Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungubani noma uhlalaphi, i-Monsanto ihlasele impilo yakho. Umsabalalisi omkhulu wembewu emhlabeni wonke wembewu, amakhemikhali ezolimo, kanye ne-biotechnology ayithinti abalimi kuphela, kodwa umhlaba namasiko awo wonke umuntu otshala noma odla ukudla kule planethi, kusho uSolwazi Wezobuciko Wezindaba wase-University of Iowa (UI) uSarah Kanouse. "Ayikho indawo ethintwa amakhemikhali eMonsanto," kusho uKanouse. โAyikho indawo engazange ibe nomnotho wabo, i-eco-system yabo, yona kanye imizimba yabo engcoliswe yinani lemikhiqizo yabo. Muva nje ama-GMO, kodwa esikhathini esidlule i-Dioxin nama-PCB, i-Asparteme, nazo zonke lezi zinto.โ
Ilungu le-Compass, iqoqo elikhulu lamaciko nezishoshovu ezisebenzisanayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubulungiswa bezenhlalo nezemvelo, u-Kanouse uhlele ukulalelwa kwecala lokuhlekisa amahora amathathu ngoMgqibelo, 21 Ephreli, ehholo elincane lesikole somthetho. Icala liqale ngesikhathi kungena โamajajiโ amahlanu abegqoke izingubo ezimnyama ehlala emsamo.
U-Kanouse usebenze njengommeli wabantu futhi wamemezela ukuthi bebengaphoqelekile ukuthi banikezwe ngisho nanjengoba iMonsanto inesabelomali esanele sokukhangisa, ubudlelwano bomphakathi, ukunxenxa, nokunye. Ubalule ukuthi izwe lamazwe ngamazwe linempahla eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-17 kanye nemali engenayo yonyaka engu-$10.5 billion.
Owokuqala owafakaza kwakungumakadebona okwavela esikrinini isithombe esirekhodiwe. Echayeke ku-Agent Orange ngenkathi eseVietnam, uBill Kapp wathola i-Hepatitis C futhi waya eMayo Clinic ukuze athole ukwelashwa kwe-Interferon eminyakeni eyisithupha edlule. Lokhu kwaholela ekundindizeleni okungapheli engalweni yakhe yangakwesokudla. โNgaphambi kokuthi ngithathe imishanguzo ngakwazi ukuzakhela umuzi wami,โ esho, ingalo yakhe ibonakala iqhaqhazela. "Manje angikwazi ukushwiba isando."
Nakuba ayekhutshaziwe ukwelashwa, umphumela oqinisekiswe yi-Veteran's Hospital e-Iowa City, uMonsanto waphunyuka umthwalo wemfanelo wezomthetho.
IMonsanto, uMthetho, kanye Nemvelo
U-Kanouse uthi ukusebenzisa inqubo yezomthetho mbumbulu ukufuna ukuziphendulela kuletha imibuzo mayelana nohlelo lwezomthetho. Uthi: โEmpeleni, inqubo yezomthetho inezigaba ezimbalwa. โKuyithuba lobufakazi obukalwa, ukuze abantu beze ngaphambili bakhulume, kunqunywe iqiniso nokulimala, futhi kwenziwe ukubuyiselwa. Esikubonile kaningi ngamacala amaningi abhekene neMonsanto wukuthi uhlelo lwezomthetho lusetshenziswa kakhulu imali.โ
Umphumela, kusho u-Kanouse, ukuthi umthetho okhona uqaphela kuphela izinhlobo ezithile zokulimala ezingakalwa ngokomzimba noma ngokwezimali, okushiya ukulimala okungaphatheki kakhudlwana okungabonakali ohlelweni lwethu lwezomthetho. "Liyini inani futhi ikuphi ukuma kokuziphatha komfula noma izimvemvane noma inhlanzi?" uyabuza. "Zonke lezi izidalwa ezingenakubuyiselwa enkantolo yomthetho."
Sekuyisikhathi eside abantu abaningi besola ukuxhumana phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali kanye ne-Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) ebidla izinyosi emhlabeni wonke. IPoland isanda kuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kommbila weMon810 weMonsanto, okwenza kube izwe lokuqala ukuqaphela umthelela wama-GMO ezinyosini.
Uhulumeni wobumbano, uthintwe ama-lobbyists kanye nokuxhasa ngezimali umkhankaso, wenze okuncane ukuvikela abathengi, abalimi be-organic, noma imvelo. OwayenguMbusi wase-Iowa u-Tom Vilsack, inkampani yakhe yabameli yavikela i-Monsanto emacaleni asenkantolo, waqokwa nguMongameli uBarack Obama njengonobhala wezolimo, okuwukungqubuzana okusobala kwezintshisekelo.
โUkuhlukunyezwa okubi kakhulu kweMonsanto kwenzekile, hhayi e-United States, kodwa nakwamanye amazwe,โ kusho uKaouse, ephawula indlela iMonsanto eyaphusha ngayo ezolimo ngamakhemikhali eNdiya.
I-Bt Cotton kaMonsanto Inhlekelele EyaseNdiya
Ukotini nesitshalo seqanda (brinjal) bekuyizilimo ezimbili ezinenzuzo kakhulu eNdiya. Abafundi ababili be-PhD abavela eNdiya abazibiza ngokuthi โUkotiniโ kanye โnoBrinjal,โ bakhulume ngomonakalo owenziwe iMonsanto emapulazini kakotini nama-eggplant ezweni lakubo. โENdiya, ngenxa yokuhluleka kwesivuno nokukhuphuka kwentengo yembewu, abalimi abampofu abasafufusa baqala ukuwa futhi laba balimi abadonsa kanzima baqala ukuzibulala,โ kusho uCotton. โNgokuvamile, babezibulala ngokuphuza isibulala-zinambuzane esifanayo naleso iMonsanto abanikeze sonaโokuwubufakazi obushaqisayo bezinga iMonsanto eye yalimaza ngayo ukuphila kwabalimi bethu.โ UCotton uthe bangaphezu kuka-17,000 2009 abalimi abazibulala ngo-2002, unyaka abagcina ukuwubala. Wabe esechaza ukuthi iMonsanto yaqala kanjani ukujova imbewu eyingxube kakotini yaseNdiya nge-bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) i-bacterium enhlabathini esiza ukulwa nezinambuzane zikakotini. I-Monsanto ibambisene neMahyco, inkampani yaseNdiya, kanye nezithembiso kubalimi mayelana nesivuno esikhulu kanye nokusetshenziswa okuncane kwezibulala-zinambuzane. Ukotini we-Bt wagunyazwa ukusetshenziswa ngokuhweba ngo-XNUMX.
โAbalimi ababethenga imbewu kakotini ngamadola ayisi-7 ngaphambili manje kwadingeka bathenge ukotini we-Bt ngama-$40,โ kusho uCotton. Intengo ephezulu bekufanele ifaneleke njengoba ukotini we-Bt uzolwa nazo zonke lezi zinambuzane futhi ngeke zidinge izibulala-zinambuzane. Kodwa, zonke lezi zinto ababezithembisile zizokwenzeka ngokusekelwe kulokho abakubona emalebhu, akusebenzanga phansi.โ
Ukotini uthe ukotini we-Bt uhlulekile ngokuphelele futhi ushiye abalimi besezikweletini ezinkulu zezomnotho. โI-Bt cotton yehlulekile ukuvimbela ukuhlasela kwe-bollworm eyayiklanyelwe yona futhi abalimi kusadingeka bafafaze izibulala-zinambuzane kwezinye izinambuzane,โ kusho uCotton. Ngakho-ke akuvelanga nje kuphela izinambuzane ezinkulu ezimelana nezifo, ukotini we-Bt wabonakala usengozini enkulu yezinambuzane nezifo kunezinhlobo zendabuko. IMonsanto neMahyco basole abalimi abampofu ngokungacheleli ngendlela efanele amasimu abo.โ
Ukotini udlalwe ngu-Abhilash Kizhakke Puliyakote, umfundi we-PhD wobunjiniyela bezinto eziphilayo okholelwa ekusetshenzisweni kocwaningo lwesayensi ukuze kuthuthukiswe izimpilo zabantu, kodwa kuphela ngemva kokuhlolwa okuqinile kanye nezifundo ezibuyekezwe ontanga, ngemvume enolwazi.
IBrinjal, okusho ukuthi isitshalo seqanda, yadlalwa nguRenu Pariyadath, umfundi we-PhD ezifundweni zokuxhumana eNyuvesi yase-Iowa. UBrinjal uthe iMonsanto ihlela nokwethula ukudla kweGM okuzodliwa ngabantu okokuqala ngqa. Kunezinhlobo ezingu-2,500 zesitshalo seqanda eNdiya. โBebefuna amagundane aselabhu ayisigidi ukuze bawahlole,โ kusho yena. โKodwa, sifunde isifundo ku-Bt ukotini. I-Genetic Engineering Approval Committee e-India yavumela i-Bt brinjal ukuthi ilinywe ngenjongo yokudayisa ngo-Okthoba 2009. Ososayensi, abalimi, izishoshovu ezimelene noGM bathukuthele futhi bazwakalisa ukukhathazeka kwabo ngemibhikisho yomphakathi ezweni lonke.โ
UBrinjal waphawula ukuthi abantu ezweni lonke bazila ukudla usuku olulodwa olugcwele ngoJanuwari 2010, usuku olwaluphawula isikhumbuzo sokushona kukaMahatma Gandhi, "Ukubhikishela ukulahlekelwa yinkululeko esiyizuze kanzima futhi sivikele ubukhosi bethu bokudla," kusho yena. "Izifundazwe eziyishumi nantathu eNdiya zihlangene kulo mzabalazo wokulwa neBt brinjal futhi ekugcineni sanqoba."
Uhulumeni wase-India ubeke umthetho wokumisa i-Bt brinjal, kodwa kuze kube yilapho kwenziwa izivivinyo ezengeziwe futhi itholakala iphephile ukuze abantu bayidle.
UPuliyakote kanye noPariyadath bobabili bangamalungu e-Association for Indiaโs Development (AID), inhlangano yamavolontiya esebenza emzabalazweni omelene noGM eNdiya. I-AID ingumsekeli wemiklamo eqhubekayo yokuthuthukisa emazingeni aphansi eNdiya. "Saqala isahluko sabafundi se-AID ngonyaka odlule eNyuvesi yase-Iowa futhi sacabanga ukuthi isinyathelo seMonsanto Hearings sasiyoba indlela enhle yokwazi abanye ababenesithakazelo ezimbangela ezifanayo nathi," kubhala uPariyadath ku-imeyili yakamuva. "Ukulalelwa kwe-Monsanto bekuyithuba elihle kakhulu kithi lokuveza usizi lwabalimi baseNdiya abangakwazi ukulwa nezinkampani futhi badinga izwi elikhulu."
Ukondla Umhlaba
UScott Koepke, isishoshovu sokudla sendawo esifundisa abantu abasha ngokubaluleka komhlabathi onempilo ekukhiqizeni ukudla, ulethe ubhasikidi endaweni yokuma. "Ukudla kudinga ukudla kuqala," kusho uKoepke etshela abafundi bakhe. Ufake isandla kubhasikidi wakhipha inhlabathi emnyama enothile egcwele isandla wathi alikho izinga eliphephile likamanyolo wamakhemikhali, awuphephile noma awubalulekile.
Wakhuluma โngomphumela olimazayo omangalisayoโ amakhemikhali anawo enhlabathini, awenza ufe. Uthe izinqubo ze-organic zakha umhlabathi ukuze ube nendawo eqinile, okwenza imisoco ebalulekile itholakale ekudleni. Ebambe izikelemu azikhipha emhlabathini, wachaza ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokulingana. "Isibulala-zinambuzane siwukubulala," esho. Isibulala-zinambuzane esingcono kakhulu inhlabathi enempilo.
Amandla eMonsanto vs Amandla Abantu
Abanye ofakazi banikeze ubufakazi mayelana nomonakalo owenziwe endaweni ezungezile kusukela ekuphathweni kwezakhi zofuzo zeMonsanto kanye nomthelela wemali yeMonsanto ezikhungweni zocwaningo kanye nezinhlangano ezilawulayo, kanye nezinhlelo zethu zezombangazwe, zomthetho, nezolimo.
U-Kanouse uthi akudingekile ukuba umelane nama-GMO noma isayensi ukuze ukhathazeke ngendima iMonsanto ibe nayo ekuguquleni ezolimo. โAkudingeki ukuthi ube umlimi wezinto eziphilayo ukuze ulinyazwe ngandlela thize iMonsanto ikhiqiza umjikelezo wokuncika, ngisho nakubalimi abavamile, lapho kuncipha khona ukwenza noma yini ngaphandle kwesekethe yabo. Futhi lokho kuyinto okufanele, ngicabanga ukuthi, kufanele ikhathaze wonke umuntu, ngisho nakulabo asebengabalimi bamakhemikhali iminyaka eminingi.โ
Esitatimendeni esakhishwa ngaphambi kwecala, iKomidi Lokuxhumanisa LeDolobha lase-Iowa le-Compass labhala: โNgaphansi komthetho wamanje, iMonsanto inikezwa amalungelo โomuntuโ osemthethweni, kuyilapho abantu abangezona izakhamuzi kanye namanxusa angewona abantu endaweni yethu yokuphila bengaziwa. Ngisho necala elingokomlando lesenzo sekilasi elethwa iMonsanto ngabalimi bezinto eziphilayo, esilisekela ngokugcwele, kufanele linyathele ezindabeni zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu belungelo lobunikazi kanye nokuphulwa kwelungelo lobunikazi ngokuphathelene nokudla okushintshwe izakhi. Isiphakamiso sethu wukucubungula lezi zinkinga ngokugcwele futhi siphakamise zonke izinto eziphilayo njengabamangali abangaba abamangali ku-akhawunti yobugebengu beMonsanto. "
โNgibona ubuciko njengesikhala lapho sifunda khona ukucabanga ngendlela ehlukile futhi sibone ngendlela ehlukile,โ kusho uKanouse. โNoma ngabe lowo ngumdwebo noma umcimbi ofana nalona. Ekugcineni sinethemba lokuthi le phrojekthi izoba yinto engathathwa abantu esingabazi okwamanje abangabamba lezi zingxoxo emiphakathini yabo.โ
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UGloria Williams uyintatheli ezimele, isishoshovu, kanye nelungu le-War Resisters League. Izithombe kulesi sihloko zithathwe nguWilliams.