When Alfred Kinsey eshicilelwe Ukuziphatha ngokocansi ku-Male Male ngo-1948, wafaka izwi eliqinile lesexwayiso kubafundi bakhe: “inqobo nje uma ucansi lusasingathwa ekudidekeni kwamanje kokungazi nokuqonda, ukuphika nokuzitika, ukucindezelwa nokugqugquzela, ukujezisa nokuxhashazwa, imfihlo nokuboniswa, kuyoba okuhlotshaniswa nokuba yimpinda nokungahloniphi okungaholeli ekuthembekeni kwengqondo noma ekuhloniphekeni komuntu.” Eminyakeni engu-60 elandela ucwaningo lukaKinsey oluyisisekelo, ukusungulwa kokuthatha izinqumo kwe-US bekulokhu kukushaya indiva ukusola kwakhe, kuncamela ukuphishekela izinqubomgomo eziyingozi eziqhubekisela phambili i-ajenda yazo yokuphendula.
Enye yalezi zinqubomgomo imfundo yokuzithiba kuphela ngocansi, efundisa ukuthi ukuzithiba uze ushade ukuphela kwenketho ephephile neyamukelekayo entsheni nentsha. Lezi zifundo zigwema yonke ingxoxo yezindlela zokuvimbela inzalo nokusebenzisa kwazo noma zigcizelela kuphela izinga lokungaphumeleli kwemishini evamile njengamakhondomu namaphilisi okulawula inzalo. Kusukela ngo-1982, uhulumeni wobumbano usebenzise imali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.5 zamaRandi exhasa izinhlelo zokuzithiba kuphela, ngokusho kweGuttmacher Institute, ezisetshenziswa ngaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yezifunda zezikole zikahulumeni e-United States. Izimali zonyaka zokuzithiba kuphela manje sezicishe zibe izigidi eziyi-175 zamaRandi, okungaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kwesamba esasetshenziswa ekuqaleni kobumongameli bukaBush.
Ukusabalala kwezinhlelo zokuzithiba kuphela ohlelweni lwezemfundo kukhombisa ukushoda okukhulu kwentando yeningi e-United States. Sekungamashumi eminyaka abantu baseMelika bephikisana kakhulu nokufundisa ngocansi kuphela, futhi ngesizathu esihle: izinhlelo azinembile ngokwezokwelapha, zihlanekezela ubufakazi abathi zisekelwe kubo, futhi zisekelwe ezimweni zengqondo zokucwasa ubulili kanye nezinkolelo-ze. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kokungamukeleki okwandile, labo abasezikhundleni, okuhlanganisa noMongameli Bush, abagcinanga ngokuvumela izifundo zokuzithiba kuphela ukuthi zichume ezikoleni zaseMelika, kodwa basebenze ngokuzikhandla ukuze baqinisekise ukwanda kwabo kokubili ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe ngokulahlekelwa ubulili obuphelele. imfundo.
Umbono Womphakathi
In ukubuyekezwa kwencwadi yejenali I-Critical Sociology, U-Lesley Shore ubhala ukuthi ukuvota kwemibono yomphakathi okwathathwa ekuqaleni kwawo-1960 "kwembule ukwesekwa okusabalele kwemfundo yobulili ephelele" phakathi kwamaMelika. Kuncane okushintshile kusukela lapho. Ucwaningo lwango-2004, olwenziwa yi-Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF), lwathola ukuthi abazali abangaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-90 banomuzwa wokuthi “kubaluleke kakhulu noma kubaluleke kakhulu” ukuba nemfundo egcwele yobulili ezikoleni zikahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zabavoti baseMelika zazwakalisa ukusekela ukufundisa ngobulili okuphelele futhi amaphesenti angu-67 abantu abadala athanda “izinhlelo ezibanzi zokufundisa ngobulili ezihlanganisa nokwaziswa mayelana nendlela yokuthola nokusebenzisa amakhondomu nezinye izinto zokuvimbela inzalo.” Lokhu okutholakele kwaqinisekiswa ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, ezingeni likahulumeni, lapho iNyuvesi yaseMinnesota ishicilela umbiko ochaza ukuthi cishe abazali abayisishiyagalolunye kwabayishumi baseMinnesota basekela kanjani izinhlelo ezibanzi zokufundisa ngocansi [ezihlanganisa] ulwazi mayelana nokuzithiba nokuvimbela ukukhulelwa kanye nokuthathelwana ngocansi. izifo.” Lolu cwaningo luphinde lwathola ukuthi ukwesekwa "okumangalisayo" kweMinnesota kwemfundo egcwele yezocansi kunqamula ubulili, ubudala, uhlanga, isigaba, kanye nemigqa yezepolitiki. I-Minnesota ayiyona ingqayizivele kulokhu njengoba ukuphikiswa kokuzithiba kuphela kwande kangangokuthi izifundazwe ezicishe zibe ngu-20, kuhlanganise ne-Minnesota, zinqabile uxhaso lwemfundo yezocansi lweSihloko V ngenxa yomgomo kahulumeni wobumbano wokuthi lusetshenziswe ezinhlelweni zokuzithiba kuze kube umshado.
Intsha kanye nabantu abadala abasebasha, njengabazali babo, bayayisekela kakhulu imfundo yocansi ebanzi. Ngokokunye ukuhlola okwenziwa uTina Hoff (KFF), amaphesenti angu-82 entsha eneminyaka engu-15-17 kanye nengxenye yesithathu kwentsha eneminyaka engu-18-24 ayethanda izifundo zokufundisa ngobulili ezazihlanganisa nokwaziswa “okuphathelene “nokuzivikela ku-HIV/AIDS nezinye izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi. ,” “izinhlobo ezahlukene zokulawula inzalo ezitholakalayo,” kanye “nokuthi ungaziveza kanjani izinkinga zempilo yobulili njengezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi nokulawula inzalo nophathina wakho.” Ibonisa isimo sengqondo sabazali nentsha yaseMelika, idlanzana lamaqembu ochwepheshe abanethonya liphinde lakhipha izitatimende eziphikisana nokufundisa ngocansi kuphela, okuhlanganisa i-American Medical Association, i-American Psychological Association, i-American Academy of Pediatrics, i-American Public Health Association, I-National Education Association, kanye ne-American School Health Association.
Ngokuphambene nalokho okuvelayo, ukusekelwa kwemfundo yokuzithiba ngocansi kuphela kulinganiselwe ngisho naphakathi kwamaKristu ase-United States, okuyiwona ngokwesiko okulindeleke ukuthi athathe izikhundla eziqinile ezindabeni zobulili. Ngokokunye ukuhlola okwacashunwa uSusan Rose lo magazini Amabutho Omphakathi, abantu abayisishiyagalombili kwabayishumi abazikhomba njengamaKrestu abambelele kwimithetho yemithetho basekela imfundo egcwele yocansi ezikoleni zamabanga aphezulu, futhi abayisikhombisa kwabayishumi bayayisekela ezikoleni ezimaphakathi. Olunye ucwaningo, olwenziwa yi-NPR kanye neSikole Sikahulumeni SaseKennedy, lwathola imiphumela efanayo: cishe abantu abayisishiyagalolunye kwabayishumi abazichaza ngokuthi “amaVangeli aqinile” noma “amaKristu azelwe ngokusha” bathanda ukufundiswa kobulili bomuntu ezikoleni. (Abukho ubufakazi obubalulekile obukhona ngezimo zengqondo zamaJuda namaMuslim aseMelika mayelana nemfundo yocansi, nakuba abanye babo—njengalabo abangamalungu e-Union for Reform Judaism—bakhulume obala ngokumelene nezinhlelo zokuzithiba kuphela.)
Umphakathi waseMelika uphikisana nokufundisa ngocansi kuphela ngenxa yezizathu eziningi ezizwakalayo. Okokuqala, izinhlelo ziyamangalisa futhi azilungile ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukuhlaziywa okubanzi kakhulu kokunemba kwezokwelapha kwezifundo zokuzithiba kuphela kwenziwa, ngenhlanhla, yikomidi LeNdlu Yabamele Yase-U.S. ngo-2004. Lokhu kubuyekezwa okucashunwe kabanzi, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi umbiko we-Waxman, kwathola ukuthi ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-80 wenhlangano yezwe. Izifundo zokuzithiba ezixhaswa ngemali kuphela zaziqukethe “ulwazi olungamanga, oludukisayo, noma oluhlanekezelwe mayelana nempilo yokuzala.” Lezi zifundo kutholakale ukuthi zifundisa, phakathi kokunye, ukuthi ukukhulelwa kwenzeka kanye izikhathi eziyisikhombisa umbhangqwana uya ocansini usebenzisa ikhondomu, ukuthi amaphesenti ayishumi okukhishwa kwezisu kubangela inzalo, ukuthi i-HIV ingasakazwa ngomjuluko nezinyembezi, nokuthi Umuntu unama-chromosome angama-10. Izinhlelo zokuzithiba kuphela nazo zaziwa ngokufundisa ukuthi ukuthinta izitho zangasese zomunye umuntu “kungaholela ekukhulelweni,” ukuthi umbungu onezinsuku ezingu-48 ubudala “ungumuntu ocabangayo,” nokuthi ingxenye yentsha yesilisa yesilisa eMelika itheleleke ngegciwane. Igciwane lengculazi. Amanye amalungu eCongress, okungukuthi amaRiphabhlikhi agunyaze uMthethosivivinywa Wokuzibophezela Komuntu Ka-43, Umsebenzi kanye Nokuvikelwa Komndeni, azamile ukuhoxisa lokho kugxeka, ethi "ngeke kwenzeke ukuvumelana ngokuthi yiluphi ulwazi olunembile ngokwezokwelapha."
Okwesibili, ngaphezu kokuqukatha ulwazi lwezempilo locansi “olungamanga, oludukisayo noma oluhlanekezelwe,” izinhlelo zokuzithiba kuphela zihlanekezela ubufakazi ezisekelwe kubo. Esinye sezibonelo ezifundisayo sitholakala ku-AC Green's Game Plan, uhlelo lokuzithiba oluxhaswe yinhlangano yonke-kuze kube umshado olukhiqizwe i-Illinois-based Project Reality. Ekuqaleni kwencwadi yokusebenzela yabafundi, icaphuna ucwaningo lwango-2001 olwenziwa Umkhankaso Kazwelonke Wokuqeda Ukukhulelwa Kwentsha ithi intsha yaseMelika ifisa “umlayezo oqinile…ukuthi kufanele igweme ukuya ocansini” ize ishade. Lokhu akulungile. Ingcaphuno, etholakala ekhasini lesibili lenhlolovo, empeleni ifundeka ukuthi intsha yaseMelika ifisa "umlayezo oqinile ... wokuthi kufanele igweme ukuya ocansini kuze kube yilapho isiphuma esikoleni samabanga aphezulu," imizwa ephikisanayo ukuzithiba kuphela. Eqinisweni, leso sigaba esifanayo, kanye nayo yonke inhlolovo, iyaqhubeka ibika ukuthi bobabili abazali kanye nentsha bafisa kakhulu “ukugcizelelwa kakhulu ngokuvimbela inzalo” ezifundweni zokufundisa ngobulili, okutholwe kalula—futhi cishe ngokuqaphela—okushiywe encwadini yokusebenzela yabafundi. . Ukuhlanekezela amaqiniso okunjalo kuvame kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokuzithiba kuphela, futhi kufanele kukhathaze labo abakholelwa ukuthi intsha nentsha ifanelwe imfundo eqotho yobulili.
Okwesithathu, abantu baseMelika abaningi baphikisana ngokuqinile nezimo zengqondo ezibonisa ubulili kanye nezimo eziyisisekelo ezivezwa izinhlelo zokufundisa ngocansi kuphela. Ngokombiko ocashunwe ngaphambili we-Waxman, izifundo eziningana “ziveza imibono [yobulili] njengeyiqiniso elingokwesayensi,” ikakhulukazi lezo eziphathelene nabesifazane namantombazane. Enye yezifundo ezithandwayo, ethi Why kNOw, ifundisa ukuthi “injabulo nempumelelo yamadoda ixhomeke kulokho abakufezayo,” kuyilapho abesifazane “behlola injabulo yabo futhi bahlulele impumelelo yabo ngobuhlobo babo.” Olunye uhlelo, i-WAIT Training, lubala “ukusekelwa ngokwezimali” njengenye “yezidingo ezinkulu ezinhlanu” zabesifazane, kuyilapho lubala “ukusekelwa kwasekhaya” njengesinye sezidingo eziyinhloko zamadoda. Ukukhetha Okungcono Kakhulu, uhlelo oluxhaswe kakhulu yi-federal lokuzithiba, lujabulisa abafundi ngenganekwane yeqhawe elihlenga inkosazana kudrako. Ngokushesha udrako uyabuya ukuyofuna ukuziphindiselela, kodwa inkosazana yeluleka iqhawe ukuba libulale udrako ngesihibe nangoshevu. Iqhinga liyasebenza, kodwa iqhawe likholelwa ukuthi ulwe ngendlela ehlazisayo futhi uzizwa “enamahloni.” Ekugcineni, i-knight ayishadi inkosazana, kodwa ishada intombi-futhi "kuphela ngemva kokuqinisekisa ukuthi ayazi lutho ngama-nooses noma ushevu." “Ukuziphatha kwendaba,” kuphetha ngokuthi, “ukusikisela nosizo lwezikhathi ezithile kungase kube okulungile, kodwa ukweqisa kwakho kuyonciphisa ukuzethemba komuntu noma kungase kumenze ayishiye inkosazana yakhe.”
Amanye ama-stereotypes ayanda. Izinhlelo eziningi zokuzithiba kuphela zifundisa abafundi ukuthi “abesilisa bahlale bekulungele ukuya ocansini,” kuyilapho abesifazane “ngokuvamile bedinga amahora amaningi okuzilungiselela ngokomzwelo nangokwengqondo.” Enkulumweni eyethulwa ophikweni lwe-Google, umfundisi wezocansi u-Violet Blue ucaphuna uhlelo lwezifundo lwe-Why kNOw ethi “amantombazane anesibopho sokungakwazi kwabafana ukulawula izifiso zabo zobulili,” isitatimende esisikisela ukuthi amantombazane anephutha uma ehlukunyezwa, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi, noma ngisho nokudlwengulwa. I-Glencoe Health, incwadi yezwe yezempilo yokuzithiba kuphela eyanyatheliswa umdondoshiya wezemfundo uMcGraw-Hill, ayikukhuthazi ukuya ocansini ngaphambi komshado ngokufundisa ukuthi intsha ehlanganyela ubulili, okungenzeka ukuthi amantombazane, “izifaka engozini yokwakhela idumela kontanga ‘njengomuntu ‘olulama ngokobulili’”—indlela ehlanzekile. indlela yokutshela abesifazane abasebasha ukuthi uma benza ucansi, abafundi abafunda nabo kulindeleke ukuthi bababize “ngeslut”—njengoba benza esidlangalaleni kumfundi wase-Harvard kanye nombhali wezocansi u-Lena Chen ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka ngemva kokubamba iqhaza engxoxweni esikoleni sakhe.
U-Patricia Miller, intatheli kanye nomhlaziyi wenqubomgomo yokuzala, uchaza ukuthi izinqubomgomo zokuqala zikahulumeni wobumbano zokuzithiba kuphela zazinezisusa zenkolo, ziqala ngoMthetho kaMongameli Reagan's Adolescent Life and Family Act "owayevame ukukhuthaza izindinganiso ezithile zenkolo" kuze kube yilapho i-ACLU inselele ngempumelelo ngo-1993, kulandela impi yasenkantolo iminyaka eyishumi. Ilungelo lezenkolo laphindela emuva, nokho, lapho umdemokhrasi uBill Clinton esekela ukuhlinzekwa kwezimali zezinhlelo zokuzithiba kuphela kumthethosivivinywa wakhe wezinguquko wezenhlalakahle wango-1996. Lesi sinyathelo, esabele amaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-50 ngonyaka uxhaso lwezifundo zokuzithiba, asibhalwanga ochwepheshe bezokwelapha noma othisha, kodwa “ngabameleli boMkhandlu Wocwaningo Lomndeni, iChristian Coalition, namanye amaqembu alondolozayo,” nawo abambisana nawo. Umhlaziyi wenqubomgomo ye-Heritage Foundation kanye nompetha wokuzithiba kuphela u-Robert Rector.
Nakuba izifundo eziningi zokuzithiba kuphela zingazivezi ngokucacile izisekelo zazo zobuKristu, kunenombolo ezenzayo. Ngokwesibonelo, encwadini yezindaba esemthethweni ehambisana nekharikhulamu esetshenziswa kakhulu, ethi Why kNOw, umbhali ukhala ngezindaba zezenhlalo zangaleso sikhathi, ebhala ukuthi “sasingasaziwa njengabantu abangokomoya abenziwe uMdali onothando.” Umbhali uvala incwadi ngokusayina “Enkonzweni Yakhe.” I-True Love Waits, uhlelo oludumile olukhiqizwa yi-LifeWay Ministries, ihlose “[ukufundisa] abafundi izindinganiso zeBhayibheli zokuhlanzeka,” futhi ifisa ukwakha isizukulwane sentsha esiyo “[philela] inkazimulo kaNkulunkulu ngoseyili abaphakanyiselwe imvuselelo. ” futhi “zilungiselele imishado yeBhayibheli, yokuphila konke.” I-Sex Respect, efinyelela abafundi emazweni angaphezu kuka-20 kanye nezikweletu ngokwazo “njengohlelo oluhamba phambili emhlabeni lokufundisa ukuzithiba,” yazisa abavakashela iwebhusayithi yabo ukuthi izifundo zabo zokuzila zihambisana nemfundiso yamaKatolika.
Ukushoda Kwentando Yeningi
Tukwakhiwa kukahulumeni wobumbano ngezinhlelo zokuxhasa ngezimali imfundo yezocansi, ukuqokwa kwakhe kwabaphikisana ngokwedlulele ezikhundleni eziphezulu zokuhlela inqubomgomo yezocansi, kanye nokuphikiswa okubuthakathaka kokuzithiba okwenziwa amaDemocrat ekhongolose kubonisa ngokusobala iqiniso lokuthi i-United States ingaphezudlwana nje kwentando yeningi esemthethweni. lapho amathuba okubamba iqhaza komphakathi elinganiselwe ekukhetheni abaholi eqenjini labantu abangakwazi ukuhlukaniswa, abanabaxhasi bezimali abafanayo kanye nezithakazelo ezihluke kancane.
Ukuqala, izinhlelo ezixhasa ngezimali imfundo yezocansi e-United States zakhiwe ngendlela yokuthi zisekele kuphela izifundo zokuzithiba kuze kube umshado ngezindleko zezifundo ezibanzi zokufundisa ngocansi. NgokweSigaba 510 soMthetho Wokuvikeleka Komphakathi, owagunyazwa ngesikhathi sokuphatha kukaClinton, izinhlelo zemfundo yezocansi e-United States zifanelekela ukuthola uxhaso lwe-Title V kuphela uma “injongo yazo ekhethekile” iwukuba “[zifundise] inhlalakahle, ezengqondo, kanye nezinzuzo zempilo okufanele zitholakale ngokugwema ukuhlanganyela ubulili.” Izifundo zocansi ezithola uxhaso lukahulumeni kufanele futhi zishumayele ukuthi “ubuhlobo obuthembekile phakathi kokushada komuntu oyedwa esimeni somshado buyizinga elilindelekile lezenzo zocansi zomuntu,” nokuthi “ubulili obungaphandle komongo womshado cishe bungaba nemiphumela elimazayo engokwengqondo nengokwenyama. .” Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo zokuzithiba kuphela ezithola uxhaso lukahulumeni azibuyekezwa uhulumeni wobumbano ukuze uthole ukunemba okuyiqiniso noma kwezokwelapha, okuchaza ukuthi kungani umbiko we-Waxman wathola “izinkinga ezingathi sína nezidlangile ngokunemba kwezifundo zokuzithiba kuphela” ezigcwele isimiso semfundo saseMelika.
Ngophenyo oluncane, kulula ukufunda ukuthi kungani izinhlelo zemfundo yezocansi, njengezinye izinqubomgomo eziningi zezempilo yomphakathi e-United States, zinokuziphatha okubi kakhulu: izikhundla ezibalulekile zokwenza izinqumo mayelana nenqubomgomo yezocansi ziphethwe abaphenduli abalandela imithetho eyeqisayo abakhethwa ngokusekelwe. ngokuhambisana nemibono kuneziqu zobungcweti. Kunezibonelo ezimbalwa zalezi zikhulu okwamanje ezihlezi ezikhundleni eziphezulu zegunya lezocansi noma ezenze kanjalo esikhathini esidlule. UThomas A. Coburn, manje oseyilungu lephalamende elincane lase-Oklahoma, usebenze njengosihlalo ngokubambisana woMkhandlu kaMongameli Wokweluleka nge-HIV/AIDS, lapho azibophezele khona “ukuphonsela inselelo ukugxila kuzwelonke ekusetshenzisweni kwamakhondomu ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusakazeka [kwe-HIV]” futhi wakhala. lokho akubiza ngokuthi “i-ajenda yezitabane” “eye yangena kuzo kanye izikhungo zombuso kuzo zonke izindawo kulo lonke leli zwe” futhi “isebenzisa amandla amakhulu kakhulu.” URobert George, oyilungu loMkhandlu kaMengameli ovelele we-Bioethics, ufuna kuphasiswe imithetho evimbela ukushaya indlwabu, kanti lowo owayengusihlalo walo Mkhandlu, uLeon Kass, usekhulume ngokumelene nokuziphatha okubi kobulili njengokukhothwa kwamaconsi ka-ayisikhilimu esidlangalaleni, kusukela “kudliwa. emgwaqeni ngowezinja.” USusan Orr, osanda kusula esikhundleni sakhe njengePhini LikaNobhala Womsizi Wezindaba Zabantu, wayengumqondisi omkhulu eMkhandlwini Wocwaningo Lomndeni ohlonishwayo futhi ukhuthaza “ukuzithiba ekwenzeni ukuthi kutholakale izindlela zokuvimbela inzalo.” Ubuye wabiza abahlinzeki bokulawula inzalo “abahlanganyeli nesiko lokufa.”
Umlandeli ka-Orr akakaqanjwa igama (ngesikhathi sokubhala), kodwa imvelo yabaqokwe eWashington yangaphambili ayibonisi kahle ikusasa. UDkt. Eric Keroack, umanduleli oseduze ka-Orr, ungummeli ovelele wokuzithiba ohlala eMkhandlwini Wokweluleka Ngezokwelapha we-Abstinence Clearinghouse. Umelene ngokuqinile nokukhishwa kwezisu oye wathi izinto zokuvimbela inzalo “zilulaza abesifazane, zilulaza ubulili bomuntu, futhi zilimaza impilo nenjabulo yabantu.” UDkt. Alma Golden, owayebambe isikhundla sePhini LikaNobhala Womsizi ngaphambi kuka-Keroack, wachaza izinhlelo zokufundisa nokusabalalisa ngokuvimbela inzalo njengokumane nje zinikeze intsha “amakhondomu amahhala ephathini yayo yangezimpelasonto” futhi wasebenzela “ukugcizelela kakhulu ‘ukuzithiba kuphela’” emndenini. ukuhlela izinhlelo azisize ekuziphatheni.
Nakuba abasekeli abaningi abashisekela ukuzithiba kuphela benezikhundla eziphezulu kuhulumeni wase-United States, kunezikhulu zezwe ezimelene nezinhlelo ezinjalo. Ngeshwa, laba abaphikisayo benze umzamo ongabazekayo ekuzameni ukunqanda izifundo zokufundisa ngocansi kuze kube umshado futhi baye bafaka isandla ngokuqaphela ekukhuliseni ukuze kube nokuzuza kwezombusazwe kwenye indawo. Umbiko we-Waxman, ngokwesibonelo, omelela uhulumeni wobumbano ukugxeka kwangaphakathi okunokhahlo nokuphawuleka kakhulu kuze kube manje, ubungenazo izincomo noma iziphakamiso zenqubomgomo. Omunye umbiko, owanyatheliswa i-Government Accountability Office ngo-2006, wawubuthakathaka ngendlela efanayo—isiphakamiso sawo esiqine kakhulu sasiwukuthi kufanele kwenziwe izinhlelo ezixhaswe uhulumeni kuphela zokuzithiba ukuze “kusayinwe iziqinisekiso ezibhaliwe ezicelweni zezibonelelo zokuthi izinto ezisetshenziswayo zinembile.” Akukho nowodwa umbiko kahulumeni ocele ukuthi kuqedwe izinhlelo zokufundisa abantu ukuzithiba.
I-Congressional Democrats, evamise ukuphikisa izinhlelo zokuzithiba kuphela, isayine umthethosivivinywa ngoJuni odlule owenyusa uxhaso lokuzithiba - kuphela ngama-dollar ayizigidi ezingama-27, emasontweni ambalwa ngemuva kokukhipha isithembiso esidukisayo "sokuqeda uxhaso lokuzithiba kuphela." Isizathu salokhu, ngokusho kwezikhulu zeDemocratic Alliance, kwakuwukuthola "amandla - okuyizimbangi zeRiphabhlikhi kuCongress - ezimpini zokuza noBush mayelana nezindleko zasekhaya," okukhombisa ngokusobala ukuphikisana kwabo nemfundo yokuzithiba yocansi kuphela ngenkathi bebuyisana ngesikhathi somhlangano. Ukulalelwa kwengqungquthela yakamuva mayelana nokuzithiba kuphela lapho ingxoxo "ingavamile ukudlulela phambili ekukhulumeni ukubaluleka kokuzithiba ngaphambi komshado," ngokusho kuka-Bob Roehr we-Pride Source Media Group, futhi yaphetha ngesiphakamiso esincane sokuthi kudalwe izibonelelo ze-block ukuze izifunda zichithe. imfundo egcwele ngocansi, uma bekhetha kanjalo.
Ukunwetshwa okuqhubekayo kwezinhlelo zokufundisa ngocansi kuphela, okuhambisana nesenzo esingehluleki seqembu eliphikisayo, kukhombisa ukushoda okukhulu kwentando yeningi e-United States. Njengezinye izindaba eziningi zenqubomgomo yomphakathi-okubandakanya ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, ukusetshenziswa kwemali yasekhaya, kanye nempi yase-Iraq-umbono womphakathi uthathwa njengento ephansi kakhulu futhi uvame ukuchithwa ngokuthi "awunangqondo ngokwepolitiki." Labo abaphikisana nokufundiswa ngocansi kuphela abakwazi futhi akufanele bathembele ezikhulwini zabo ezikhethiwe ukuze zenze izinguquko ezinhle emphakathini. Isidingo sesenzo esidumile sokweseka izinhlelo eziphelele, ezisobala, nezibandakanyayo zokufundisa ngocansi asikaze sibe sikhulu, futhi maningi amathuba okwenza okuthile. Abafundi nothisha bangabamba iqhaza ekungabambiseni ukubambisana, benqaba ukuhlanganyela noma ukufundisa ngezifundo ezishumayela kuphela ukuzithiba-baze bashade. Amalungu omphakathi, okuhlanganisa ochwepheshe bezempilo, othisha, kanye nemindeni ethintekayo bangahlela izingqungquthela zokufundisa ngocansi ezingomakhelwane ezinikeza intsha ulwazi lwezempilo yokuzala elufuna kakhulu naluyidingayo. Uma nje imfundo yokuzithiba ngobulili kuphela isavunyelwe ukuba ichume ngaphandle kokuphikiswa, intsha yase-United States iyohlushwa uhlobo oluthile lokufundisa olungaholela “ekuthembekeni kwengqondo noma ekuhloniphekeni komuntu.”