[Lokhu okwesibili ochungechungeni lwezingxenye ezintathu ze-ZNet kule nyanga, mayelana nenkinga yezomnotho emhlabeni wonke kanye neGreece, nguPeter Bohmer noRobin Hahnel. U-Hahnel ukhulume ku-B-Festival yenhlangano yama-Greek emelene nokugunyazwa e-Athens ngoMeyi odlule futhi u-Bohmer uzobe ekhuluma emkhosini ose-Thessaloniki ngo-September.]
Emihlanganweni ye-G-20 esanda kuphothulwa e-Toronto Canada abaholi beminotho emikhulu bakhiphe isitatimende bethembisa ukunciphisa ukushoda kwesabelomali sabo ngesigamu eminyakeni emithathu ezayo. Esikhundleni sokuqiniswa kwezimali okukhulu, okudingekayo umfutho wezimali omkhulu, ohlanganiswe umhlaba wonke ukuze ukhiphe umnotho ekuwohlokeni komnotho okubi kakhulu emhlabeni eminyakeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili. EGreece, ngenkathi i-PASOK iphikisana nayo yabiza izinqubomgomo ezikhuthaza ukukhula ezivuna imikhakha yabahola kancane. Manje, njengoNdunankulu, uPapandreou wengamela izinqubomgomo ezicindezela kakhulu kunalezo zikahulumeni wangaphambili ophiko lwesokudla yena kanye ne-PASOK abawugxekayo. Umuntu uwuchaza kanjani lo msangano?
Okunye okungenzeka ukuthi abaningi emkhakheni wezomnotho bathole inkontileka ye-amnesia futhi bakhohlwa isifundo sezomnotho esibaluleke kakhulu esifundwe phakathi nekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili - ohulumeni kumele bachithe imali ethe xaxa lapho umnotho ucindezelekile futhi bonge kuphela ngemuva kokusimama komnotho - futhi leso sikhungo sihambile, osopolitiki bophiko lwesokudla, manje benze iphutha lokwamukela izeluleko ezivela kosomnotho abangalungile ukuthi benze okuphambene.
Osomnotho ababili abawine umklomelo kaNobel, uJoseph Stiglitz noPaul Krugman, abangasikhohlwa isifundo sikaKeynes bakholelwa ukuthi yilokhu okwenzekile, futhi kunobufakazi obusekela umbono wabo. U-Keynes ukwazile kuphela ukuphonsela inselelo ngempumelelo inselelo yokuhlakanipha kwebhajethi yendabuko, elinganiselayo edinga ukuthi ohulumeni banciphise ukusetshenziswa kwemali lapho ukwehla komnotho kunciphisa imali engenayo yentela ngosizo olunamandla oluvela kokuhlangenwe nakho okungokoqobo ngesikhathi Sokuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho nalapho izazi zezomnotho eziqinile ezifana noMilton Friedman kanye nosopolitiki abaphiko lwesokudla njengoRichard Nixon bacashunwa bethi "Sonke singabaseKeynesian manje" ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960 kanye nasekuqaleni kwawo-1970, osomnotho abaningi kanye nosopolitiki bahlala bengakhululekile nge-Keynesianism futhi base bevele besebenza kanzima ekuhleleni inhlangano. ezomnotho counter Revolution. Emashumini eminyaka alandelayo osomnotho abasunguliwe basebenze kanzima ukubhala ama-Keynes bewakhipha emibonweni yabo yomnotho omkhulu, amamodeli, kanye nezincwadi zemibhalo, futhi osopolitiki abaqaphile babuyela ngenjabulo ku-pre-Keynesian yabo, ibhajethi elinganiselwe ye-orthodoxy. Laba bosopolitiki abalandela imithetho kanye nabeluleki babo bagxile kwisabelomali esilinganiselwe kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali okuyize ukuze bafeze i-ajenda yabo yangempela - ukwehlisa amandla okuxoxisana abantu abasebenzayo. Akukaze kube nempicabadala yokuthi kungani amaqembu ezombusazwe aphiko lwesokudla ephusha i-ajenda eklanyelwe ukunyusa izinga lokungasebenzi, ukwenza izinyunyana buthaka, futhi kukhuphule izindleko kubasebenzi zokungasebenzi ngokunciphisa amaholo omphakathi.
Kepha manje amaqembu ezepolitiki akwesokunxele aphakathi nendawo amukela izinqubomgomo zezomnotho ezifanayo futhi asebenzisana ne-anti-Keynesian macroeconomists, eshiya abafana no-Krugman no-Stiglitz besonga izandla eceleni. Ingabe lokhu kumane kuyiphutha labo lobuhlakani? Kuthiwani uma siyeka ukucabanga ukuthi inhloso yezinqubomgomo zezomnotho zanamuhla ukusihlenga ekuwohlokeni okukhulu komnotho, futhi sibeke umbono wokuthi amaqembu ezombusazwe ashiye phakathi manje ahloselwe ukuhlomulisa amaqembu ahola kakhulu kunokuthuthukisa izithakazelo zangaphambili. izifunda zezombusazwe.
Phela, amashumi eminyaka ngaphambi kwenhlekelele yezimali ka-2008 kanye nokuqala kwenqubomgomo yezomnotho ye-Great Recession neoliberal yayigqugquzelwa yisikhungo kwesokunxele kanye nohulumeni abaphiko lwesokudla. Hhayi uMargaret Thatcher noRonald Reagan kuphela, kodwa uTony Blair kanye noBill Clinton baphinde bathi izinqubomgomo ze-neoliberal zizothuthukisa ukusebenza komnotho ngokususa amaketanga angadingekile futhi angakhiqizi ekwakhiweni kwebhizinisi. Kodwa nakuba ukwenziwa okuyimfihlo, ukuhoxiswa kwemithetho, ukwehliswa kwentela ezinkampanini kanye nabacebile, ukukhululeka kwezimali ezinkulu, kanye nokukhululwa kwezohwebo akuzange kukhuphule izinga lokukhula komhlaba wonke noma kwehlise ubumpofu njengoba kukhangisiwe, lezi zinqubomgomo zithuthukise kakhulu amandla ezinkampani, zanciphisa abasebenzi, abathengi, kanye nezakhamizi, kanye nokukhiqiza. ukwabiwa kabusha okukhulu kwemali engenayo nengcebo kusukela kwabampofu kuya kwabacebile emhlabeni owake wakubona. Manje sekusobala ukuthi lezi zinqubomgomo ze-neoliberal ezabeka isisekelo senhlupheko ekhona zazingelona nje ezokuthuthukisa ukusebenza komnotho, kodwa zazimayelana nokwabiwa kabusha kwamandla, imali engenayo, kanye nengcebo. Ngakho-ke kungani kufanele manje sikholelwe ukuthi isikhungo esifanayo sashiya amaqembu ezombusazwe, silandela iseluleko sabeluleki abafanayo bezomnotho, empeleni sikholwe, noma sinakekele uma ukutakulwa kwezimali okukhulu kwamabhange ngaphandle kwemibandela kuyilapho kubeka ukuqina kwezimali kubasebenzi nezakhamuzi ezivamile kuzodonsa umnotho womhlaba. ngenxa yokuwohloka komnotho? Kunencazelo elula kakhulu ngokuziphatha kwesikhungo sanamuhla esishiye osopolitiki, esithembeka kakhulu usuku nosuku.
Ukuqiniswa kwezimali kanye nezinguquko zezezimali ezintengayo ngenxa yesimo esibi kakhulu sezimali kanye nokuwohloka okukhulu komnotho eminyakeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili akuphathelene nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza komnotho njengoba kusho abasekeli bawo. Lezi zinqubomgomo zimayelana nokuqhubeka nokususa imali engenayo nengcebo isuke kwabampofu iye kwabacebile, futhi isuke emkhakheni wezokukhiqiza iye kwezezimali, umshwalense, kanye nezindawo ezithengiswayo (okwaziwa ngokuthi FIRE) osekunyuke kakhulu e-US naseYurophu - naphezu kweqiniso. ukuthi lezi zinqubomgomo zizokwenza kwenza ukuwohloka komnotho kube kubi kakhulu futhi kwenze enye inkinga yezezimali ibe nokwenzeka.
Isimangalo sokuthi ukuqina kwezimali ngesikhathi sokuwohloka komnotho “kungokwezomnotho okuhle” kuyilapho empeleni “kungokwezomnotho okubi” kumane “kuyindaba eyisivikelo” esetshenziswa umphakathi. Mayelana nokuthi kungani amaqembu ezepolitiki kanye nosopolitiki beshiya isikhungo manje beseseka le nqubomgomo eyinhlekelele, impendulo elula ukuthi la maqembu awasenandaba nokusebenza komnotho, ingasaphathwa eyezimfuno zabasebenzi nabampofu, kunalokho ahlobanisa izintshisekelo zawo nezakwa-Wall Street kanye nezakwa-Wall Street. abaphezulu abaphakathi ababonakala beyiqembu eligxile ku-Obama Administration kanye noNancy Pelosi. Osopolitiki beqembu leDemocratic Party babevame ukuthembisa ukuphoqa ukuthi kube nemigomo yokusiza abasebenzi, idlanzana kanye nabampofu. Ngokuvamile babehluleka ukwenza lokho, kodwa lokho kwakuyinkulumo yabo yomkhankaso nokho. Kepha emijikelezweni eminingi yokhetho e-United States Democratic Party abangenele ukhetho bebelokhu bethembisa esikhundleni sokulwela izintshisekelo zalabo abakubiza ngokuthi ngabantu baseMelika abasezingeni eliphakathi. Uma osopolitiki abashiywe esikhungweni bengasakwazi ukwenza imfihlo yokwenza sengathi bakhathazekile ngabasebenzi abangasebenzi nabampofu, kungani kufanele simangale uma bethatha imigomo elimaza izimfuno zabo?
Abavoti e-UK sebevele bamthumelele u-Gordon Brown kanye ne-Labour Party. Ngabe esinye isikhungo sizoshiya osopolitiki namaqembu abo - i-Zapatero ne-Socialist Party eSpain, i-Papandreou ne-PASOK eGreece, kanye no-Obama namaDemocrats e-US - abavuma ukuphoqelela ukuqiniswa kwezimali nabo bazojeziswa okhethweni ngabavoti abaziyo ukuthi senze zingadali izinkinga futhi zithukuthelele ohulumeni abasifaka enkingeni engafanele? Lapho osopolitiki besokunxele benanela amathemba angamanga okuthi umnotho uyasimama ogqugquzelwa abezeluleko abaphiko lwesokudla kanye nabezindaba abaphethwe yizinkampani abamemeza bethi “amahlumela aluhlaza” noma nini lapho amanani esitoko sasebhange noma inkomba yokuthenjwa kwabathengi izinza okwesikhashana, noma ngabe ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi nokudliwa kwezindlu. amanani azinzile noma abe mabi kakhulu, umuntu angathemba kuphela ukuthi angazibala kahle izintshisekelo zakhe zezepolitiki.
Kodwa kusobala ukuthi osopolitiki abasasele besakhula bazimisele ngempela ukugembula ukuze bakwazi ukukhohlisa umphakathi ongenangqondo ekucabangeni ukuthi ukuqina kwezimali kuyadingeka futhi kuhlakaniphe futhi bagweme ulaka lwabavoti. Sekuya ngokuya kucaca ukuthi amaqembu epolitiki asale esesaba kakhulu ithukuthelisa i-Wall Street kanye nabaxhasi bezimali besigaba esimaphakathi ngokuphikisana nezinqubomgomo eziqhubeka nokwaba kabusha imali engenayo nengcebo ngendlela yabo kunokuba zithukuthelise abantu abavamile abavotele isikhungo kwesokunxele ngenxa yokuthi ukukhetha ophiko lwesokudla kubi nakakhulu.
Nokho, abantu bayazi lapho bona noma isihlobo noma umngane othile elahlekelwe umsebenzi noma ikhaya. Futhi bazogcina sebejikela labo abaphikelela bebatshela ukuthi umnotho uyasimama kanti bazi ukuthi awunjalo. Umbuzo uthi bazophendukela kuphi abavoti uma belaxaza amaqembu ashiye amasiko abawashiyile.
Okudingekayo izinhlangano zomphakathi kanye namaqembu amasha ezepolitiki aphendulayo futhi aholwa yilabo okunyathelwa phansi izimfuno zabo, abalwela imigomo empeleni edala ukuqashwa okuphezulu nokulingana kwezomnotho, futhi abathi cha ekubambeni kwezimali okungakhiqizi, kuvele kuqhamuke. yehlisa umbhedo wezomnotho, kanye nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke ezinkampani. Kudingeka sakhe ukunyakaza kanye namaqembu azothatha amandla ezinkampanini zamazwe ngamazwe kanye ne-Wall Street, futhi sethule uhlobo lwe-Green New Deal edingekayo ukuze kubhekwane nezinkinga zomnotho kanye nemvelo ezizoqhubeka ziba zimbi usuku nosuku.
UPeter Bohmer unguSolwazi Wezomnotho Wezepolitiki e-Evergreen State University e-Olympia Washington. URobin Hahnel unguSolwazi Emeritus e-American University eWashington DC, kanye noProfessor Ovakashelayo Wezomnotho ePortland State University ePortland Oregon.