Ucwaningo olwahlukene luphethe ngokuthi abantu baseNingizimu Afrika, abamnyama nabamhlophe, bayazonda abokufika. Ngo-1997, iKhomishana Yamalungelo Abantu YaseNingizimu Afrika (i-SAHRC) yahlonza ukucwaswa kwabokufika "njengomthombo omkhulu wokukhathazeka kwamalungelo abantu kanye nentando yeningi ezweni." Ucwaningo olufanayo luveze ukuthi oyedwa kwabahlanu baseNingizimu Afrika abasampula bakholelwa ukuthi wonke umuntu ovela emazweni angomakhelwane ahlala eNingizimu Afrika (ngokusemthethweni noma cha) kufanele abuyiselwe ekhaya.
Ucwaningo luveza ukuthi cishe u-40% wabantu baseNingizimu Afrika uphikisana nokuthi abantu base-Afrika abavela kwezinye izingxenye zezwekazi bathole usizo lwezempilo nezemfundo olufana nelwabantu baseNingizimu Afrika. Le mizwa nezimo zengqondo zokucwasa abokufika zizibonakalisa ngezindlela ezahlukene, kwesinye isikhathi nangodlame. Ucwaningo lwe-SAHRC luyabika:
"Ukuhlaselwa ngodlame kwabadayisi abangebona abaseNingizimu Afrika kwaqubuka emigwaqeni yaseGoli ngo-1996 nokuhlaselwa kwezakhamuzi zakwamanye amazwe kwanda emadolobheni amaningana. Lokhu kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngo-1998 ngokushona kwezakhamuzi zakwamanye amazwe ezintathu esitimeleni esasihamba ezandleni zika iqeqebana labantu baseNingizimu Afrika ababuya emhlanganweni wabangasebenzi ePitoli."
Ababhali abehlukene bachaza izimo zengqondo zokucwasa abantu baseNingizimu Afrika ngendlela ehlukile. UMichael Neocosmos (2006) uveza ukuthi kunenkulumo yepolitiki ehamba phambili ebanjwa abantu abaningi baseNingizimu Afrika bazo zonke izinhlanga mayelana nokubonakala okuhlukile kwezwe ezwenikazi lase-Afrika, inkulumo eyingxenye yobuzwe baseNingizimu Afrika. "Ngokwalo mbono, iNingizimu Afrika ngandlela thize ifana nezwe eliseNingizimu ne-Europe noma i-Latin America uma kubhekwa amazinga ayo okuthuthuka kwezimboni, futhi manje iya ngokuya ikhula ngentando yeningi ekhululekile."
Abezindaba kanye ne-Xenophobia
Ngokuka-Ransford noDavid (2000), izihloko eziningi zamaphephandaba, izihlokwana kanye nezincwadi ezibhalelwe umhleli ocwaningweni lwazo azilungile mayelana nabokufika kanye nokufika. "Azinakuhlaziya ngokwedlulele, zikhiqiza kabusha izibalo eziyinkinga kanye nokuqagela mayelana nokufudukela kwamanye amazwe."
Lolu cwaningo luphinde luveze ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yalezi zihloko iveza imibono engokwebala nekazwelonke mayelana nabafuduki abavela kwamanye amazwe ase-Afrika, eveza, isibonelo, abantu baseMozambique njengamasela ezimoto kanye nabaseNigeria njengabashushumbisi bezidakamizwa. Ucwaningo luphetha ngokuthi:
"Okuhle kakhulu, abezindaba bebelokhu bethula umbono olinganiselwe mayelana nokufuduka kwabantu abawela imingcele futhi, njengoba kuqhubeka, bashiya umphakathi waseNingizimu Afrika ebumnyameni mayelana nezingqinamba zangempela ezidlalwayo. Okubi kakhulu, abezindaba bebelokhu befaka isandla kulokhu ukucwaswa kwabokufika emphakathini ngokuhlanganisa izinganekwane kanye nezamanga ezithinta abokufika kanye nabokufika."
Lolu cwaningo luveza ukuthi izihloko zamaphephandaba zivame ukubeka imimoya kulezi zihloko ezicwasa abokufika kanye nokucwasa ngokwebala. U-Ransford no-David baveza ukuthi izihloko zezindaba zimbi kakhulu kulokhu, ezinezihloko ezigqamile ezinjengokuthi, 'I-Illegals in SA add to decey of city', 'i-Illegals in SA ingeza ekuwohlokeni kwamadolobha', 'i-migrants eyizigidi ezingu-6 isendleleni yethu', 'i-Afrika izikhukhula eKapa', nethi 'francophone. ukuhlasela' ekubeni izibonelo ezivamile. "Sekukonke, ama-athikili angu-25% ahlolwe asebenzise izihloko zezindaba ezihlaba umxhwele kanti u-9% wasebenzisa izingathekiso ezivusa amadlingozi embhalweni wombiko."
Ngokuka-David & Sean (2005), umthombo walezi zinkulumo zokucwaswa kwabokufika utshekile kakhulu, futhi iningi livela ezinsizeni zezintambo. "Ngokwesibonelo, ezihlokweni ezisebenzisa igama elithi 'abantshontsha imisebenzi' iSouth African Press Agency (SAPA) yiyona eyaphula umthetho kakhulu, okwenza u-38% wemibhalo ekhuluma ngabantu bokufika ngale ndlela."
I-Institutionalized Xenophobia
UMnyango wezaseKhaya eNingizimu Afrika ulinganisela ukuthi bangaphezu kuka-7 million abokufika abangenazo izincwadi kuleli. Njengoba ucwaningo oluningi selukhombisile, iningi lalaba bokufika abangenazo izincwadi kuye kwadingeka babhekane nomphakathi onobandlululo ngokwedlulele ngemva kokubalekela izingxabano nezimpi zombango emazweni abazalelwa kuwo.
ENingizimu Afrika, uhlaka lokunquma indawo yokukhosela "luqala ngokukhishwa kwemvume yesigaba 23 esikhungweni somngcele. Lena imvume yesikhashana yezinsuku eziyi-14 ukuvumela ofake isicelo ukuba afinyelele kwelinye lamaHhovisi ama-5 Okwemukela Ababaleki. Ihhovisi Lokwamukela Ababaleki, ifomu lokufaneleka liyagcwaliswa futhi umfakisicelo unikezwa imvume yokucela ukukhoseliswa esigabeni 22. Ngemva kokulalelwa kweSimo Sokunqunywa, kufanele kuthathe izinyanga eziyisi-6 ukuze isicelo sicutshungulwe, Uma isicelo siphumelele, lowo ofuna ukukhoseliswa unikezwa imvume yokubaleki, imvume yesigaba 24 esebenza iminyaka emibili.Umbaleki unelungelo lokuthola umazisi.Uma umuntu egcina isimo sombaleki isikhathi esiyiminyaka emi-5 noma ngaphezulu, unelungelo lokufaka isicelo sokuhlala unomphela. Uma isicelo sabo senqatshwa, bangasiphikisa isinqumo. Ngokungafani namanye amazwe amaningi, iNingizimu Afrika ikhethe ukuhlanganiswa kwendawo esikhundleni sokuvalelwa ezinkanjini ( Report on Open hearings on Xenophobia kanye nezinkinga ezihlobene nakho, 2004) ."
Kodwa-ke njengoba sekukhona konke lokhu, ucwaningo luveza ukuthi ababaleki basaphethwe yizifiki futhi basetshenziswa njengembuzi yepolitiki ngenxa yokungalethwa kwezidingongqangi. Ucwaningo luphinde lubonise ukuthi ababaleki abaningi kanye nabafuduki bahlala ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ezinenani eliningi futhi eliminyene.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, Umbiko Wekhomishana Yamalungelo Abantu YaseNingizimu Afrika Umbiko Wamalungelo Ezomnotho Womphakathi uphawula ukuthi ababaleki kanye nabafuna ukukhoseliswa abafakiwe kunqubomgomo yezindlu.
โMayelana nezindlu, umbiko we-SAHRC (2000/2002) uphethe ngokuthi, naphezu kokuthi iNingizimu Afrika yasivuma iSivumelwano Sango-1951 Esiphathelene Nesimo Sababaleki, akukho nesisodwa izinyathelo ezishiwo nguhulumeni kazwelonke kanye neminyango yezifundazwe efanele. ilungiselelo lokuhlinzeka ngezindlu zesikhashana zababaleki kanye nabafuna ukukhoseliswa (ibid)."
Futhi, umthetho wamabhange waseNingizimu Afrika uvimbela noma ubani ngaphandle komhlali ngokugcwele kanye nezakhamuzi ukuba zivule ama-akhawunti asebhange. Njengoba umbiko wokulalelwa okuvulelekile mayelana nokucwaswa kwabokufika ubonisa, ukungakwazi kwabafuduki ukuthola amabhange aphephile kunemiphumela eminingi. "Ukungakwazi ukufinyelela ezinsizeni zezezimali kunciphisa amandla abokufika ukuthi batshale imali edolobheni. โฆ izindlu (ibid)."
Isikhungo iLindela Repatriation Centre (Lindela) siphinde sibe sematheni emaphephandabeni ngesenzo saso esingenabuntu kubantu bokufika abangenazo izincwadi. Ucwaningo olwenziwa yiKhomishana Yamalungelo Abantu yaseNingizimu Afrika ngoZibandlela wezi-2000, luchaza lesi sikhungo "njengendawo yokuvalela emaphakathi ukuze kuboshwe abokufika abangenazo izincwadi ezisemthethweni abalindele ukunqunywa kwesimo sabo esisemthethweni eNingizimu Afrika kanye/noma ukudingiswa." Ngokwalolu cwaningo, iyisikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke sokuvalelwa kwabokufika abangenazo izincwadi kuleli futhi yisona sodwa isikhungo esikhethelwe leyo njongo.
Okutholwe kulolu cwaningo kufanele ukuthi kucashunwe:
"Ababoshiwe bavinjwa ngamabomu ukuthi banikeze amaphepha anembayo, omazisi abasemthethweni bacekelwa phansi, bagwazelwa ukuze bagweme ukuboshwa noma badedelwe ngaphandle kwemibhalo futhi izinqubo zabambezeleka ngenxa yezindlela zophenyo ezingaphumeleli kanye nokuxhumana okunganele phakathi kweminyango ehlukene. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu abaningi baboshwe nezincwadi ezisemthethweni balethwa eLindela."
Lolu cwaningo lubhala izingxoxo phakathi kwezikhulu zaseLindela kanye nabokufika abangenazo izincwadi.
"Uphumaphi? Durban. Ukhuluma ziphi izilimi? IsiZulu. IsiZulu kuphela? Yebo. Igama lakho lingesiZulu? Yebo. Hamba. Uthatha ithuba nje."
"Uzalelwe kuphi? EMgungundlovu. Kuyiphi indawo ngempela? E-Pietersburg. Uma uzalelwa khona kumele uyazi indawo. Uzalwa kuphi ngempela?" Isikhulu sezokufika sacabanga ukuthi lo mlisa akacacile kakhulu wabe esemshiya."
Isiphetho
Udaba lokucwaswa kwabokufika eNingizimu Afrika ngenye yezindaba zomzabalazo i-Africa Project for Participatory Society ( www.apps.org.za ) ezithathela phezulu. Imiphumela yocwaningo iveza ukuthi ukucwaswa kwabokufika eNingizimu Afrika kuyaphila futhi kuyakhahlela. Isibonelo, abezindaba abajwayelekile bayathinteka ekuqhubekiseni ukucwaswa kwabokufika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMbutho wamaPhoyisa aseNingizimu Afrika, uMnyango Wezasekhaya kanye namabhange basebenzisana ukwenza impilo ingabekezeleleki kwabokufika abangenazo izincwadi kuleli abayizigidi eziyisi-7.
Izishoshovu kufanele zenze okuthile ngalokhu kungabi nabulungisa.
UMandisi Majavu ukunye ne-Africa Project for Participatory Society www.apps.org.za