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Izibuyekezo
neMelikaUkuthekelisa Okubulalayo Kakhulu: Intando yeningi
Iqiniso Ngenqubomgomo Yezangaphandle Yase-US kanye Konke Okunye
Ibhalwe nguWilliam Blum
London: Izincwadi ze-Zed, 2013, 304 pp.
Ukubuyekezwa nguJeremy Kuzmarov
Ngo-1967, uWilliam Blum wasula eMnyangweni Wezwe ukuze abhikishe ngeMpi yaseVietnam waqhubeka nokubhala Ukubulala Ithemba: Ukungenelela Kwezempi Yase-US kanye ne-CIA kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II futhi I-Rogue State: Umhlahlandlela oMandla oMhlaba kuphela. Encwadini yakhe yakamuva, Idemokhrasi Ebulala Kakhulu YaseMelika: Iqiniso Ngenqubomgomo Yezangaphandle Yase-US kanye Konke Okunye, i-Blum inikeza imininingwane emisha mayelana US inqubomgomo yangaphandle kanye nezindinganiso zayo eziphindwe kabili. Ubonisa imfashini kaChomsky-esque ngobuzenzisi bosopolitiki abaphambili nabahlaziyi bemithombo yezindaba abaqhubeka nokusho ukuthi ukungenelela kweMelika emhlabeni wonke akuzidela futhi kuklanyelwe ukusabalalisa inkululeko nentando yeningi uma kuqhutshwa izisusa zakudala zama impiriyali. UBlum ubhala “ukuqinisekisa iningi labantu baseMelika ngomusa wenqubomgomo kahulumeni yezangaphandle naphezu kobufakazi obuqand’ikhanda obuphikisa lokho kufanele nakanjani kubekwe njengenye yezenzo ezivelele zenkulumo-ze nokufundisa emlandweni wonke.”
Isahluko sikaBlum mayelana nokuhlasela kwe-US-NATO kwe Libya inokuqonda, njengoba ebekela inselele umbono wokuthi yakhelwe izinjongo zokusiza abantu. Noma ngabe iziphi izimfanelo zakhe zengcindezelo, u-Muammar Qadaffi usenesikhathi eside eyisilomo sabahleli bamasu baseMelika ngoba wahola iNhlangano Yobumbano Lwamazwe ase-Afrika (OAU) waphinde watshala imali. Libyaingcebo kawoyela ekuthuthukisweni komphakathi, ekhiqiza imiphumela engcono kakhulu yezempilo nezomnotho kukho konke Africa. Abezindaba baseNtshonalanga, kanye ne-Al Jazeera, bagqugquzele ukwesekwa kwalokhu kuhlasela ngokuqamba amanga bathi uQadaffi ubulale abantu bakhe, ngenkathi efihla ukucindezelwa okunobudlova kwababhikishi abasekela intando yeningi. Bahrain futhi I-Saudi Arabia, US amazwe amakhasimende athole ukuthunyelwa kwezikhali kuka-$60 billion kubaphathi baka-Obama.
Ukuhlasela kwe-US-NATO Libya kuqhathaniswa nemizamo yaseMelika yokuketula ChileSalvador Allende kanye VenezuelaU-Hugo Chavez, abaholi abakhethwe ngokwentando yeningi abakhuthaza ezinye izindlela esikhundleni se-neoliberal capitalism futhi bafuna ukwakha imiphakathi elinganayo. Lokhu kuhlasela kuphinde kwafana nokuqhunyiswa kwebhomu “lokusiza abantu” eKosovo ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1990, okwabulala izinkulungwane zezakhamizi, kwaqubula ukuhlanzwa kohlanga, futhi kwanikeza amandla iKosovo Liberation Army (KLA), eyayidlelana ne-al-Qaeda futhi yayaziwa ngokushushumbisa izidakamizwa nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa. izitho zomuntu.
Ngenkathi ethi ulwa ne-War on Terror, i- US sekuyisikhathi eside ivikela amaphekula aphiko lwesokudla futhi ikhuthaza ubuphekula, njengasekuqhunyisweni kwamabhomu Vietnam, Iraq, Futhi Afghanistan. Iphinde yagunyaza amaqembu ahlukumezayo nawokufa. Imithombo yezindaba evamile iye yasiza “ukwenza imvume” ngokucwenga ubugebengu bempi obusekelwa yi-US, ukunyundela izitha ezisemthethweni kanye nokuqhuba izindaba zonya eziqanjiwe. Ngokufana nama-Sandanistas ngeminyaka yawo-1980, u-Hugo Chavez wasolwa ngokuphikisana namaJuda ngaphandle kwesisekelo. Ukuthambekela kwakhe kokugunyazwa kuncane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa US amaklayenti afana no-Alvaro Uribe ku Colombia kanye nokuphathwa kukaBush ngemva kokuphasiswa kwe-USA Patriot Act. UMongameli wase-Iran uMahmoud Ahmadinejad, ngakolunye uhlangothi, akakaze akuphikise ukuqothulwa kwesizwe, noma wake wabiza Israel izosulwa kumephu njengoba osolwazi besolwa ngokuthola ukwesekwa okungenzeka kube nokuhlasela kwe-US-Israel.
Incwadi ka-Blum ihlanganisa imininingwane ecebile ngemisebenzi eyimfihlo ye-CIA eyaziwa kancane umphakathi, okuhlanganisa uxhaso lwezimali lwabamele amaqembu aphikisayo okhethweni lwaseNicaragua, kanye neqhaza le-CIA ekuzameni ukubhidliza umnotho. I-East Berlin ngeminyaka yawo-1950s, into ebalulekile ebalwa ekwakhiweni koDonga lwaseBerlin. UBlum ugcizelela ukuthi isimangalo sozungu lwamaKhomanisi wamazwe ngamazwe sasetshenziswa kanjani abahleli bamasu ukuze kwandiswe US ukungenelela kwenqubomgomo yangaphandle kuyo yonke iMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Ngenkathi beshesha ukuhlekisa ngemibono yetulo ezungeze ukubulawa kukaKennedy noma i-CIA, izazi-mlando ezivamile ziye zalwamukela kakhulu uzungu lwamakhomanisi, kuyilapho zibukela phansi ukugxeka kwabashisekeli. Izincwadi zeCIA zikaPhilip Agee kanye noJohn Stockwell azikhonjwanga ngisho kuzo New York Times Intatheli uTim Weiner's umlando okuthiwa uphelele weCIA.
Ngokugqugquzela iziteleka ze-drone kanye nokushushiswa kwabenzi bobubi be-Wikileaks abadalule US ubugebengu bempi esikhundleni sezikhulu zokuphatha uBush, ubumongameli buka-Obama bumele ukuqhubeka kunoguquko. Izimpawu zazibonakala ekuvoteleni kukaSenator Obama ngemali yempi kanye nasekuxhumekeni komndeni okungenzeka kube ne-CIA. Emhlanganweni wokulwa nempi ngo-1965, uMongameli weSDS uCarl Oglesby wacela izethameli ukuba “zicabange ngamadoda manje angonjiniyela bempi [ Vietnam]—labo abafunda amamephu, banikeze imiyalo, bacindezele izinkinobho, futhi babale abafile: Bundy, McNamara, Rusk, Lodge, Goldberg, President [Johnson] uqobo. Abazona izilo ezinesimilo. Bonke bangamadoda ahloniphekile. Bonke bangama-liberal.” Amazwi ka-Oglesby ahlala eqinile, njengoba neMelikaIzimpi zingunaphakade futhi zisekelwa ngokuqhubekayo abantu abakhululekile abafana no-Obama, u-Hillary Clinton, no-John Kerry.
Ithemba loshintsho lisemlandweni ongcwatshiwe wezihlubuki ze-GI kanye nokukhathala komphakathi okukhulayo nge-War on Terror. Incwadi ka-Blum, nezinye zalolu hlobo, zinganikeza ithuluzi elisebenzayo lokufundisa umphakathi ngezinto ezesabekayo ezenziwe egameni labo. Uhlanganisa izingcezu zokubhuqa kanye namahlaya okwenza incwadi iwufanelekele kahle lo msebenzi.
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UJeremy Kuzmarov ungumsizi kaprofesa womlando we-JP Walker University of Tulsa nombhali Ukucindezelwa Kwesimanjemanje: Ukuqeqeshwa Kwamaphoyisa kanye Nokwakhiwa Kwesizwe Ekhulwini LaseMelika (University of Massachusetts Press, 2012).
Ukubhekana Nokuswela Amakhaya
Ubumpofu, Ipolitiki, kanye Nokwehluleka Kwenqubomgomo Yezenhlalakahle
NguDavid Wagner noJennifer Barton Gilman
ULynne Rienner, 2012, 207 pp.
Isibuyekezo sika-Craig Hughes
Lapho ngihlala khona New York City, ukungabi nakhaya kusezingeni eliphezulu. Bangaphezu kuka-57,000 abahlala phakathi kwemigwaqo nezindawo zokukhosela kanti isibalo siphezulu kakhulu uma umuntu ebala labo abasemajele noma ezibhedlela ezingenamibhede ngaphandle kwalezi zikhungo noma mhlawumbe amakhulu ezinkulungwane aphindwe kabili ezindlini. Kuzwelonke, imindeni eyandayo ayinamakhaya. Abameli abangochwepheshe baqhubekile nokukhipha izingcingo zenqubomgomo, kodwa abanamandla amancane. Nakuba ukunyakaza kwabantu abangenamakhaya bekunemingcele futhi kunamandla amancane, ibanga phakathi kwabameli benqubomgomo yobungcweti—abantu abakhokhelwayo ukuze babe nemibono eqinile endabeni ethile—kanye nabantu abangenamakhaya abathintwe yizinqubomgomo lilokhu likhula njalo.
Kukulo mongo lapho uWagner noGilman Ukubhekana Nokuswela Amakhaya kubaluleke kakhulu. Umbuzo omkhulu wale ncwadi ukuthi kungani ukungabi namakhaya kwaba wudaba olusohlelweni lomphakathi ngeminyaka yawo-1980, kodwa kwagcina sekuholele ekutheni kube nokuhlehla emuva kanye nokufakwa kwezikhungo ngeminyaka yawo-1990.
U-Wagner noGilman banikeza ukubuka konke kokulandelana kwezikhathi kwenqubomgomo yokungabi nakhaya ehlala ihlanganisa imizabalazo yabantu abangenamakhaya, imizamo yokumela kanye nokushintsha kwenqubomgomo ibe indaba ehambisanayo. Ngenkathi ababhali benikeza isikhala esithile ekubekeni isigaba sokungabi nakhaya ekuxoxeni ngomlando wabo obanzi, inqwaba igxile “ekungabi nakhaya okusha” kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970. Umbono wokuthi “ufaneleka” kanye “nobumpofu ongafanelwe” uchaze imingcele yokuthi ubani othola uhlobo oluncane losizo nokuthi nini.
Ukubhekana Nokuswela Amakhaya kufaka phakathi ukuhlaziya amashumi eminyaka ezindaba zemidiya ezishicilelwe nakumabonakude, izincwadi zezindaba zezishoshovu, kanye nemibono yababhali evela emsebenzini ophambili nasekuhleleni. Bagxila “ekwakhekeni komphakathi” kwabantu abangenamakhaya: inqubo okwaphawuleka ngayo inkinga nokuthi yaqondwa kanjani umphakathi. Nakuba abantu abaningi abampofu bebelokhu bengenamakhaya, abezindaba baya ngokuya belubheka lolu daba ngeminyaka yawo-1980, benikeza ingxubevange yemiyalezo mayelana nezimbangela. Abameli babehlaba umxhwele ikhono labo, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwe-Reagan, lokudonsela ukunaka emananini akhulayo emigwaqweni nasezindaweni zokukhosela. Imizamo ka-Anti-Reagan izoba iphuzu lokuhlangana phakathi kwesobunxele, nakuba izingqinamba eziyisisekelo zobumpofu zedlula kakhulu izinqubomgomo zikamongameli ezicindezelayo futhi zihlanganisa izinguquko zesakhiwo emnothweni kanye nokuhlaselwa kwabantu abampofu ekuqaleni kweminyaka edlule.
Ekuqaleni, imithombo yezindaba yasakaza izindaba ezisho ukuthi ngisho nabesigaba esiphakathi bangagcina sebesemigwaqweni ngenxa yokuwohloka komnotho. Lokhu kwasiza ekwakheni “abangenamakhaya abasha” njengalabo abawela ezikhathini ezinzima futhi “abafanele” ukupha. Abameli abangenamakhaya baqale bacela indawo yokukhosela futhi bazama nokubeka ukungabi nakhaya njengendaba “engenzeka kunoma ubani”—nakuba, eqinisweni, kwakuwukuhlangenwe nakho okungenakulinganiswa kwabantu bemibala ezindaweni zasemadolobheni.
Njengezinye izinkinga ezihlobene nobumpofu ngaphansi kwe-Reagan, bobabili osopolitiki nabameli bafaka "ukungabi nakhaya" njengento ephuthumayo, hhayi indaba yesakhiwo. Kubameli abaningi, uma uReagan kanye namaRiphabhulikhi benomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhiqiza abangenamakhaya, khona-ke ukukhipha uReagan esikhundleni kuzoletha usuku olusha. Bagcizelele ama-Reaganomics yize ukungabi nakhaya bekulokhu kunyuka ngaphambi kokuba ngumongameli.
Phakathi neminyaka yawo-1980 kanye nawo-1990 uhulumeni wobumbano wafuna ukuhlukana nosizo lwezindlu zomphakathi, futhi indawo yokukhosela enezinkinga kanye nezindlu zesikhashana zaba yizimpendulo zikahulumeni ezivamile zokungabi namakhaya. Abameli abaningi batshale imali embonini yokukhosela kuyilapho abanye abantu abangenamakhaya befuna ukuqeda ngokuphelele uhlelo lokukhosela nokuzibophezela kombuso “ezezindlu, imisebenzi kanye nemali engenayo.” Ababhali baveza ukuthi ukungezwani okunjalo kwaphumela obala, ngokwesibonelo, lapho abantu abangenamakhaya bethatha inkantolo lapho iLegal Aid yayifake isicelo sokufuna izimo zokukhosela ezingcono. Ababhikishi bacasulwe yisicelo seLegal Aid sokuthi kube nezindawo zokukhosela ezingcono esikhundleni sezindlu. Ekupheleni kweshumi leminyaka, ngokusho kwababhali, “ababhikishi abangenamakhaya base behlanganise iziqubulo zezindlu, hhayi izindawo zokukhosela.”
Nakuba abanye abameli abangochwepheshe abaphambili kungenzeka ukuthi bavumelana nalokhu kuzwakaliswa, imboni yokukhosela ababesize ukuyingenisa futhi bafunga ukuthi izoyivikela kwakuyisithiyo sayo futhi ochwepheshe abaningi bagxilile ekunakekeleni kwayo. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1980s, ukuphumelela kwenqubomgomo enkulu kwaba wuMthetho Wosizo Lokungabi Namakhaya weMcKinney owawuxhaswe kakhulu ngezimali kanye nosizo lokudla. Abanye bakuphikisa lokho UMcKinney iphumelele ukuxabanisa abameli ukuze bathole uxhaso futhi baqhubekele phambili ngokugxila kakhulu emhlabeni wokubusa okunemibandela.
Njengoba ukungabi nakhaya kuchazwa njengenkinga ephuthumayo okufanele ixazululwe ukungenelela kwezinhlekelele, imizamo yokupha enomthelela olinganiselwe yavela emoyeni weminyaka yawo-1980 wokupha abantu abadumile. Ababhali bacaphuna umzamo we-Hands Across America okhuphule izigidi zamaRandi ngomthelela omncane. Lokhu kugxila ekusizeni abampofu kuhambisana nendlela ka-Reagan yezinkinga zomphakathi, ephusha umsebenzi wokuzithandela phezu kwesibopho sombuso. Lokhu kuwukuqonda okubalulekile, njengoba ukuzinikela kuye kwaqhubeka nokujatshulelwa njengempendulo efanele ezinkingeni zezombangazwe nezomnotho ngabaphathi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.
Ukuqonda komphakathi ngokungabi namakhaya, ngokusho kwababhali, kwakunomkhawulo futhi kungaqondakali. Ngenxa yezinkulumo zemithombo yezindaba nezombusazwe, kanye nabantu abababona emigwaqweni, abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi abantu abangenamakhaya abaphilanga kahle ngokwengqondo. Nakuba abameli abaningi bebefuna ukumisa ukungabi nakhaya njengento engase yenzeke kunoma ubani obhekene nezikhathi ezinzima, babhekane neqiniso lokuthi abaningi babengazi ngempela abantu abangenamakhaya futhi ibanga elinjalo lingaholela ekuphenduleni lapho le nkinga "entsha" ingekho. anyamalale ngokushesha. Imicimbi yokupha yehlulekile futhi umnyango ubuvulekele ukuhlehla.
Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yawo-1990, ababhali baphikisa ngokuthi, “ukukhathala kozwelo” kanye “nobugebengu” obudlangile kwase kuqalile. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho kwakwenziwa khona izibalo ezikhulayo zokulwa nokungabi namakhaya emadolobheni ahlukahlukene. Ku I-New York lokhu kubukeke njengemizamo yokuxosha abantu abangenamakhaya ezindaweni zomphakathi nakwezinye izindawo kubukeke njengokufaka imali yokukhosela nokunciphisa izinhlelo zokudla. Ku I-New York, le mizamo yobugebengu yaba yingxenye yemizamo yeMeya u-Giuliani yokucindezela “ikhwalithi yempilo” yokunquma ukunwetshwa kweDolobha. Ukungabi namakhaya kuye kwanda ukusungulwa kanye nezinye izindaba okwakuzobhekwana nazo ngezinsizakalo. Ukufaka izindaba zezombangazwe ezinjengokungabi namakhaya ezindleleni ezisemthethweni kubangela ukuthi “bangabi nepolitiki futhi bamiswe futhi bagcinwe kude nomphakathi.” Kulapha lapho ababhali behlakaniphe kakhulu.
Ukungabi nakhaya kwashabalala kakhulu ekubonakaleni kwabezindaba ngawo-1990. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi kwakwakhiwa kanjani ukungabi nakhaya ngeminyaka yawo-1980, ukhetho lukaBill Clinton lwabangela ukuthuliswa kokugxekwa. Nokho ClintonImizamo yokulwa nenhlalakahle yaqeda ilungelo lokuthola usizo lwemali kubantu abaningi abangenamakhaya noma abasengozini yokungabi namakhaya, kwaba nombhikisho omncane wesikhungo esisele.
Ukuqhubekela phambili, ukuhlolwa kwababhali kwemizamo kaGW Bush yokungabi namakhaya kunomkhawulo—ngamafuphi, abaphathi bakhe basize ekulungiseni ukugxila “ekungabini namakhaya okungapheli” futhi wajabulisa umkhakha wokuzithandela ngaphezu kwezinhlelo zokuxhasa ngezimali zokusiza abampofu. Ababhali baveza ngobuhlakani ukuthi “abantu abangenamakhaya” akunzima ukuwachaza ngempela nokuthi imizamo kaBush yokuqeda “ukungabi nakhaya okungapheli” incike ekuxazululeni izinkinga nasekuqondeni kwezokwelapha ngokungabi nakhaya—okuphambene nokuphendula imibuzo yobumpofu nezindlu ezithengekayo.
Okuqabula kakhulu ngale ncwadi emayelana nenqubomgomo ukuthi labo abafuna “ukuqeda ukungabi namakhaya” babekwe phambili. Okubandakanya ngokufanayo ukuzimisela kwababhali ukuxoxa ngokuthi abameli bangenelwa kanjani eziteshini ezisemthethweni—ngokuvamile besuka endimeni yabo njengabagxeki nababhikishi baye “kubaphathi bezinga lomgwaqo” emigwaqweni ehlukahlukene. US ipolitiki.
Ukuhlola kokugcina kwababhali kuyavusa inkanuko. Baphikisa ngokuthi “izinkinga zomphakathi ezithinta inani elincane labantu ngokuvamile zibuthakathaka kakhulu ukuba zingakha izinhlangano zomphakathi, ingasaphathwa eyokuba nemikhankaso yokhetho.” Ngokunjalo, baphikisana nomnyakazo omkhulu wobulungiswa bezomnotho futhi banikeze ukugxeka "kwezombangazwe zobunikazi" okusekelwe kakhulu ekungakwazini kwenani elincane labantu abancishwe amathuba ukuze benze inhlangano enkulu yezenhlalakahle ukubhekana nokungalingani nobumpofu. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukungabi nakhaya kuhlukile ekucindezelweni okusekelwe kokuthi ubani nokuthi “ipolitiki yokuzazisa” ngokuvamile iye yaba “isitayela kunokuba ibe ushintsho lwangempela lwezenhlalo nezombangazwe. Ngisho nalapho amaqembu esimanje amelene nobumpofu esebenzise inkulumo ethi “impi”, agxile kakhulu ekukhumbuzeni abanye ngokuba khona kwabantu abangenamakhaya nabampofu “ngemibuthano namamashi” ngaphandle kwemigomo ecacile nangaphandle komthelela ocacile.
Lena imininingwane ebalulekile futhi okufanele uyicabangele kakhulu. Isibonelo, ngisho noma incane ngenani, imizamo yamaqembu afana ne-ACT UP iholele ekuphepheni okukhulu kwabantu abane-HIV. Ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezindlela zamasu nezinhlangothi eziningi zesenzo esiqondile, phakathi kwezinye izici, kubangele ukuvunyelwa okubalulekile okuvela kuhulumeni. Ukwengeza, imizabalazo “yobunikazi” emnyombweni wayo imvamisa igxile emibuzweni yokwabiwa kwezinsiza kanye nokufinyelela—imvamisa futhi kube imizabalazo “yobulungiswa bezomnotho”. Mhlawumbe ngaphansi kodaba lweziphakamiso zenqubomgomo, umbuzo wokuthi “amamashi namarali” aphelelwe amandla kanjani ubonakala ubaluleke kakhulu ukubeka phambili. Okusho ukuthi, ngokukhula kwezimboni ezingenzi nzuzo, imizamo yokuhlela iye yasetshenziswa ngokwandayo isethi elinganiselwe yamaqhinga ahleliwe nadala, futhi aphikelelayo angenamthelela. Kodwa yimaphi amaqhinga angasebenza ukuze kubhekwane ngempumelelo nezindaba zobumpofu kuwumbuzo ovulekile. Izidingo zibalulekile, kodwa ukukhetha kwamaqhinga kubaluleke ngokulinganayo.
Lapho bedingida ngesidingo semizabalazo yobulungiswa bezomnotho, bathi i-Occupy Wall Street "yafaka ithemba lokuthi ezinye zezinkinga eziyinhloko ezisengozini (ubunxiwankulu nokungalingani kweholo) kungase kubhekwane nazo." Kodwa i-OWS ngandlela thize ingabonwa njengesibonelo sokuthi ukuthembela enkulumeni “yobulungiswa bezomnotho” kanye nokunciphisa izindaba ezindabeni zekilasi nakho kungaba nomkhawulo ngokwedlulele. Ekuphakameni kwayo ku New York City, I-Occupy yayinezici eziqinile zesigaba esimaphakathi kanye nezindaba ezibukelwa phansi zobumpofu ngamazwi, kuyilapho ngokuvamile yenqaba ukwenza izimfuno kuhulumeni.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, amaqhinga athola ukunakwa kwenhlangano ngokuvamile ayengekho emthethweni noma ayengokomthetho—ukuhlala emapaki, amamashi angavunyelwe, nokunye. Melika Ephakathi kucushiwe, kodwa izindaba zokungabi namakhaya nobumpofu azizange zinakekelwe—yize ngokuvamile kwakungabantu abangenamakhaya nabampofu ababehileleka ezenzweni eziqondile. Lapho ingcindezelo yombuso ibangela abalweli bezenzo eziqondile—ngokwesibonelo ukuhlakazwa ngesihluku kwe I-Zukoti Park umsebenzi, owawuphethwe kakhulu abantu abangenamakhaya nabampofu—inhlangano yashabalala kakhulu.
Unalezi zibonelo engqondweni, iphuzu lababhali lesidingo senhlangano enkulu yobulungiswa bezomnotho libonakala liyiqiniso—ukuthi umnyakazo onjalo uzokwakhiwa kanjani ngempumelelo kuwumbuzo ovulekile.
Lapha ku I-New York, njengakwezinye izindawo ezweni, kunesigaba esigxile ngokujulile sezikhulu ezingenzi nzuzo ezifaka imibono ngenqubomgomo kodwa, njengomthetho, aziguquli imigomo yenkulumo-mpikiswano. Ngezinye izikhathi babangela ukulimala okuqondile kulabo “ababamelayo”. Nokho, ukusabela okuhleliwe kwabantu abangenamakhaya bekulokhu kuncane. Umphumela ube umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwemizamo yabameli nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokunyakaza olukwazi ukuguqula isimo. Ababhali baqala ukusisiza ekuqondeni ukuthi kungani lokhu kungase kube njalo.
Ukubhekana Nokuswela Amakhaya kuwumnikelo obaluleke kakhulu ezingxoxweni zezinhlangano zomphakathi, ubumpofu, nokungabi namakhaya. Inemibono ebalulekile yezishoshovu ezinethemba lokuba neqhaza emizabalazweni yabantu abampofu. Futhi ifinyeleleka kalula futhi izahluko zayo eziningi zingathathwa kalula ngokwazo njengamaphuzu okuxoxisana ngawo emaqenjini ocwaningo azama ukuyiqonda futhi ahlele ukulwa nobubha. Kunconywe kakhulu.
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U-Craig Hughes uyilungu le-Team Colors Collective futhi uhlala kuyo New York City.
Umculo
Buyekeza
Isithombe sika-Eric Clapton Isokisi Elidala kanye nekhonsathi ye-Tribute, Uthando ngoLevon
Ukubuyekezwa nguJohn Zavesky
Umsebenzi ka-Eric Clapton manje usuthatha amashumi amahlanu eminyaka futhi uhlanganisa isigingci sokushayela se-psychedelic sikaCream, i-smoking blues/rock kaDerek kanye ne-Dominoes kanye nenqwaba yamahithi anobungane FM ahlanganisa “I Shot the Sheriff,” “Lay Down Sally,” “ Cocaine,” kanye “Nezinyembezi Ezulwini.” Ngokukhululwa kwakhe yedwa kwama-21, Isokisi Elidala, u-Eric Clapton akaseyena umshayi wesiginci oshisa indlu kuwo wonke amaculo. Uyenelisa ukuba mnandi. Lokho akuyona into embi ngempela. Phela, eneminyaka engu-68 nomzimba wakhe womsebenzi, uClapton akasadingi ukufakazela lutho.
Isokisi Elidala iqoqo lezingoma ezingu-12—amakhava angu-10 nezangempela ezingu-2. Umculo ushaya cishe wonke amaphuzu omsebenzi wezindaba zikaClapton, kusukela ku-reggae kuye ku-rock, kusukela ku-blues kuya kumazinga. Lona omunye walawo maphrojekthi "wenkanyezi yesivakashi", isinqamu ngasinye esiqukethe u-Clapton odlala nesitebele esihlukene sabaculi abahlanganisa u-Chaka Khan, u-Steve Winwood, u-JJ Cale, u-Taj Mahal, no-Paul McCartney. Abanye bangase bathi, uma kubhekwa indaba equkethwe, leli bekuyithuba eliphuthwe neqembu kanye nabaculi ababehlangene kulo msebenzi. Isokisi Elidala udlala kakhulu njengoClapton ehlangana neqembu labangane futhi adlale izingoma eziqondene naye siqu. Umfushane wokuvela endlini yakho, lokho kuwumfanekiso oseduze noma yimuphi umculi angawunikeza izethameli zakhe.
I-albhamu ivula ngokushintsha kwe-reggae kweka-Taj Mahal ethi “Further on down the Road” ekhumbuza ingoma kaClapton yasekuqaleni kwawo-1970, ethi, “I Shot the Sheriff,” uMahal enikeza isipele ku-harmonica ne-banjo.
“Ingelosi” ka-JJ Cale iqhathaniswa nethi “Tears in Heaven,” nomculo wayo omnandi wesiginci kanye namazwi athambile ahambisana nezinhlamvu ezibukhali. "Born to Lose" nguClapton ezweni lakhe elihle kakhulu. I-"Still Got the Blues" iyikhava enhle, ebonisa u-Steve Winwood ku-Hammond B-3. Inguqulo ye-reggae ka-Otis Redding ethi “Your One and Only Man” kanye neyokuqala ethi “Yonke Into Encane” izwakala njengokuphumayo kunezingoma okungenzeka ukuthi zancipha eminyakeni engu-15 noma engu-20 edlule.
Ukusikwa kwe-albhamu okuvelele kungenye yoqobo, "Gotta Get Over." Ingoma ivula ngokukhotha isiginci futhi izwakala sengathi ibizongena kahle esigcawini uClapton abecula noDelaney kanye noBonnie and Friends. UClapton uqhamuke nowinile edlala no-Paul McCartney ku-“All of Me,” kodwa akaliphakamisi izinga ngekhava yakhe ethi “Our Love is Here to Stay.” Okwenza le nguqulo ichofoze isitayela sikaClapton esizibekile kanye nomsebenzi omuhle wesiginci.
Li-Levon, inkokhiso kumculi nomshayi wesigubhu weqembu, u-Levon Helm, unokuningi okufanayo nokuncishiswa kwakamuva kukaClapton. I-CD ephindwe kabili iyajabulisa, kodwa yehluleka ukuphakamisa izinga kunoma iyiphi into ehlanganisiwe. Ingoma eyodwa egqamile ingeyokuqala ebhalelwe ikhonsathi. Inhloso ye-Benefit bekuwukuqoqa imali ye-Helm's "Barn," indawo ye-Midnight Rambles yakhe okwakuyimali yangempela ekuculeni umculo. Americana.
Iningi lokuqukethwe izingoma ezivela ku-The Band. Izinto eziwumthombo ziqinile futhi ingxenye enkulu izinguqulo ezenziwe ziyajabulisa. Lapho i-albhamu ihluleka khona wukungabikho kwephimbo eliyingqayizivele likaHelm. U-Warren Haynes uphendulela inguqulo eqinile ethi “Isimo Engikuso” futhi aphinde ahlangane no-Greg Allman ku-“Long Black Veil.” Zombili ziyizingoma ezinhle, kodwa ngaphandle kwamazwi kaHelm, kukhona okushodayo ekuxubeni.
Ikhonsathi, ebise- Izod Centre e-East Rutherford, eNew Jersey ngo-Okthoba 2012 ihlanganisa u-John Hiatt, uLucinda Williams, u-Allen Toussaint, uJoan Osborn, uMavis Staples, uJoe Walsh, uBruce Hornsby, uMarc Cohn, uJakob Dylan, uRoger Waters, noGarth. Hudson ukubala abambalwa nje.
UJoe Walsh ucula yedwa isiginci esivuthayo ku-“Up on Cripple Creek,” u-Dierks Bentley no-Garth Hudson bavula inguqulo eshunqayo ye-“Chest Fever,” kanti u-Joan Osborn ucula ingoma ethi “Don’t Do It.” Ingoma egqamile ye-albhamu, nokho, ekaMarc Cohn ethi “Listening to Levon,” evusa umsindo weThe Band. Bonke abalingisi bavale kusihlwa ngenguqulo yemizuzu eyisikhombisa nangaphezulu ethi "Isisindo."
Uthando ngoLevon uzalwa uthando lwalo mculi nomculo abewenza. Isokisi Elidala wazalwa ngenxa yothando lomculi wezingoma ezithile. Awekho ama-CD azothungela umhlaba ngomlilo, kodwa womabili ngama-albhamu amnandi akhombisa abaculi nezinto zabo. Endabeni yamaciko afana noClapton nalabo abasenkokhisweni kaHelm, kumnandi kuyinala.
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Izindatshana zikaJohn Zavesky ezikhuluma ngesiko zivele ezincwadini eziningi, kubandakanya the Los Angeles Times.