, โUkushoda kuyimpahla ebaluleke kakhulu yesizwe.โ (Kucashunwe futhi kwafakwa umongo nguGaetano Salvemini in I-French Revolution 1788-1792Kulokhu isimo saphuma ekulawuleni kabi futhi kwaholela ekuvukeleni umbuso, ukuwa kombuso we-feudal kanye nobukhosi, ukuqokwa kukaLouis XVI noMarie Antoinette, inkathi yamaNapoleon, nokuguqukela emphakathini omusha wonxiwankulu.
ENgilandi usongo lwesikweleti sezwe esikhulayo lwalubhekwa njengolubi kakhulu yizikhulu esigabeni ngasinye sokwandiswa kwesikweletu, futhi, ebhala ngemva kweZimpi ZakwaNapoleonic ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, iNkosi Macaulay yaphawula ukuthi โKuzo zonke izigaba zokukhula kwaleso sikweletu. kuye kwagonyelwa ngokujulile amadoda ahlakaniphile ukuthi ukuqothuka nencithakalo kwakuseduze.โ Kodwa, u-Macaulay waqhubeka wathi, ngisho nangemva kokukhuphuka kwe-post-Napoleonic-War kobukhulu besikweletu kuya ezingeni elihle kakhulu lamaphawundi ayizigidi ezingu-800, lapho labo bantu abahlakaniphile base beqiniseka ukuthi ukuphela kwase kuseduze, kwakungenjalo. โNgemva kweminyaka embalwa yokukhathala, iNgilandi yasimama futhi umphakathi ongenamali awugcinanga nje ngokuzibonakalisa ukwazi ukuhlangabezana nazo zonke izibopho zawo, kodwa yaya ngokuya inotha kangangokuthi ukukhula kwacishe kwabonakala ngeso.โ
Ukushoda kukahulumeni bekulokhu kubukeka kabi kosomabhizinisi njengoba kuhlale kunethuba lokuthi uhulumeni awele ezandleni zabanganakekeli abazosebenzisa budedengu, basize abantu abangalungile futhi baphele, futhi bakhiqize izimo zokwehla kwamandla emali. Kwaze kwaze kwaba yilapho Ukucindezeleka Okukhulu Komnotho kanye nokukhula komnotho waseKeynesian lapho ukusetshenziswa kwemali eshodayo kwaba inqubomgomo yomphakathi eyamukelwayo futhi kwahlanganiswa nomcabango wezomnotho ojwayelekile, nakuba nalapho kwahlala kukhathaza amabhizinisi kanye nama-conservatives futhi kuphikiswa abaningi. Kuyaphawuleka futhi ukuthi naphezu kokushoda okukhulu kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili kanye nomphumela wesikweletu esikhulu sezwe, lapha futhi ukuqothuka kanye nencithakalo akuzange kulandele, izwe laceba ngokucebile, futhi umthwalo wezikweletu wehla kancane kancane ngokukhuphuka kwe-GDP kanye nentela. imali engenayo, kuze kube yilapho engena esikhundleni sikaMongameli weRiphabhulikhi uRonald Reagan. Isilinganiso sesikweletu / se-GDP sehla sisuka kumaphesenti angu-112 ngo-1945 saya kumaphesenti angu-27 ngo-1974, sikhuphuka kakhulu futhi ngesikhathi seReagan futhi kamuva, saya kumaphesenti angu-71 ngo-2012. Enkathini โyenkululeko,โ cishe kusukela ngo-1940 kuya ku-1970, izibonelo zezomnotho zanda ezazibonisa indlela ukukhula komnotho okwakungenzeka ngayoโfuthi kwakwenze njaloโlokho okwakubonakala kungamazinga ezikweletu asabekayo, akwazi ukulawuleka.
Kodwa isimo sashintsha ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970 nangemva kwalokho, ngokushoda kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali kuthathwa njengezinsongo ezimaphakathi, iSikole saseChicago kanye noMilton Friedman besusa i-Keynesianism njengomnyombo oyinhloko wezomnotho. Esikhathini sethu, futhi, ukushoda kanye nosongo lwakho kuye kwaba ithuluzi elisebenzayo lelungelo, elisetshenziselwa ukuphikisa "i-populism" nokusiza ukudiliza isimo senhlalakahle, futhi, nge-Keynesianism, ukuthatha i-hue yezempi eyengeziwe. Singase sikhumbule ukuthi uBill Clinton wathi imakethe yamabhondi yayivimbe isifiso sakhe โsokubeka abantu kuqala,โ nakuba waqhubeka ngobuqotho โezwa ubuhlungu babo.โ Ngakho wagcina isabelomali sakhe sihlelekile, ngosizo lwebhamuza lemakethe yamasheya kanye ne-mini-boom, kanye nokukhuphuka okuhlobene nokuqoqwa kwentela. Eminyakeni yakhe emithathu yokugcina ehhovisi wenze imali enqwabelene yesabelomali futhi wakhetha ukunciphisa isikweletu sikazwelonke kunokuba atshale imali kumaphrojekthi omphakathi kuqala. Ube (futhi uhlala) eyisilungisi sekilasi lokuqala owaziyo ukuthi imimoya yamandla ivunguza ngakuphi futhi alungise (alungise) oseyili bakhe ngokufanele.
Ngisho nangaphambi kukaClinton, isimo sengqondo sephesenti elingu-1 ngesabelomali kanye nokushoda sasinombukiso waso sakudala ekugxekeni kwalowo owayenguSihlalo we-Citibank u-Walter Wriston ngo-1978 mayelana nokushoda kwesabelomali sikaMongameli weDemocratic Alliance uJimmie Carter, uWriston athi โbekuphambukisa imali etholakalayo ekutshalweni kwezimali ezizimele ukuze kuxhaswe izindleko zomphakathi. Ukwehliswa kuphela kokushoda kwenhlangano okungahlehlisa lo mkhuba. โ Kodwa njengoba uReagan esesikhundleni ngo-1988, uWriston wathi kumelwe sihlukanise phakathi kwesabelomali esiyinhloko nesokusebenza, nokuthi umkhaya ovamile awuliphathi ikhaya lawo njengezindleko zamanje, ukuze singakhathazeki, njengoba kukhona โibhalansi eseduze emalini yokukhokha. isabelomali sokusebenza.โ Bekungekho mehluko phakathi kwesabelomali sokusebenza kanye nesezimali ezinkulu noCarter. I-Reagan ethembekile yebhizinisi ingakwazi ukushoda futhi iqhube ezinkulu. UCarter akufanele futhi ashiswe kwabancane.
Lolu hlelo olubalulekile lwaphinde lwabonakala okhethweni lukaKhongolose lwango-1994, ngokunqoba kweRiphabhulikhi okwakuyiphuzu eliphezulu emsebenzini wezepolitiki kaNewt Gingrich. Inhlolovo yeForbes/Gallup ngasekupheleni kuka-1994 yathola ukuthi amaphesenti angama-88 Ama-CEO ezinkampani angama-338 acabanga ukuthi ukunqoba kweRiphabhulikhi kuzosiza โizwe,โ futhi amaphesenti amabili kuphela ayecabanga ukuthi kungaba yingozi.
Nakuba uClinton ayebeke imakethe yebhondi kuqala, wazizwa engathembekile ngokuphelele futhi ezindabeni ezibalulekile njengemithetho yezemvelo amaRiphabhulikhi ayencanyelwa kakhulu. UClinton wayephushele futhi wasayina Isivumelwano Sokuhweba Ngokukhululekile saseNyakatho Melika, waqeda isiqinisekiso senhlalakahle yenhlangano ye-New Deal, futhi wayenza umsebenzi omuhle ekwakheni izwe eliboshiwe kanye nokuvikela isabelomali sePentagon ngemuva kokuwa koMbuso Omubi. Kodwa kwakusenomuzwa omkhulu kakhulu wobuhlungu kanye (ikakhulukazi okuzisholo futhi okungenzeka) ukuphendula ezithakazelweni zesisekelo sakhe esidumile. AmaRiphabhulikhi aseGingrich ayejabule ukuzwisa ubuhlungu.
Ngokunqoba kukaGeorge W. Bush ngo-2000, kwaphinde kwaphatha ummeleli onokwethenjelwa wephesenti elingu-1, ngakho kwaba nokushuba kwempi yesigaba esisodwa, ikakhulukazi ukuncishiswa kwentela okuncishisiwe, ukukhuphuka kwezikhali ezintsha kanye nobudlova bamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nokwanda kokushoda. Isikweletu sikazwelonke sakhula kakhulu ngesikhathi semibandela kaBush, njengoba kwakunjalo eminyakeni ye-Reagan, ngaphandle kokukhiqiza "Iqembu Letiye" eliphathelene noHulumeni Omkhulu futhi ngaphandle kwabezindaba abajwayelekile, ochwepheshe, noma ubuholi beDemocratic Party bucasulwa kakhulu ngokusongela kombuso kazwelonke. ukuqothuka kanye nesidingo esiphuthumayo sokulawulwa kokushoda.
Ngokubuya kweDemocrat ehhovisi likamongameli ngo-2008, kwalandela iphethini evamile: Ukushoda kwaphinde kwaphakama kakhulu ezikhulwini nakwabezindaba. I-โTea Partyโ yaba khona ukuze ibhikishele ukushoda koHulumeni Omkhulu kanye nohulumeni kanye nezikweletu futhi yathola ukunakwa kwabezindaba ngaphandle kwezinombolo zomcimbi. Njengamademokhrasi ayemandulele, uCarter kanye noClinton, u-Obama wancika emuva ukuze afakazele ukwethembeka kwakhe emphakathini oxhasa ngokhetho kanye nokwenqaba kwakhe โi-populismโ kanye nanoma yisiphi isenzo esinamandla esingase sihlangabezane nezidingo zomphakathi jikelele.
Amabutho empi yekilasi akhuthazwe kancane ngu-Obama, owenza izivumelwano kusengaphambili, ngaleyo ndlela evumela ubulungiswa bezicelo zephesenti elingu-1 futhi enze buthaka noma yisiphi isikhundla sokuxoxisana egameni lamaphesenti angama-99. U-Obama uvumile ukuthi โamalungeloโ (lawo afinyelela kumaphesenti angama-99) adlulele futhi adinga ukuncishiswa, futhi waqoka Ikhomishana Kazwelonke Yokubophezeleka Kwezimali Nezinguquko ukuba ihlole le nkinga, eholwa abantu ababili abaziwa ngokuthanda โinguqukoโ (u-Erskine Bowles no-Alan). Simpson). Umbiko wabo siqu (ongavunywanga yikhomishini yonke) ubizelwe, ngokubikezelwa, ngokunciphisa i-Social Security kanye ne-Medicare kanye nokwehliswa kwentela emigqeni yaseBush. Ukuvalwa kwamaholo kuka-Obama iminyaka emibili kubasebenzi bakahulumeni wobumbano kungene kahle emkhankasweni wamasosha ekilasi wokudicilelwa phansi isithunzi. uhulumeni (womphakathi, hhayi iPentagon-CIA). U-Obama usayine uMthetho Wokulawula Isabelomali ngo-Agasti 2011 owawuhlinzekela ukuncishiswa kwezindleko ezinkulu ukuze amaRiphabhulikhi avumele ngomusa ukukhuphuka kwesikweletu sombuso esivimbe ukwehluleka kukahulumeni wobumbano.
Iminyaka ka-Obama ibone enye i- $ 4 trillion yengezwe esikweletini, kodwa lokhu akubanga ngenxa yanoma iyiphi indlela yezinsiza eziya emphakathini jikelele. Cha, kube umphumela wokuwa kwemali engenayo ephuma enzimeni yomnotho, izindleko ezintsha ezisekelwe ekwehleni komnotho, kanye nomthelela wokwehliswa kwentela kaBush okusasebenza kanye nokuqhubeka nokuphuma kwemali okukhulu kwezempi.
Ilungelo libe namandla kakhulu futhi libe nolaka kusukela eminyakeni ye-Reagan kuya enkathini ka-John Boehner no-Paul Ryan kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesabelomali esishodayo ukuze kubuyiswe "isilo" (isabelomali somphakathi) sekuba nesibindi. Ngisho nangaphambi kukaReagan, ngo-1978, u-Alan Greenspan wayethi inhloso enkulu ye izinhlelo zokuncishiswa kwentela โbeziwukunciphisa umfutho wokukhula kwezindleko ngokunqanda inani lemali engenayo etholakalayo kanye nokwethemba ukuthi kunomkhawulo wezombangazwe wokushoda kwemali.โ UReagan wenza iphuzu elifanayo futhi uGeorge W. UBush ukhulume โngendlela eqondile yezimaliโ ezokwehliswa kwentela yakhe. Yebo abazange bakhule futhi isikweletu sikazwelonke sikhule ngo-$4 trillion ngesikhathi esehhovisi. Kodwa lokhu โkwakusenesibophoโ sokwenza imali eshodayo, nokuchema kwayo okukhulu ekuncishisweni kwentela kwabahola kakhulu (โisisekelo samiโ) kanye nesakhiwo sezempi nezimboni.
Kodwa amaRepublicans awakaneliseki. Baphunyukile ngokusetshenziswa kosongo lokuvimbela izikweletu ukuze banciphise isilo futhi bavikele izintshisekelo zesisekelo sabo esincane. Kodwa bafuna okwengeziwe futhi uhlelo lukaPaul Ryan luzohlinzeka ngokunciphisa okukhulu kweMedicare, Medicaid, usizo lokudla, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwengqalasizinda yomphakathi, kanye no-$ 4.6 trillion ekuncishisweni kwentela, okuzuzisa ngokulinganayo abacebile. URyan uthi isabelomali sakhe sibhekana nenkinga โyesilele,โ kodwa zonke iziphakamiso zakhe zesabelomali zengeza emalini enkuluโimali engenayo yokulinganisa isabelomali isazobizwa. Ngakho-ke umbono wokuthi lesi sabelomali esingakwesokudla sibhekiswe ezinkingeni zokushoda kwezikweletu uwukukhwabanisa okupheleleโukuhlasela kwempi yekilasi enkulu, okungafihlwa neze.
Singase sibuze ukuthi uRyan angakwazi kanjani ukubalekela ukukhwabanisa okunjalo nokuthi yena no-Boehner nozakwabo bangaphunyuka kanjani ekuhlaselweni okungapheli okuvela kwabezindaba abajwayelekile ngokuqamba amanga kanye nempi yekilasi enonya nengenabuntu ngokumelene namaphesenti angu-99? Impendulo kufanele ilele ekukhuleni kwamandla ephesenti elingu-1, ukubusa kwabo kokugeleza kolwazi (kanye nokucasuka) okungavumela futhi kube lula ukusetshenziswa kosongo lwesikweletu esikhulayo njengesikhali esiphikisayo. Lena umbuso wentando yeningi ogulayo onemithombo yezindaba ebamba amandla, kanye nezwe elihlulekayo. Umphakathi ugcinwa ungazi futhi udidekile futhi uRyan noBoehner abanangqondo. Njengoba uRalph Waldo Emerson asho eminyakeni eminingi edlule, โUkungabi nangqondo kwamadoda kuhlale kumema ukudelela kwamandla.โ
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U-Edward S. Herman uyisazi sezomnotho, umgxeki wezindaba, nombhali wendatshana nezincwadi eziningi. Okwakamuva kwakhe ngu Ipolitiki Yokubulawa Kwabantu (noDavid Peterson).