Umbiko wakamuva ovela ku-National Academy of Science of The United States (NAS), onesihloko esithi “Gene Drives on the Horizon: Advancing Science, Navigating Uncertainty, and Aligning Research with Public Values,” uyaxwayisa: “Omunye umgomo ongase uvele wokukhululwa kweGene. -I-Drive modified organism iwukubangela ukushabalala kwezinhlobo ezihlosiwe noma ukuncipha okukhulu kobuningi bazo.”
IGene Drives ibizwe ngokuthi “i-mutagenic chain reactions,” futhi emhlabeni webhayoloji iwuchungechunge lokusabela emhlabeni wenuzi. I Guardian ichaza iGene Drives “njengebhomu lofuzo.”
U-Kevin Esvelt we-MIT uyababaza, "ukukhululwa noma yikuphi kungase kukhululwe yonke indawo," futhi uyabuza, "Ingabe unalo ngempela ilungelo lokuqalisa isilingo lapho uma wenza iphutha, kuthinta umhlaba wonke."
Umbiko we-NAS ucaphuna icala lokuqothula i-amaranth njengesibonelo “senzuzo engaba khona.” Nokho, “ubuchwepheshe bomlingo” beGene Drives buhlala buyisipoki, noma “isikhali” soMnyango Wezokuvikela kaHulumeni wase-United States “isikhali” esiyimfihlo sokuqhubeka nempi yawo ku-Amaranthus Culturis.
Ucwaningo olushiwo ngenhla lwe-ghost-tech luxhaswe yi-DARPA (isipoki socwaningo se-Pentagon) kanye ne-Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (isipoki se-Microsoft Monopoly). I-DARPA ibimatasatasa. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi iMicrosoft BASIC yathuthukiswa kukhompuyutha enkulu ye-DARPA ngaphesheya komgwaqo ukusuka eMIT, eHarvard. Iphela kuphi i-DARPA futhi i-MIT iqala? Iphela kuphi iMicrosoft futhi iBill and Melinda Gates Foundation iqala. Ukuqondiswa kobuchwepheshe bethu kuye kwashiwo yi-DARPA-Mind, ingqondo yemishini eqeqeshelwe impi, futhi uGates uyaqhubeka nokuhlanganisa incazelo, njengoba nje uGates enzile emazweni ethu kanye ne-Green Revolution yenzile ekudleni kwethu.
Iplanethi yethu iye yashintsha ngokulingana, okwenza ibhalansi, iminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4.6. I-Homo sapiens yavela cishe eminyakeni engu-200,000 edlule. Eminyakeni engaba ngu-10,000 XNUMX edlule, abalimi bahlakulela ukukhethwa nokuzalaniswa kwembewu kanye nezolimo ezifuywayo zaqala. Ubuhlakani bomuntu buhlanganiswe nemvelo ukunikeza inala evumele ukuvela kwemiphakathi nezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ubuntu nemvelo kwavuselelana, kwasimamisa impucuko futhi kwanikeza amandla eNguquko Yezimboni.
Eminyakeni engamashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu edlule i-DARPA-Mind yaqala ukuhlolwa kwayo kokuqothula, futhi yathumela isintu ngaphandle kwe-axis. Amakhemikhali, izinto zokwakha, kanye nobuchwepheshe obutholwe phakathi “Nempi,” kanye namalungelo obunikazi (okuthakazelisayo, ilungelo lobunikazi lenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi ingeye-Texaco), kwaphoqelelwa ku-Amaranthus Culturis—The Cultures of Living Cycles. I-DARPA-Mind yayibiza ngokuthi “The Green Revolution,” yahlanganisa izincazelo zalawo magama amabili, futhi yaqala ukuqoqa amakhemikhali empi emasimini ethu. Akukho lutho “oluhlaza” noma “oluguquguqukayo” mayelana nokuqothulwa, kufanele kube igama lekhodi yesevisi eyimfihlo yokuhlasela manje esenamagama “Amadrayivu Ofuzo,” “CRISPR,” noma ngokunembe kakhudlwana, ubunjiniyela bofuzo.
- Injongo: dala izakhi zofuzo nge-palmer amaranth (maranthus palmeri, ebizwa nangokuthi i-pigweed), ukunciphisa noma ukuqeda ukhula emasimini ezolimo eNingizimu ye-United States.
- Isizathu: i-palmer amaranth ihlasela amasimu ezolimo kulo lonke elaseNingizimu Melika. Sekuguqukile ukumelana nomuthi wokubulala ukhula i-glyphosate, isibulala-khula esisetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni, futhi lokhu kumelana sekwandile endaweni.
I-Palmer amaranth ivele njengomunye wokhula olukhulu. Esikhundleni sokubona ukuvela kwe-palmer amaranth njengokhula olukhulu, ngenxa yokwehluleka kwendlela engalungile yama-GMOs amelana nokubulala ukhula, iMonsanto & Company—okuhlanganisa abatshalizimali, ososayensi, izinkampani, i-DARPA, kanye namaGates—manje sebejahe ukushayela Izinhlobo ze-amaranth zizoshabalala ngokusetshenziswa kwethuluzi elingahloliwe lokuhlela izakhi zofuzo—“Copy-Paste” yofuzo. Amathuluzi e-DARPA-Mind angahloliwe anomthelela wangempela emhlabeni wethu. Ubuhlakani budinga ukuthi sime, futhi sihlole ukuthi kungani ithuluzi lama-GMO lidala ukhula olukhulu, esikhundleni sokulawula ukhula, njengoba lalithembisile. Ukuhlola okunjalo kuyisayensi yangempela. Umbiko we-DARPA-Mind usho ngokunganaki ingozi engase ibe khona: “Izakhi zofuzo ezenzelwe izinjongo zezolimo nazo zingaba nemiphumela emibi empilweni yabantu. Ukudluliswa kwedrayivu yokucindezela ezilwaneni zasendle ezingahlosiwe kungaba nemiphumela emibi yemvelo kanye nemiphumela eyingozi ezitshalweni zemifino, isibonelo. I-Palmer amaranth ku-Case Study 6 iwukhula olulimazayo e-United States, kodwa uhlobo lwe-Amaranthus oluhlobene luyatshalwa ukuze ludliwe eMexico, eNingizimu Melika, eNdiya naseShayina.”
Ukuhlola kwesayensi kungasitshela ukuthi izitshalo zishintsha ukumelana nemithi yokubulala ukhula okufanele izibulale ngoba zihlakaniphile, futhi ziyaguquguquka. Ukuphika ukuhlakanipha ekuphileni, nokuphika ukuziphendukela kwemvelo akungqubuzani nesayensi. Muva nje, abahlomuli bakaNobel abangu-107—kuhlanganise nabangu-2 osekunesikhathi eside badlula—basayine incwadi esekela ukwakhiwa kwezakhi zofuzo. Ngokusobala isayensi ayizange ikushukumise lokho kuxhumana.
Umsuka we-Amaranth-igama elithi amaranth elisho okuphakade nokungafi kokubili kwesiGreki nesi-Sanskrit-kuhlanganisa izindlu ezimbili ezesabekayo Zomhlaba wasendulo. Kusukela emithambekeni ephakeme yezintaba ze-Himalaya, udabule emathafeni asenyakatho, enkabeni naseningizimu yeNdiya, kuya ogwini olusempumalanga, entshonalanga, naseningizimu, i-amaranth iyisizinda sempilo ngokwayo. Izinhlobo eziningi zitholakala ezweni lonke. Eqinisweni, isifunda sase-Himalaya singesinye sezikhungo zokuhlukahluka kwe-amaranth.
I-Amaranth inothile ngamagama, umsoco, umlando kanye nencazelo. Kunamarekhodi okutshalwa kwe-amaranth eNingizimu naseMeso Melika kusukela ngo-5,000 BC I-amaranth criss engcwele-inqamula Umhlaba Wasendulo, amasiko awondlayo kusukela e-Andes kuya ezintabeni ze-Himalaya. I-Amaranth iwuhlamvu olungcwele lwempucuko yaseNdiya njengoba injalo kwimpucuko yama-Aztec. Ukuphoqelela ukutshalwa kwezitshalo zemali ezingadayiswa kalula, ukutshalwa kwe-amaranth kwakunqatshelwe, futhi kujeziswe ngokufa. Okusanhlamvu kobuqaba okwakha impucuko kwenqatshelwe ukuze kuvulele abahwebi indlela yokutshala imali—i-amaranto.com iyabika: “I-Amaranth yayisetshenziswa futhi njengesitshalo semikhosi embusweni wama-Aztec. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, ikhalenda lezenkolo, ama-Aztec noma ama-Inca abesifazane bagaya noma gazinga imbewu ye-amaranth, bayixuba noju noma igazi lomuntu, bayinikeze isimo sezinyoni zenyoka, izinyamazane, noma izintaba nonkulunkulu, bayidla ngenhlonipho nangokuzinikela njengokudla kwezinyoni. onkulunkulu.”
Amaqabunga e-amaranth aqukethe insimbi eningi kunespinashi, futhi anokunambitheka okubucayi kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwe-rice bran, okusanhlamvu kwe-amaranth kunokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwensimbi phakathi kokusanhlamvu. Ikhilogremu elilodwa likafulawa we-amaranth, ofakwe kukhilogremu kafulawa kakolweni ocolisisiwe, ukhuphula insimbi yawo isuka ku-25 milligrams iye ku-245 milligrams. Ukwengeza ufulawa we-amaranth kufulawa kakolweni/irayisi kuyindlela eshibhile futhi enempilo yokuvimbela ukuntuleka kwegazi emzimbeni; kunokuba uthenge amaphilisi abizayo, izinto zokuthambisa, iziphuzo zezempilo, ufulawa ofakwe uphawu kanye ne-bio, noma isipinashi esifakwe ethini.
I-amaranth inothe kakhulu kuma-carbohydrate namaprotheni ayinkimbinkimbi. Inamaprotheni amaningi ngamaphesenti angu-12-18 kunezinye okusanhlamvu, ikakhulukazi i-lysine—i-amino acid ebalulekile. Iphinde ihluke kokunye okusanhlamvu ngoba amaphesenti angama-65 atholakala egciwaneni namaphesenti angama-35 ku-endosperm, uma kuqhathaniswa nesilinganiso samaphesenti ayi-15 egciwaneni namaphesenti angama-85 ku-endosperm kokunye okusanhlamvu. Uma ufulawa we-amaranth uxutshwa 30 kuya ku-70 nofulawa werayisi noma ufulawa kakolweni, ikhwalithi yamaprotheni iyakhuphuka, isuka ku-72 iye ku-90, futhi 32 kuya ku-52, ngokulandelanayo. Uhlamvu lwe-amaranth lumayelana nomthombo ocebe kakhulu we-calcium, ngaphandle kobisi. Inamagremu angu-390 e-calcium uma kuqhathaniswa namagremu angu-10 elayisi, namagremu angu-23 kufulawa ocolile.
Izinhlobonhlobo zemifino ye-amaranth iyinto edliwayo emangalisayo ekhula ingalinywanga emasimini ethu. Ziwumthombo omkhulu wokudla okunomsoco. Ngamagremu ayi-100, imifino ye-amaranth ingasinika amagremu angu-5.9 weprotheyini, ama-milligrams angu-530 e-calcium, ama-milligrams angu-83 e-phosphorous, ama-milligrams angu-38.5 ensimbi, ama-microgram angu-14,190 e-carotene, ama-microgram angu-179 e-Vitamin-C, ama-milligram angu-122 we-magnesium.
I-Amaranth inothe cishe ngamaphesenti angu-500 nge-carotene kune-GMO Golden Rice, ethuthukiswa njengesimangaliso sesikhathi esizayo sokubhekana nokushoda kwe-Vitamin A.
Owesifazane ompofu kakhulu, ongenamhlaba kanye nezingane zakhe bathola ukudla okunomsoco ngesipho somusa se-amaranth. Ezolimo zezimboni—ezigqugquzelwa inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US—zaphatha imifino ye-amaranth “njengokhula,” futhi zazama ukuziqothula ngezibulala-khula. Kwabe sekufika iMonsanto, enezitshalo ze-RoundUp Ready, ezakhiwe ngofuzo ukuze zimelane nokufuthwa kwe-RoundUp ukuze isitshalo se-GMO sisinde kumakhemikhali ayingozi, kuyilapho yonke enye into eyayiluhlaza yonakala. Njengoba kwashiwo abakhulumeli be-Monsanto phakathi nezingxoxo ze-Convention on Biodiversity (CBD), ama-GMO amelana nokubulala ukhula “avimbela ukhula ekuntshontsheni ukukhanya kwelanga.”
Le DARPA-Mind Worldview Ihlanekezelwe
Okokuqala, yini ukhula kuMonsanto ukudla nokudla kwabantu baseNingizimu. Okwesibili, ilanga likhanya ngokuchichimayo kubo bonke. Ukwabelana ngesibusiso selanga kuyilungelo lazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane. Ku-amaranthus culturis—izwe lezinto eziphilayo ezinhlobonhlobo kanye nelanga—ukuntuleka akujwayelekile, kunenala nje. Ukwabelana ngokuchichimayo kudala inala. Akukhona ukweba. Ukweba umqondo odalwe yi-Monsanto & Company. Lapho abalimi bonga futhi babelana ngembewu, iMonsanto ingathanda ukukuchaza “njengokweba.” Lapho ilanga likhanya emhlabeni futhi izitshalo zikhula, i-Monsanto ingathanda ukuyichaza njengezitshalo "ezintshontsha" ukukhanya kwelanga, kuyilapho i-Monsanto ibeka i-biodiversity yethu yangasese.
Yile ndlela kanye indlala yembewu kanye nendlala yokudla kwakhiwe ngayo ngombono womhlaba oguqula ukunotha kokuhlukahluka kube ukulima okukodwa, inala ibe ukushoda. I-paradigm yobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo isekelwe ekunqumeni ufuzo kanye nokunciphisa izakhi zofuzo. Kusekelwe ekuphikeni kokuzihlela, amandla okuziphendukela kwemvelo ezinto eziphilayo. Iphatha izinto eziphilayo njengesethi ye-Lego. Kodwa impilo ayiyona i-Lego, iyinhlangano eyinkimbinkimbi, ehlelekile, eguquguqukayo.
Ilungelo lokuthola ukudla nokondleka kwabantu abangaphandle kwase-US, kanye nelungelo le-amaranth lokuqhubeka nokukhula nokuthuthuka futhi londle abantu, lingacinywa ngamadoda anamandla e-US ngoba wonakalise ukulima kwawo ngezitshalo ze-RoundUp Ready, futhi manje bafuna ukungcolisa iplanethi, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukudla, kanye nezinhlelo zezolimo ngamaGene Drives ukuze kuqothulwe izinhlobo zezilwane.
Njengasendabeni yama-GMO, ukujaha kwama-Gene Drives, kanye nokuhlelwa kofuzo okusekelwe ku-CRISPR kuxhunywe kumalungelo obunikazi. UBill Gates uxhasa ngezimali ucwaningo oluholela kumalungelo obunikazi. Futhi yena, nabanye osozigidigidi, utshale izigidi ezingu-130 zamaRandi enkampanini, i-EDITAS, ukukhuthaza lobu buchwepheshe. I-Bayer, ubuso obusha be-Monsanto & Company, itshale izigidi ezingu-35 zamaRandi ku-GMO Technologies entsha, futhi yenza imali eyizigidi ezingu-300 eminyakeni engu-5 ezayo. I-“Biofortification” inikezwe umklomelo wokudla womhlaba ka-2016, nokho i-biofortification iphansi kunomsoco ohlinzekwa yizinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nolwazi lwendabuko. Amandla afanayo akhuthaza i-biofortification aphinde akhuthaze ukuqedwa kwezitshalo ezinomsoco njenge-amaranth, kanye namasiko omdabu acebile okudla.
Iphrojekthi yokuqothula izinhlobo zezilwane ngamabomu iyicala elibhekiswe kwendalo nasesintwini. Kwakuyicala lapho u-Bayer nabanye, bakwa-IG Farben, beqothula amaJuda emakamu okuhlushwa, futhi kuseyicala namanje. Wona kanye lo mbono wokuqothula ubugebengu. Ukuthuthukisa amathuluzi okuqothula engutsheni yokusindisa umhlaba kuyicala. Ubugebengu okungamele buvunyelwe ukuthi buqhubeke.
I-DARPA-Ingqondo Ayisebenzi
Singamalungu oMndeni Womhlaba. Zonke izinhlobo zezilwane, zonke izinhlanga ziyilungu Lomphakathi Womhlaba owodwa. Asikwazi ukuvumela amanye amalungu oMndeni wethu Womhlaba ukuthi azabele wona amandla namahubri okunquma ukuthi ubani ozophila, nokuthi ubani ozobhujiswa.
Ukuhlolwa kwesayensi kokwehluleka kwemithi yokubulala ukhula kanye nama-GMO ukulawula ukhula, kanye nempumelelo yezolimo zemvelo ekulawuleni izinambuzane nokhula ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amathuluzi anobudlova kuzosiholela ku-paradigm-shift kusuka ekulimeni kwezimboni kuya kwezolimo zemvelo-kuya emasikweni angunaphakade. .
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UVandana Shiva uyisifundiswa saseNdiya, isishoshovu sezemvelo, kanye nombhali omelene nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke wezincwadi ezingama-20. Ishicilelwe okokuqala ku Inkathi yase-Asia.