Ukugqekeza: Ukutholwa kwe-J. Edgar Hoover's Secret FBI
U-Alfred A. Knopf (2014)
Isibuyekezo sika-Stephen Bergstein
Umphenyi useyiqhawe elikhulu laseMelika. Osopolitiki nabaphathi abafuni kudalulwe izimfihlo zabo, futhi ababizi bavame ukubeka imisebenzi yabo engozini ngokudalula ukungaziphathi kahle nemisebenzi engekho emthethweni. Kwesinye isikhathi isenzo sokuzishaya ikhwela singekho emthethweni. Ngo-1971, izishoshovu eziyisishiyagalombili zagqekeza ihhovisi le-FBI eMedia, ePennsylvania ukuze ziqinisekise izinsolo zokuthi le nhlangano yayiyizimpimpi futhi iphazamisa ukunyakaza okulwa nempi. Ukugqekeza bekungekho emthethweni. Iphinde yadalula uhlelo lokugadwa kwe-FBI oludumile lwe-COINTELPRO, obelufuna ukucekela phansi ukunyakaza kwezenhlalo nezepolitiki obekuphonsela inselelo isimo saseMelika ekhaya naphesheya, okuhlanganisa neMpi YaseVietnam, ebilokhu idla lubi. Ukugqekezwa kwabezindaba bekungesinye sezenzo zokungalaleli komphakathi emlandweni waseMelika. Futhi ngaphambi kokushicilelwa kwe Ukugqekeza, ukuthi zingobani lezi zishoshovu zaziyindida. Baphumela obala kule ncwadi, eminyakeni engu-43 ngemuva kokuthungatha i-FBI befuna ukubuyisa amarekhodi antshontshiwe futhi iqukethe umonakalo esikhungweni sika-J. Edgar Hoover, okwakuze kube yileso sikhathi sasinenhlonipho eseduze phakathi kwabantu baseMelika.
I-COINTELPRO yayisho ukuthi i-Counter-Intelligence Program, uhlelo olufinyelela kude noluyimfihlo lwe-FBI lapho i-ejensi yahlola futhi yaphazamisa, phakathi kwamanye amaqembu, izishoshovu ezimelene nempi, abameleli bobulungiswa bobuhlanga, inhlangano yamaNdiya aseMelika kanye nezishoshovu zesokunxele, okuhlanganisa neSocialist Workers Party. Lolu hlelo lwathatha kusukela ngo-1956 kuya ku-1971, nakuba uhulumeni wase-US esebenzise ezinye izinhlelo ngaphambi nangemuva kwe-COINTELPRO ukuze aphazamise futhi ahlole izishoshovu ezithobela umthetho eziphonsele inselelo isimo esikhona. I-COINTELPRO ayigcinanga ngokuhlukumeza futhi izishoshovu zokugada, kodwa i-FBI yanweba umkhankaso wayo ongekho emthethweni ngokumelene noDkt. Martin Luther King, Jr., emfaka ezinsongweni nasekumthungatheleni. Ngo-1969, njengengxenye ye-COINTELPRO, izishoshovu ezimbili ze-Black Panther Party, u-Fred Hampton no-Mark Clark, badutshulwa babulawa abomthetho ngenkathi belele. Umbhalo owodwa we-COINTELPRO wango-1967 uthwebula ingqikithi yohlelo: โInhloso yalo mzamo omusha wokulwa nobuhlakani ukuveza, ukuphazamisa, ukungaqondi kahle, ukudicilela phansi isithunzi, noma ukwenza ngenye indlela imisebenzi yezinhlangano namaqembu abantu abamnyama benzondo, ubuholi babo, abakhulumeli babo, ubulungu, nabasekeli, kanye nokulwisana nokuthambekela kwabo kodlame kanye neziyaluyalu zomphakathi. Imisebenzi yawo wonke lawa maqembu anentshisekelo yezobunhloli ku-Bureau kufanele ilandelwe ngokuqhubekayo ukuze sibe sesimweni sokusebenzisa wonke amathuba okulwa nobuhlakani futhi sikhuthaze isenzo ezimweni lapho izimo zisigunyaza. Isizinda esiyingozi samaqembu anjalo, ukubamba kwawo, kanye nobuqili bawo kufanele kuvezwe ekuhlolweni komphakathi lapho lokho kumemezela kuzoba nomthelela ongemuhle. Imizamo yamaqembu ahlukahlukene yokuhlanganisa amabutho awo noma ukunxenxa abalandeli abasha noma abasebasha kufanele ichithwe. Alikho ithuba okufanele liphuthelwe ukuxhashazwa ngamasu okulwa nobuhlakani ukungqubuzana kwenhlangano nokomuntu siqu kobuholi bamaqembu futhi lapho kungenzeka khona umzamo kufanele wenziwe ukusizakala ngezingxabano ezikhona phakathi kwezinhlangano ezincintisana zobuzwe abamnyama. Uma ithuba libonakala lokuphazamisa noma lokunciphisa ubuzwe abamnyama, izinhlangano eziwuhlobo lwenzondo ngokubambisana nabantu abaziwayo bezindaba zasendaweni noma ngokuthintana okunjalo nemithombo etholakala eSihlalweni Sikahulumeni, kuzo zonke izimo kufanele kuqashelwe ngokucophelela isiphakamiso sokuthi qinisekisa ukuthi iqembu eliqondiwe liyaphazamiseka, liyahlekwa, noma lilahliwe ngokukhangisa futhi akumenyezelwa nje kuphela. Kufanele kucatshangelwe amasu okuvimbela abaholi abavame ubudlova noma abavusa isiphithiphithi bamaqembu anenzondo ukuba basakaze izindaba zabo noma ngemithombo yezokuxhumana ehlukahlukene.โ
UBetty Medsger ubeyintatheli ye Washington Post owabhala ngokudalulwa kwe-COINTELPRO ngo-1971. Ubuyela kule ndaba kule ncwadi, ngokubambisana nabaphangi abayisikhombisa, abangasakwesabi ukushushiswa futhi bahlala beziqhenya ngempumelelo yabo. (Umgqekezi wesishiyagalombili akadalulwanga igama lakhe ngo-Okthoba 2014, ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwencwadi). Le ncwadi ifike ngesikhathi: idokhumentari mayelana nokugqekezwa, "1971," yakhululwa ngo-Ephreli 2014 ukuze ibe nezibuyekezo ezinhle. Izimpimpi ezimangalisayo, kusukela kuDaniel Ellsberg, owadalula imfihlo yamaPhepha ePentagon ngo-1971, ku-Edward Snowden, owadalula ukubhekwa kwezingcingo ze-NSA okwandile, babeke ubungozi obukhulu kakhulu ngokudalula i-National Security State. Kodwa kunzima ukweqisa ukuthi ukugqekezwa kwabezindaba kwaba nesibindi nokudelela. Okungenani u-Ellsberg no-Snowden bakwazi ukufinyelela imibhalo. Cabanga ugqekeza ihhovisi le-FBI ukuze untshontshe amamemo ayimfihlo. Amasela ayenokuningi okwakudingeka alahlekelwe ngakho. Umholi, uWilliam Davidon, wayenguprofesa wefiziksi ekolishi lendawo. UJohn noBonnie Raines kwakungumbhangqwana oshadile osemusha ozingane zawo ezincane โezaziyisikhumbuzo esicacile semiphumela engathi sรญna okwakumelwe kubhekwane nayo uma ukugqekeza kwehluleka,โ kubhala uMedger. U-Bob Williamson wayengusonhlalakahle kahulumeni. Ukuze uyikhiphe, iMedia 8 yahlela kusenesikhathi. Abatshelanga muntu ngezinhlelo zabo, futhi bachitha amasonto efulethini likaRaines bedweba isu. Isigebengu esisodwa, u-Keith Forsyth, uthuthukise ikhono lakhe lokukha izingidi. Uphahla ngokwalo kwakuyigumbi lempi, linebalazwe lomphakathi odongeni kanye nomdwebo wehhovisi le-FBI. Izigebengu zibophe amahhovisi e-FBI ngokuphawula amaphethini wethrafikhi kanye nabahamba ngezinyawo ukuze bahlele isikhathi esifanele sokungena esakhiweni, ebesihlala namanye amahhovisi namafulethi. Ezenza umfundi wasekolishi owayefuna ukuxoxisana nabasebenzeli be-FBI ukuze athole isabelo, u-Bonnie Raines wangena emahhovisi e-FBI ngaphansi komazisi ongelona iqiniso ukuze ahlole ukwakheka kwehhovisi, ethola ukuthi ihhovisi lalingenalo uhlelo lwe-alamu. I-Media 8 yakhetha u-March 8, 1971 njengosuku lokugqekeza, ubusuku obufanayo nomdlalo wesibhakela owawulindelwe ngabomvu we-Ali-Frazier, lapho abantu abaningi babezobe bengaphakathi bebukele impi kumabonakude hhayi emigwaqweni njengabangase babe ofakazi bokugqekeza.
Ukugqekeza kwaba yimpumelelo, kodwa ngisho nokuhlela ngokucophelela akuzange kuzilindele izinkinga. Ngobusuku bokugqekezwa kwezindlu, ingidi ayizange ithathwe. Njengoba ezinye izigebengu zazimatasatasa ekamelweni lemotela eliseduze, uForsyth wababiza ukuze aphakamise ukuthi ukugqekeza kungase kudingeke kuqedwe. Ngemuva kokuthi uForsyth ebuyele emotela ukuze aqhubeke nokuxoxisana nabakhi bakhe, uBonnie Raines uthe omunye umnyango uvinjwe ikhabethe elikhulu ngaphakathi. IMedia 8 yanquma ukuqhubeka nokugqekeza, futhi uForsyth wabuyela ehhovisi le-FBI ngo-10:30 PM, njengoba nje kuqale impi ka-Ali-Frazier. Wacosha ingidi yesicabha sesibili wakhipha enye ingidi ene-crowbar ngaphambi kokuvula kancane isicabha esinekhabethe elisindayo ngemva kwaso, ekhathazwa ukuthi ikhabhinethi ingase idilike kubangele umsindo omkhulu ozobiza amaphoyisa.
Ngemva kokuba uForsyth ekwazile ukuvula umnyango, ezinye izigebengu zashiya i-motel zaqonda ehhovisi le-FBI. Bangene ehhovisi begqoke amasudi ebhizinisi bephethe namapotimende. Ebumnyameni, bavula ngenkani amakhabethe namashalofu futhi bantshontsha cishe wonke amaphepha ehhovisi, bengazi noma babewathathile yini amaphepha okuqapha ayebangele ukuthi kugqekezwe kwasekuqaleni. Imoto yokubaleka yabayisa emzini osepulazini ukusuka lapho uhamba ihora elilodwa. Njengoba uMedsger ebhala, โKungakapheli ihora bevule amapotimende ababewahlohle ngamafayela e-FBI, babazi ukuthi ingozi yabo yayingelona ize. Bathola umqulu owawuzoshaqisa ngisho nezibukeli zaseWashington eziqinile.โ Cabanga ukuthi amanxusa e-FBI kwaMedia acabangani lapho ezwa ukuthi ihhovisi ligqekeziwe futhi wonke amafayela athathiwe. Futhi cabanga ukuthi u-J. Edgar Hoover ongenangqondo nongenangqondo wasabela kanjani lapho ezwa ukuthi umhlaba uzokwazi ngokushesha izimfihlo ezimnyama ze-bureau.
I-FBI yethula umkhankaso omkhulu wokuthungatha abagqekezi, ababethwebule imibhalo enecala base beyithumela emaphephandabeni nasezikhulwini zomphakathi, bedalula i-FBI njengebutho lamaphoyisa ezombusazwe elalikwenze kwaba semthethweni ukuphikisa impi kanye nokukhuthaza ubulungiswa emphakathini. Ngemva kokungena ehhovisi ngokuyimfihlo njengomfundi wasekolishi, uBonnie Raines wayengumsolwa oyinhloko. UHoover wayefuna amanxusa akhe โangitholele lowo wesifazane.โ I-FBI yaze yathola u-Xerox ukuthi azame ukuhlonza ukuthi yimuphi umshini wokufothokhopha owawusetshenziswe ukukopisha amadokhumenti (umuntu olungisa i-Xerox wafika ngempela ehhovisi lika-John Raines ezokhipha isigubhu sokukopisha esasishiye amamaki ahlukile emakhophini). Ukusesha akuphumelelanga. Naphezu kwezingcingo eziseduze (abasebenzeli be-FBI bangene endlini yaseRaines ngesinye isikhathi, kanye nomuntu owayezoba umgqekezi owahlehla ohlelweni wacishe waphendukela kwabanye), abagqekezi bahlala bengaziwa futhi abakaze babanjwe.
Ukube i-FBI ithole izigebengu, ngabe zabhadla ejele iminyaka. Kodwa nakuba abeMedia 8 bengakaze babanjwe, babehlala ngokwesaba ukuboshwa. Omunye umgqekezi, uSusan Smith, wabhekana nokukhathazeka iminyaka eminingi ngokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi wakhipha amagilavu โโakhe ngesikhathi sokugqekeza futhi washiya izigxivizo zeminwe ngemuva. Njengoba izigebengu zaziyizishoshovu ezimelene nempi, i-FBI yayazi ngokwanele ukuba ingababuza (namalungu omndeni wabo) mayelana nokugqekezwa. Ama-ejenti awakwazanga ukubopha. Ukugqekezwa kwe-COINTELPRO kwaba yinganekwane, kodwa abaphangi ngokwabo baqhubeka nempilo yabo nale mfihlo eqhumayo.
Izambulo ezimayelana ne-COINTELPRO zithinte unomphela umbono womphakathi nge-FBI. UHoover ubengesinye sezikhulu zikahulumeni ezihlonishwa kakhulu eMelika, futhi amanxusa enhlangano โayengabantu abalungile.โ Maphakathi nawo-1970, ngemva kokuba umphakathi ufunde ngokunye ukuhlukunyezwa kwe-FBI ne-CIA kanye nokungabi namthetho, izwe langena enkathini entsha yokungabaza komphakathi ngohulumeni, intuthuko enhle. ICongress yabamba ukulalelwa kwecala ukuze iphenye i-FBI, futhi le nhlangano yehlisa ukubhekwa kwayo, nokho, uMedger uphawula ukuthi, ayizange inyamalale ngokuphelele. Manje sesithatha kalula ukuthi uhulumeni uhlola izakhamuzi zakhe futhi uvamise ukungayinaki inkululeko yomthethosisekelo, kodwa lokho kuqwashisa umphakathi kwakungeyona into evamile eminyakeni engama-40 edlule. Singabonga iMedia 8 ngokufaka konke engozini ngokudalula i-COINTELPRO, kanye noBetty Medsger ngokubhala udaba kule ncwadi enhle kakhulu.
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UStephen Bergstein ungummeli wamalungelo abantu enyakatho yeNew York.