Amabhuku
Black Against Empire: Umlando kanye Nepolitiki ye
i-Black Panther Party
NguJoshua Bloom kanye noWaldo E. Martin Omncane.
I-University of California Press, 2013, 560 pp.
Ukubuyekezwa nguJeremy Kuzmarov
Ehlobo lika-1970, iNorth Vietnamese yamema umholi weBlack Panther Party u-Eldridge Cleaver ukuthi akhulume nama-GIs amnyama esiteshini somsakazo eHanoi. U-Cleaver wayengumbhali wememoir edayise kakhulu, Soul on Ice, eyanikeza ukuqonda emiphumeleni engokwengqondo yokucindezelwa kohlanga eMelika kanye nokugxeka okubukhali kweMpi YeVietnam. Utshele abe-GI ukuthi: “Into abayenzayo wukuhlela le nto ukuze nina makati niqedwe enkundleni yempi. Bakubeke phambili ukuze uzokhubeka. Futhi ngaleyo ndlela...baxazulula inkinga yokugcina inqwaba yamasosha eVietnam; futhi baxazulula inkinga yokugcina amaqhawe asemasha angangeni emigwaqweni yaseBabiloni. Futhi lowo ngumdlalo ongcolile, ononya odlalwa phezu kwakho. Futhi angiboni ukuthi ungakwenza kanjani lokho.”
In Abamnyama Bamelene Nombuso: Umlando Nepolitiki Yeqembu Elimnyama Le-Panther, u-Joshua Bloom kanye no-Waldo E. Martin Omncane basebenzisa inkulumo ka-Cleaver ukukhombisa ukusebenzelana kwamazwe ngamazwe kwe-Black Panther Party kanye nokuphikisana kwayo ne-imperialism. Ama-Panthers abheka abantu base-Afrika baseMelika njengabantu abaphethwe amakholoni ngaphakathi kwe-United States, ngaphansi kokubandlululwa kwezenhlalakahle nezomnotho kanye namaphoyisa omakhelwane babo ngamaphoyisa anobandlululo abawafanisa nebutho eligcwele. Bakhuthaza imibhalo kaFrantz Fanon, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo sase-Algeria esahlaziya ukuthi abantu ababengamakoloni bafaka kanjani incindezelo yabo ngaphakathi futhi benqaba amagugu abo amasiko. Inkululeko ingatholakala kuphela ngokuguquguquka kwezinguquko.
I-Black Panther Party yadabuka e-Oakland, eCalifornia ngo-1966, kulandela ukubulawa kuka-Malcolm X. Huey P. Newton, umsunguli weqembu no-Bobby Seale, wafundela ubumeli e-Merritt College futhi wathola ukuthi kusemthethweni ukuphatha isibhamu esilayishiwe. California esidlangalaleni. Ama-Panthers aqala ukuzulazula emigwaqweni yase-Oakland ukuze avikele imiphakathi yawo futhi aqasha intsha yase-ghetto okungenzeka ukuthi ijoyine amaqembu ezigebengu zasemgwaqweni. I-Panthers yakha ubuhlobo bayo nomphakathi, okokuqala e-Oakland kwase kuba semadolobheni ezweni lonke, ngokuhlinzeka ngesidlo sasekuseni entsheni entulayo, ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha kanye nezinhlelo zangemuva kwesikole. Uhlelo lwasekuseni londla amakhulu ezingane ngosuku nezinkulungwane ngeviki, kanti amabhizinisi endawo ayevame ukunikela ngokudla (yize ngezinye izikhathi ayeqolwa). Ngezinkulumo zayo ezinonya, i-swagger yasemgwaqweni nokuzibophezela esenzweni, i-Black Panthers yathwebula umcabango womfundi omhlophe oshiywe kanye nama-liberal anozwela ayebambe imicimbi yokuqoqwa kwezimali. Leli qembu lizale amahlumela amaningi, okuhlanganisa neYoung Lords. Ukugxeka kwabo isakhiwo samandla okucwasa kanye neMpi yaseVietnam kwakuzwakala kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Le nhlangano ibambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuholeni imibukiso yasekolishi eyaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo zezifundo zabamnyama kanye nokulungiswa kabusha kwekharikhulamu yezemfundo.
Ama-Panthers ayeqondiswe ngamaphoyisa, futhi ayevame ukudubulana neziphathimandla. Amalungu abo amaningi aboshwa futhi abulawa. E-Oakland, amaphoyisa adume ngokucwasa ngokwebala ephindelela ekomkhulu lasePanther, athola izibonelelo zokubulala abaholi bakwaPanther, aphinde abulala uBobby Hutton oneminyaka engu-17 ngemuva kokuboshwa kwakhe. Ngo-Okthoba 1967, u-Huey Newton wahoxiswa futhi wangena empini yezibhamu nephoyisa lase-Oakland uJohn Frey, owabulawa kulo mqhudelwano. U-Newton walimala futhi waboshelwa ukubulala umuntu, futhi kamuva wakhululwa ngemuva kokuba icala lakhe libe yimbangela yomhlaba wonke ye-célèbre. Ngesikhathi eboshiwe esibhedlela, amaphoyisa amgcone futhi amkhafulela, ngaphandle kokugxekwa ngabasebenzi basesibhedlela.
Ngalesi sikhathi, uMqondisi we-FBI u-J. Edgar Hoover uqoke i-Panthers njengosongo olukhulu ekuvikelekeni kwangaphakathi e-United States. Emzamweni wokucekela phansi inhlangano, amanxusa e-FBI asabalalisa ulwazi olungaqondile, angena ezinsizeni zeqembu, atshala izishoshovu, futhi atshala ukungezwani ezinhlwini zobuholi. E-Los Angeles, izimpimpi ze-FBI cishe zabulala uJohn Huggins kanye no-Alprentice “Bunchy” Carter, umholi wenyunyana yabafundi abamnyama eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia eLos Angeles. EChicago, umholi weQembu oneminyaka engu-21 ubudala uFred Hampton kanye nozakwabo uMark Clark badliswa izidakamizwa base bebulawa amaphoyisa endawo ngokubambisana ne-FBI. Laba bobabili base bedale isivumelwano phakathi kwamaqembu ezigebengu asemgwaqeni abayizimbangi asebeqale ukuwabuthela eqenjini.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-Black Panther Party ayikwazanga ukuziphilisa, njengoba iningi labaholi bayo baboshwa, babulawa, noma badingiswa. Ukwenziwa kothando kodlame nokukhuthazwa kwempi yabashokobezi kwahlukanisa abantu emphakathini ababezwelana nosizi lwabansundu futhi bephikisana neMpi YaseVietnam. Ukungakwazi kwamaPanthers ukwakha imifelandawonye emikhulu nabashisekeli besokunxele kwabonakala ngesikhathi umholi wePanther uDavid Hilliard ethethiswa esiteji embuthanweni wokulwa nempi eGolden Gate Park, eSan Francisco owawuhlanganise izinkulumo zamaSenator uGeorge McGovern no-Eugene McCarthy. U-Hilliard weqisa ekubizeni u-Richard Nixon ngokuthi “umama” okufanele abulawe. "Sizobulala uRichard Nixon nanoma yimuphi umgulukudu oma endleleni yenkululeko." Isithunzi samaPanthers siye sawohloka nakakhulu ngemva kokuba u-Huey Newton eqale ukubonisa ukuziphatha okumangalisayo ngemva kokukhululwa kwakhe ejele ngo-1970. U-Newton wathuthela endaweni yokuhlala esezingeni eliphezulu futhi waqala ukuzihlanganisa nezingxenye ze-Oakland underworld. Ngemuva kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, kamuva wasolwa ngokubulala isifebe esineminyaka engu-17 ubudala futhi washona ngo-1989 esivumelwaneni esibonakala singenangqondo.
Maphakathi nawo-1970, ama-Panthers ayeka ukuba khona njengamandla ezombusazwe ahlelekile, okufana nokwehla komnyakazo wabafundi oqinile wama-1960s. Ukuphela kweMpi YaseVietnam kanye nokuvulwa kukaNixon eChina kanye nenqubomgomo ye-détente, kuhambisana ne-Philadelphia Plan ekhuthaza isenzo sokuqinisekisa, kusize ukuqeda ukusekelwa kwenkulumo eqinile, ephikisana nama-imperialist yama-Panthers, nakuba iningi lokungalingani kwesakhiwo kanye nesihluku samaphoyisa. ababekhulume kabi baphikelela. Iphephandaba leqembu laqala ukugcizelela udlame oluhlomile kanye nezimpi zabashokobezi, ligxile kakhulu ekuhlinzekeni ukugxeka okuhlelekile kwe-US capitalism kanye ne-imperialism. Amahlumela afana neBlack Liberation Army (BLA) agebenga amabhange futhi aqhumisa ngamabhomu izakhiwo zikahulumeni egameni lembangela yenguquko, nakuba amanye amaPanthers azamile isandla sawo kwezombusazwe zokhetho. Ngo-1972, u-Bobby Seale wangenela isikhundla sokuba yimeya yase-Oakland enkundleni yentando yeningi futhi waphoqa ukuthi kuqhutshekwe nomncintiswano wakhe waseRiphabhulikhi, nakuba agcina ehluliwe. U-Elaine Brown, owake waba nguzakwethu ka-Huey Newton, wasiza ekuhleleni abamnyama ukuze basekele uMbusi uJerry Brown futhi wakwazi ukusebenzisa amandla akhe ukuze athole uxhaso lwezimali zamaphrojekthi okuthuthukisa umphakathi. Uguquko oluqinile empilweni yezombangazwe, nokho, lwanciphisa ithonya likaBrown esikhathini eside futhi isahluko sokugcina sePanther savala iminyango yaso ngokuhle ngo-1982.
Black Against Empire iphula isisekelo esisha sezazi ekunikezeni umlando wokuqala ophelele we-Black Panther Party. Enye yezinhloso eziyinhloko zababhali wukudlulela ngale kokubonakaliswa kwamadimoni kwePanther Party ngababhali abasadla ngoludala abafana noDavid Horowitz, abaveza amaPanthers njengeqembu lezigebengu. U-Horowitz kanye nabanye bakhe bayehluleka ukucabangela kahle isimo senhlalo lapho ama-Panthers avela khona kanye nolwazi oluphilayo lwabantu abamnyama ngaleso sikhathi. Banciphisa izinga lokucindezelwa kombuso ekufakeni isandla ekufakweni kweqembu futhi bagcizelele izici ezinhle zomlando weqembu, okuhlanganisa nezinhlelo zesidlo sasekuseni, ikhono leqembu lokuxoxisana nentsha yase-ghetto futhi ihoxise udlame lwamaqembu ezigelekeqe, ukukhulisa ukwazi komphakathi mayelana nonya. ye-imperialism, ukuphikisa kwayo okuvusa amadlingozi ezimpini zase-Indochina, kanye nokugqugquzela kwayo abamnyama nabanye abantu abacindezelwe ukuba bamele amalungelo abo, kokubili e-United States nakwamanye amazwe. Black Against Empire limele iqhaza elibalulekile ekubuyiseleni ubuqotho bezishoshovu ze-Black Panther Party ezazilwela ubulungiswa bezenhlalakahle futhi libonisa ukuthi umlando wokucwasa ngokwebala eMelika wavusa kanjani usizi nobuhlungu bengqondo phakathi kwabantu abamnyama, ababemelana ngezindlela ezingcono kakhulu ababezazi. Amaphutha enziwa yiQembu kanye nabaholi balo adinga ukuvunywa, kodwa lawo maphutha ayesekelwe kakhulu ekuhlangenwe nakho kwaseMelika kanye nemiphakathi enobudlova, nengcindezelo okwavela kuyo iningi lamaPanthers.
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UJeremy Kuzmarov ungumsizi kaprofesa womlando we-J.P. Walker eNyuvesi yaseTulsa kanye nombhali wezincwadi. Inganekwane Yebutho Eliyizigqila: IVietnam kanye Nempi Yesimanje Yezidakamizwa futhi Ukucindezelwa Kwesimanjemanje: Ukuqeqeshwa Kwamaphoyisa kanye Nokwakhiwa Kwesizwe Ekhulwini LaseMelika.
Ngemuva kweCapitalism: Intando Yeningi Yezomnotho Iyasebenza
Ibhalwe nguDada Maheshvarananda
I-Innerworld Publications, 2012, 392 pp.
Isibuyekezo sika-Andy Douglas
Ibhalansi igama okungaba nzima ukulisebenzisa ukuchaza umnotho wanamuhla womhlaba. Ukungalingani kwengcebo nokuxhashazwa, ukuxhashazwa kwezimakethe, kanye nokufakwa kwezimali kokutshalwa kwezimali kudale isimo esingachazwa kuphela njengesingalingani ngokwedlulele, esinokuhlupheka okuningi ngenxa yaso. Abaningi baphikisa ngokuthi ubunxiwankulu njengoba bukhona abunakusimama, futhi, okubaluleke nakakhulu, akufanele buqhubeke buphila.
Ngemuva kwe-Capitalism: Intando Yeningi Yezomnotho Iyasebenza yethula ukubheka ithiyori yezenhlalo-mnotho engase ibuyisele izinto ekulinganiseni. Ngokubanzi ngobubanzi, incwadi iqala ngokugxeka okubonakalayo kwezinqubomgomo eziholele ekuphahlazekeni komhlaba wonke kwango-2008 kanye nokuphahlazeka kwangaphambilini bese idlulela kwezinye izindlela ezinethemba.
Umbhali, uDada Maheshvarananda, ube yindela nesishoshovu iminyaka engama-40 edlule. Uletha emsebenzini wakhe ukugxila ezimisweni ezingokomoya, umbono emkhakheni wezomnotho ohlonipha amalungelo abantu kanye nobuqotho bomhlaba, kanye nokwazisa kokuxhumana kokuphila kanye nenani elikhona lesidalwa ngasinye. Okucacile kulokhu kugxeka ukuqashelwa kwesidingo semethrikhi yezenhlalakahle esekelwe endleleni amalungu omphakathi ampofu kakhulu aqhuba ngayo.
Umethuli eNgqungqutheleni Yentando Yeningi Yezomnotho ka-2012 eMadison, Wisconsin, Maheshvarananda uqondisa ithangi lokucabanga eCaracas, iProut Research Institute yaseVenezuela. Imibono yakhe isuka endaweni evela eNdiya ebizwa ngokuthi i-Progressive Utilization Theory (Prout). Lo mbono, owabekwa phambili isazi sefilosofi saseBengali u-PR Sarkar ngeminyaka yawo-1950, unikeza ipulani yokuhlela umnotho ngendlela ekhuthaza umsebenzi (okuyinto ubukhomanisi obungakaze buwenze) futhi ikhawulele ukuqongelelwa ngokweqile kwemali (okungeke kwenziwe unxiwankulu).
UMaheshvarananda uthi ubunxiwankulu buklanyelwe ukuzuzisa abacebile; ngokwemvelo yawo ikhipha abantu abaningi ngaphezu kokubasiza. Phezu kwalokhu, ibhubhisa iplanethi ngokuhlelekile. Ubala amaphutha amane abulalayo: (1) ukuqoqwa kwengcebo, (2) iningi lokutshalwa kwezimali liyaqagela, alikhiqizi, (3) ukukhuthazwa kwezikweletu kanye (4) nokushaya indiva umthelela wemvelo wezinqubomgomo zayo.
Kunemibono ehlabayo lapha mayelana nokuthi yini engase ithathe isikhundla sobunxiwankulu (futhi ukugxeka kubuye kubone ukwehluleka okuningi kobukhomanisi). Umnotho onjalo ungagxila emabhizinisini amancane (i-limited capitalism), umkhakha wokubambisana oqinile, kanye nezimboni ezibalulekile eziphethwe umphakathi.
Umbhali uthi lesi sakhiwo singahlukaniswa ngokwakhiwa kwezifunda ezikwazi ukuzimela ngokwezomnotho ngokusekelwe ezimweni ezifanayo zezomnotho nezenhlalo, amakhono avamile ezindawo, ifa lamasiko kanye nolimi. Ukuhlelwa kokusabalalisa kuzovumela isifunda ngasinye ukuthi sisebenzise izinsiza zaso kanye namathuba ukuze kuzuze sona. Esimweni esinjalo kungabaluleka, uphawula, ukukhuthaza umuzwa wobuntu emhlabeni wonke, ukugwema ukuhlukana okucashile.
Amadlelandawonye athola ukunakwa okukhethekile encwadini, okuhlanganisa umlando wokuthuthuka kwawo kanye nokugxila kunethiwekhi yokubambisana edume kakhulu, iMondragon yaseSpain. I-Prout Research Institute yaseVenezuela yaqashwa uhulumeni waseVenezuela ukuhlola amandla enhlangano yokubambisana kulelozwe. Abacwaningi be-PRI babhale kabanzi mayelana nezici ezidingekayo ukuze ama-co-operatives asebenze, okuhlanganisa indawo yezenhlalakahle esekelayo, ukuhlela okuzwakalayo kusengaphambili, ukuphathwa okunekhono, ukusungula izinto ezintsha nokuzivumelanisa nezimo, kanye nemfundo.
UMaheshvarananda upenda isithombe samaphrojekthi lapho eminye yale mibono ikhona ziyaqaliswa, kusukela emtholampilo wokunakekelwa kwezempilo ngokubambisana eKenya kuya emphakathini wabalimi osimeme eBrazil. Utusa umnyakazo we-Occupy e-US futhi uchaza umnyakazo wabanye abantu, njengalowo wasePhilippines okhuthaza intsha ukuthi ilwe “nesiko-mbumbulu” lezinto ezibonakalayo futhi yamukele amasiko ayo. Njengoba unzima njengoba ubonakala unzima umsebenzi wokudala intando yeningi yezomnotho yeqiniso, uphakamisa ukuthi izinhlangano zamasiko zineqhaza elikhulu okufanele zilibambe, ukuthuthukisa abantu emazingeni aphansi.
Umbhali uphinde aqhathanise iProut namanye amamodeli afana “nezomnotho wokubamba iqhaza” noma iParecon. Lezi zinkolelo-mbono ezimbili zibonakala zinokuningi okufanayo—ukugcizelela umnotho ohlukaniselwe amazwe kanye namadlelandawonye, okokuqala. I-Parecon, nokho, ayinakho umbono ongokomoya, ngokusho kombhali. Futhi zombili ziyehluka embuzweni wokukhuthaza. U-Prout, kubhala uMaheshvarananda, ukholelwa ukuthi imali engenayo ephakeme kufanele inikezwe ngokuqaphela ukufaneleka kwabantu kanye nezinto abazifezile ukuze kugqugquzelwe ubuciko nokuzithuthukisa, kuyilapho i-Parecon igcizelela ukuthi abaqeqeshiwe abanamakhono akufanele bathole iholo eliphezulu kuneminye imisebenzi.
Le ncwadi iphinde yanconywa yidlanzana lezishoshovu. UBill McKibben uyabhala, "Usesho lwezindlela ezintsha zokuhlala emhlabeni onezinkinga ... imikhondo eminingi ethokozisayo kulawa makhasi." UNoam Chomsky uyaphawula, “Awukwazi ukuba nentando yeningi yepolitiki ephusile ngaphandle kokusebenza ngentando yeningi yezomnotho.” Isahluko sokugcina sencwadi sinikezelwe engxoxweni ebanzi phakathi kukaMaheshvarananda noChomsky, lapho lesi sakamuva, phakathi kwezinye izinto, siqhumisa ukwehluleka kwe-US ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lwesitimela esinesivinini esikhulu, futhi sincoma izinguquko ezenzeka I-Latin America, ngomnyakazo wendabuko oqala ukubusa, kanye nezisekelo zezempi zase-US ezimbalwa ezisele ku-hemisphere.
Le ncwadi ihlanganisa "izindatshana zezivakashi" ezimbalwa ezimfushane zosomnotho nezishoshovu, futhi lezi zigaba zifaka isandla ekunotheni kwempikiswano yencwadi.
Yiqiniso, kukhona amaphuzu abuthakathaka. Kwesinye isigaba umbhali ubeka phambili intela yenani lomhlaba, lapho ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba, kanye nokungcola kukhokhiswa intela: “ukukhokhisa intela yezigidigidi zamadola emali engenayo etholwa ngonxiwankulu abambalwa ngezipho zeMvelo…”
Nokho omunye wababhali bezincwadi abavakashile, isazi sezomnotho saseDuke University, uyawuphikisa lo mbono. Izintela zenani lomhlaba, ubhala ukuthi, ziwusizo emnothweni wonxiwankulu, kodwa zizoba zincane emnothweni wamaProutist. "Uma bekubekwe intela yenani lomhlaba, ama-co-op kuzodingeka ehlise umkhiqizo futhi anyuse amanani ukuze bathole imali eyanele yokukhokha izintela zabo..."
Ukushintshana kubonakala kuyinsakavukela umchilo wesidwaba phakathi kwamakhasi encwadi, noma kunjalo, futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi ngaphakathi kwesiko labashisekeli beProut. Umsunguli weProut ngokusobala unikeze imivimbo ebanzi emcabangweni wakhe. Izicelo ezisebenzayo manje sezisakazwa ezindaweni emhlabeni jikelele. Esithasiselweni, umbhali wethula umsebenzi oklanyelwe ukuletha ukuhlaziya kwe-Proutist ukubhekana nezinkinga zezomnotho zezwe elicatshangelwayo. (Eqinisweni, u-Maheshvarananda uyaphawula, Ama-Proutists abizelwe ukuze anikele ngemibono yomhlaba wangempela ekulinganiseni amandla omnotho wezifunda ezimbalwa emhlabeni jikelele). Kulo msebenzi, umkhakha wezolimo ongasebenzi kahle kubhekwana nawo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ukwandisa isivuno somhlaba, isibonelo, ngokushintshanisa izitshalo nezinye izindlela eziqhubekayo, ukunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza, nokuhlukahluka, ukuchelela, nokwanda kokukhiqizwa kwezinhlanzi.
Izinzuzo zomnotho olinganiselayo zingasakazekela kwezinye izici zempilo, kusukela endaweni ezungezile kuye kwezemfundo kuye ebulungiswa bobugebengu. Konke kuxhunyiwe, ngemuva kwakho konke, iphuzu umbhali alishayela ekhaya. Yilo moya ophelele wethiyori ye-Prout obamba isikhalazo esikhulu, umsebenzi wobulungisa kanye nomsebenzi womuntu ngamunye ohambisanayo.
UMaheshvarananda uye wahola ama-workshops okuzindla emibuthanweni kanye nemibukiso emhlabeni wonke njenge-World Social Forum, egcizelela ukubaluleka kokugxila, umoya ozolile emsebenzini wezishoshovu. Ukufinyelela emthonjeni wenjabulo ngaphakathi, usho ukuthi, kwenza umuntu abe yingxenye yesixazululo, akhuthaze futhi asekele ekwenzeni umehluko omuhle emhlabeni.
Unxusa ukubuyiselwa kokulingana kwemvelo yethu kanye nomnotho wethu, nasezimpilweni zethu, ngaphambi kokuba kuphuze kakhulu.
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TUkuphikisana kwe- "Real Socialism": Umqhubi
kanye Nokwenziwa
Ibhalwe nguMichael A. Lebowitz
Iphephandaba Lokubuyekezwa Kwanyanga zonke, 2012, 192 pp.
Isibuyekezo sika-Seth Sandronsky
U-Michael A. Lebowitz uhlola ukuthi yini (okungenzeki) ezweni langaphambilini laseSoviet Union nasezizweni ezimaphakathi nempumalanga ye-Europe phakathi namashumi amathathu eminyaka aphela ngawo-1980. Kungani ubhala le ncwadi?
Ekhulwini lama-21, umlando onjalo wamuva ubalulekile. Ubufakazi balokho ukungazinzi, ngokwezemvelo nakwezomnotho, isintu somhlaba wonke esibhekane nakho ngemva kokuwa kobukhomanisi besitayela samaSoviet. Kuze kube manje, umbhali ugxile ezintweni ezingokoqobo zansuku zonke kanye nezinhlaka eziyisisekelo zeReal Socialism (RS). Sifunda ngalokho abantu abakwenzayo emsebenzini—futhi bekude nakho—ukuze bazidale bona kanye nomhlaba obazungezile. Isebenza kanjani indlela yakhe kuRS? U-Lebowitz wembula “izinto ezibambekayo zale miphakathi… ukuze abambe isakhiwo esiyisisekelo esiyidalayo.” Lokhu kuguquka kwezibalo kusebenzisa umugqa obomvu kuyo yonke incwadi. Ngokungabaza okwedlule, ufuna ukuthuthukisa “umbono omusha we-socialism ekhulwini lama-21.”
Esahlukweni sokuqala, “Umnotho Wokushoda,” uLebowitz ubheka ukuthi uhlelo olunjalo luzikhiqizele kanjani kabusha ngokwengxenye ngokuhlolisisa ukubhalwa kukaJanos Kornai, “owathatha…ingqondo yemali” ocwaningweni lwakhe lweRS. Lokhu kuyiphutha elikhulu, ngokusho kukaLebowitz. Ulandela ukuhlaziya kukaMarx ngesimiso sonxiwankulu ekubambeni ngokuthi, njenge-RS, sakhiqiza isigaba sabasebenzi okuthi “ngemfundo, umkhuba nangokwesiko sibheka izimfuneko zaleyondlela yokukhiqiza njengemithetho yemvelo ebonakala ngokwayo.” Imibuzo ebucayi yokulawulwa nokukhiqizwa kabusha ivela kulolu hlaka.
Omunye owokuthi obani ababengabaphathi bamabhizinisi ngaphansi kweRS? U-Lebowitz uhlehlisa ikhethini kulokho kanye nendima yabaphathi njengabahlanganyeli abakhuthele ohlelweni. Isibonelo, abaphathi bebhizinisi bahlanganyele kanjani nabahleli be-RS? Izimpendulo zibandakanya amalungelo abasebenzi, abangawawinanga, ngaleyo ndlela abakwazanga ukuwagcina. Lokhu kwehliswa kwabasebenzi amandla kukhuluma kakhulu ngeRS. Sifunda okwengeziwe ngale ngxenye yenkontileka yezenhlalo, u-Lebowitz ayibiza ngokuthi “i-vanguard relation of production” (VROP) echitha izinganekwane namaqiniso.
I-VROP iwuhlelo oluya phezulu phansi. Umbhali udweba izingxenye zayo eziningi ezinyakazayo esahlukweni sesithathu. Basuka eqenjini lokuqala kuye esigabeni sabasebenzi, ubunikazi bombuso nombuso, ukukhula kanye nokuphatha. Ingqikithi yezingxenye ezinjalo iwukucabangela okukhiqiza kabusha “umbhidisi noqhutshwayo,” iqembu elihamba phambili elikwaziyo okungcono kakhulu kwabaningi abasebenzayo.
Esahlukweni sesine, uLebowitz uphendukela emithethweni ye-vanguard kanye nemithetho ye-capital. Ziyasebenzisana futhi, ngokombono wombhali, ziveza ukuhlukana phakathi kwabaphathi, i-vanguard kanye nesigaba sabasebenzi ngaphansi kwe-RS. Osomnotho abangaphansi kwe-RS, abafana nabafowabo abangonxiwankulu, bagqoka izingubo zokuvala amakilasi, ngokusho kukaLebowitz. Uphakamisa ukuthi indawo eyimpumputhe yosomnotho be-RS yindima esebenzayo yabasebenzi. Ngokudabukisayo, lobu bumpumputhe bungasinaki iphutha elibulalayo lesimiso phakathi “kokucabanga nokwenza.” Leso sisekelo esiyiqiniso se-VROP siwukuphikisa kwentuthuko yomuntu, kubhala uLebowitz, nokuthi kungani inhloko-dolobha yaketula i-RS. Iqembu labahamba phambili lidinga ifomu elithile lesifunda. Amandla nobuthakathaka babaqhubi be-mineard abame ngaphezu kwesigaba sabasebenzi esiqhutshwayo buthinta umbhali esahlukweni sakhe sesithupha.
U-Lebowitz ukhipha “amagciwane e-socialism” ekubhidlikeni kwe-RS esahlukweni sakhe sokugcina. Isizukulwane sakhe semibuzo ethakazelisayo sivala ngezintathu “zezimfuneko ezisobala zokuthuthuka komuntu.” Umbhali ugoqa ngocingo lokudlula i-mineard marxism ngokubuyela “kufilosofi yakudala ye-praxis nenkululeko” yaseJalimane. Ngale ndlela, i-socialism yaleli khulu leminyaka ingahlanganisa abaqhubi abahlobene bobudlelwane bokubambisana ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwendawo yokusebenza.
I-bibliography namanothi ayasiza kubafundi, kusukela kubafundi kuya kothisha nangale kwalokho, abafuna ukuqonda okwengeziwe ngonxiwankulu kanye nesocialism. Ngincoma le ncwadi ngemininingwane yayo.
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Seth Sandronsky lives and writes in Sacramento (sethsandronsky@gmail.com).
Umculo
Indawo kaBryan Ferry I-Jazz Age:
Ukubuyekezwa nguJohn Zavesky
UBryan Ferry ufana noBilly Pilgrim, umlingiswa kaKurt Vonnegut Isilaha Sesihlanu, indoda hhayi ngempela futhi mayelana nesikhathi sayo. Ngenkathi i-Roxy Music iqala ukubonakala endaweni yesehlakalo ngo-1972, i-Ferry ebonakalayo yavela ngaphandle kokuthintana namanye amalungu eqembu. Isikebhe sigqoke njengomculi wegumbi lokuphumula kuyilapho uBrian Eno nabanye bebukeka sengathi bafike bevela kwenye iplanethi. Yize uFerry bekunguyena owayeshayela iRoxy Music, kusukela ekuqaleni kwalelo qembu uphinde wagcina umsebenzi wakhe eyedwa ohlukene neRoxy Music. Ngenkathi uFerry eqopha i-albhamu yakhe yokuqala eyedwa, Izinto zobuwula lezi, kwakuyirekhodi lamakhava ayehlanganisa ethi “Ucezu Lwenhliziyo Yami,” “It’s My Party” nesithi “I Love How You Love Me, " zonke izingoma eziculwa abesifazane kuphela kuze kube yileso sikhathi. I-albhamu iphinde yafaka nengoma yesihloko, "Lezi Zinto Eziwubuwula," izinga lama-1940s. Ngaphandle kokumangalisayo kukaHarry Nilsson Ukuthinta Okuncane kukaSchmilsson Ebusuku, asikho isenzo se-rock noma se-pop esasenza izindinganiso emuva ngo-1973, ngaphandle kweFerry.
I-Ferry ithathe lowo mqondo we-minstrel ohamba isikhathi waba ngokwedlulele kakhulu ngokukhululwa kwakhe kwakamuva, I-Jazz Age, futhi kumnandi kangakanani. I-Ferry, ngosizo lomhleli u-Colin Good, inqume ukuchaza kabusha izingoma zika-Roxy Music njengokungathi zenziwa i-Jungle Band kaDuke Ellington noma i-Hot Seven ka-Louie Armstrong. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi ukuthatha kukaFerry ngalezi zingoma kuhlukile, kodwa iqiniso lokuthi konke kugxile ezintweni zakhe siqu kunamakhava liyindida ngandlela-thile.
I-Jazz Age ibeka ukugxila kwayo ku-Ferry, kodwa nge-twist yomculo. Nakuba izinto zika-Roxy Music beziningi kakhulu izigcawu ezikhazimulayo ezivela kuzo, uFerry uzibuyisela kabusha kanye nezinto zakhe lapha. Le albhamu ibona ngeso lengqondo i-Ferry njenge-Cab Calloway yosuku lokugcina ehola i-orchestra yakhe eCotton Club. Aphelile amagama engoma. Eziningi zehliswa phansi futhi impendulo eyengeziwe yomculo kumthombo wendaba. Isibonelo, "I-Bogus Man" yehliswa isuka emizuzwini eyishumi yokuqala yehle iye ngaphezudlwana nje kwemizuzu emibili.
Akungabazeki ukuthi abalandeli abaningi be-Roxy Music bazonwaya amakhanda ngale CD. I-Jazz Age nakanjani iphrojekthi yokuyithanda noma yokuzonda. Kulabo abazimisele ukwamukela umsebenzi wakamuva we-Ferry, basesimweni esihle. Izingoma eziningi zithatha izinyathelo ezingaphezu kwezine noma ezinhlanu ngaphambi kokuba zibonakale. I-"Do the Strand" ilahlekelwa isiginci esinomsindo kanye ne-sax ekhalayo futhi iguqulwa ibe indaba edlalayo elula enezimpondo nemihlanga. I-"Love is a Drug" ilahlekelwa isigqi sayo se-disco futhi iguqulelwe inombolo ye-jazz eshisayo futhi "Isigqila Sothando" iguqulwa isuke ekubeni nenhliziyo encane yezinto eziwumthombo ibe inombolo yomdanso we-peppy. "Virginia Plain" isuka engomeni ehehayo ye-glam rock iye kwinombolo yokweqa yama-Lindy hoppers. "I-Avalon" iphuma njengengoma ungase uzwe ibhendi yasendaweni idlala endaweni yokuphuza yaseNew Orleans.
Kuyisinyathelo esinesibindi kanye nokuzitika okuhlanekezelwe ukuzama ukugxila emsebenzini womuntu siqu okuwukuphikisa komthombo. U-Ray Davies kanye nezinye izihlabani ze-rock asebekhulile banamandla okwenza kanjalo, kodwa abekho abane-Ferry' panache evuliwe. I-Jazz Age. Isikhalazo kuphela ukuthi amazwi eFerry ayingqayizivele, abuhlungu, futhi amahle awekho ngokusobala endabeni. Siyabonga ubuhle beFerry inabadlali abafana no-cornet nomdlali wecilongo u-Enrico Tomasso, umdlali wetromboni uMalcolm Earle Smith, kanye ne-reedmen u-Richard White, u-Robert Fowler, no-Alan Barnes ukuze banikeze izincazelo zomculo zalawo mazwi angekho.
Iminyaka engu-40, uBryan Ferry uzithathele eyakhe indlela yomculo. Ngezindlela eziningi I-Jazz Age ijwayelekile kakhulu eFerry. Indoda ibilokhu igobile lapho zonke izinkomba zingaphakamisa i-zag. Uhlale ehumusha kabusha izinto—kungaba nguDylan, uBrian Wilson, noma u-Cole Porter—ngakho-ke yini okufanele yethuke kangaka ngephrojekthi evuselela ezakhe izingoma? Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhetha kukaFerry ukuthi ayeke ukucula, ahlehlise izingoma bese azisungula kabusha njengeseshini ye-Roaring Twenties Top Ten ngokuqinisekile kuwumnyakazo wakhe omkhulu kakhulu okwamanje. I-Jazz Age shimmies, unyakazisa, bounce, futhi rolling like a speakeasy party. Ungaphuthelwa ubumnandi.
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Izindatshana zikaJohn Zavesky zishicilelwe ku-Counterpunch, I-Palestinian Chronicle, i-Dissident Voice, lo Los Angeles Times, nezinye izincwadi.
