Ukwehla kwezimali okwaqala ngoSepthemba 2008 kwaba umphumela wokutshalwa kwezimali okusekelwe ephepheni "elinobuthi" - amathuluzi ezezimali angenamsebenzi ahweba ngenzuzo enkulu, nakuba ehlulekile ukukhombisa noma yiliphi inani emnothweni wangempela. "Izimpahla Ezinobuthi" kanye "Nephepha Elinobuthi" azibhekiseli ebhizinisini lezinkampani ezihweba ngobuthi obubulalayo. Kusasho ukufa, kodwa okubulalayo ezikhungweni zezezimali namabhange ngenxa yalezi zingozi ezikhona.
Kukhona "amaphepha anobuthi" afanayo akhiqizwa ekuvikelweni kwezitshalo ze-GM, ikakhulukazi i-Bt. Ukotini. Njengamaphepha anobuthi e-Wall Street awanazo isisekelo eqinisweni. Bacabanga ukuthi ukufinyezwa kwezinombolo okungamanga kungase kuthathele iqiniso. Futhi ziyingozi ekuvikelekeni kokudla nezolimo, kanye nempilo yabalimi.
Iphepha lakamuva elivela ku-IFPRI elithi "Bt Cotton and Farmers Suicides in India" liwela kulesi sigaba sephepha elinobuthi obuphindwe kabili ngoba limboza ubungozi bezakhi zofuzo ezinobuthi futhi lihlukanisiwe neqiniso. Nokho kuhloswe ngayo ukwakha umbono womphakathi mayelana nezitshalo ze-GM ngokusebenzisa wonke amaqhinga ekuhwebeni ukuze kuhlukaniswe umthelela wezitshalo ze-GM kubalimi kusukela ku-monopoly yembewu kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza imbewu engavuseleleki, enobuthi ngokusebenzisa ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo.
Bt. Ukotini ukuphela kwesitshalo se-GM esivunyelwe ukutshalwa ngenjongo yokudayisa e-India kuze kube manje.
Iningi labalimi abazibulalayo e-India bayisivuno sezakhi zofuzo ezinobuthi ze-Bt. Ukotini. I-Bt. I-Gene iyisakhi sofuzo esinobuthi. Ikhiqiza ubuthi bedosi ephezulu. I-Bt. Ezitshalweni ezenziwe ngofuzo ihluke kakhulu ku-Bt entweni engokwemvelo yomhlabathi, i-Bacillus Thurengensis. Umgomo ongamanga wokuthi "Ukulingana okukhulu" uthatha lokho ngoba i-Bt yemvelo. Izifutho ziphephile, zenziwe ngofuzo i-Bt. Izitshalo ezifana ne-Bt. Ukotini uphephile. Lokhu kucabanga akuthetheleleki. Bt. izifutho azibangeli ukungezwani komzimba, i-Bt. izitshalo zenza. Ngokuqhubekayo amaprotheni e-Cry ku-Bt. Izifutho ziyephuka phakathi namasonto amabili lapho zichayeka ekukhanyeni kwe-UV. Lokhu akwenzeki ezitshalweni ze-Bt kusukela ubuthi be-Bt bukhiqizwa ngaphakathi okusanhlamvu nezinye izicubu zezitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Bt. Isifutho sisetshenziswa kanye noma kabili kuphela ngesizini, kanti i-Bt. Ubuthi obusezitshalweni zeGM bukhishwa ngaso sonke isikhathi, yingxenye ngayinye yesitshalo, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise izingozi zokuchayeka okungapheli. Ekugcineni, i-Bt. izifutho zakhiwe ubuthi be-endo ngendlela engasebenzi ye-crystalline. Ziba nobuthi kuphela emathunjini ezinambuzane ezithile ezicubungula ikristalu ibe yiprotoxin bese kuba ubuthi obusebenzayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Bt. Izitshalo zenziwe ngofuzo ukuze zikhiqize i-Bt. Ubuthi obusebenzayo. Ngakho-ke ubuthi be-Bt ezitshalweni ze-GM buyingozi ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane njengoba ucwaningo olwenziwa uvemvane i-Monarch oluvela e-Cornell, kanye nemibiko yokufa kwezilwane evela eNdiya ibonisa.
Nokho ubuthi Bt. Izitshalo zijule kakhulu futhi zibanzi kunobuthi besakhi sofuzo.
Bt. Ukotini wethulwa ukulawula i-American Bollworm, yingakho uphawu lokuhweba lwe-Monsanto lwe-Bt. Ukotini igama elithi "Bollgard". Ingxabano yayiwukuthi ngokwenza ubunjiniyela i-Bt. Ubuthi esitshalweni, lesi sitshalo singamelana nezinambuzane. Kodwa-ke, i-bollworm iye yashintsha ukumelana ne-Bt. Kuye kwavela ubuthi nezinambuzane ezintsha. Ukuhlasela kwezinambuzane ezingaqondile kuye kwaholela ekwenyukeni kokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane. Izifundo zethu zasensimini e-Vidharbha zibonisa ukwanda okuphindwe kashumi nantathu kokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kubalimi kusukela ku-Bt. Ukotini wethulwa ngo-2004.
Nakuba iqiniso libonisa ukuthi i-Bt. Ukotini uhluleka ukulawula izinambuzane futhi empeleni ubangele ukwanda kwezinambuzane kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, iphepha "elinobuthi" elivela ku-IFPRI lithi i-Bt. Ukotini wehlisa isibalo sezifutho zezibulala-zinambuzane ngamaphesenti angama-32 - 40, wehlisa izindleko zezibulala-zinambuzane ngamaphesenti angama-30 - 52, unyusa izindleko zokukhiqiza ngamaphesenti angama-32 - 40, awunamthelela ocacile emananini kakotini wembewu, isivuno sikhuphuke ngamaphesenti angama-34 - 42. , futhi inyusa inzuzo ngamaphesenti angama-52 - 71".
Zonke izimangalo kulesi sitatimende zingamanga. Izindleko eziphezulu ze-Bt. Imbewu kakotini ayivezwa nje ezikweletini zabalimi nokuzibulala, iqinisekiswa yicala elethwe kuKhomishana ye-Monopoly and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) nguHulumeni wase-Andhra Pradesh (AP) lapho isisekelo sethu siphinde sangenela.
Ngomhla zingama-26 kuNhlangulana 2006 uHulumeni we-AP wavula icala lokwedelela iMonsanto – Mahyco Biotech (India) Ltd ngokungawulaleli umyalo wekhomishana wokunciphisa ubukhosi bayo obubizwa iMonsanto njengokuthi "uphawu - inani" lama-Rs. 1750 iphakethe ngalinye lama-450 gms embewu. Kusukela iMonsanto yethula, uBt. Ukotini e-India ngaphambi kokuba imithetho yelungelo lobunikazi yase-India ivumele amalungelo obunikazi ezimbewuni ze-GM, awukwazi ukufuna ubukhosi ngokusemthethweni.
Inhlanganiso le ithenga inhlanyelo kubalimi ngemali engange Rs. 300/- iphakethe ngalinye lika-750 grams bese lifuna ilungelo lokulidayisela abalimi ngamanani amba eqolo.
Ingxabano kaHulumeni we-AP yayiwukuthi intengo ephezulu ye-Bt. Ukotini ungenye yezizathu zokucindezeleka kubalimi. Ngesikhathi kufakwa leli cala, abalimi abangaphezu kuka-3000 babezibulele e-AP futhi iningi labo kwakungabalimi bakakotini.
Isicelo se-AP sifuna ukwehliswa "kwenani lesici" lisuka ku-Rs. 1750 kuya ku-Rs. 750 ngephakethe le-450 gm kanye nembuyiselo ye-Rs. 4 billion kubalimi ngokuwakhokhisa ngokweqile. I-Monsanto yalahlekelwa yicala futhi yaphoqeleka ukuba yehlise inani layo.
Icala le-MRTP lidalula isimangalo esingamanga se-IFPRI sokuthi "awukho umthelela ocacile kumanani kakotini wembewu" ku-Bt. Ukotini. Iphinde idalule ukuchema esizindeni esincane sezincwadi ezisetshenziswayo. Ucwaningo oluxhaswe yi-Monsanto kanye nemboni ye-Biotech lwakha isisekelo sezincwadi "ezibuyekezwe ontanga". Imiyalo kahulumeni, Iziyalezo Zenkantolo, izifundo ezizimele azinakwa ngokuphelele.
Umbiko we-IFPRI nawo unobuthi mayelana nokungqubuzana nokungahambisani. Umbiko uyavuma ukwenyuka kwezindleko zokukhiqiza. Lokhu kuhumusha imali engenayo yabalimi. Nakuba amapulazi echitha imali eningi, i-IFPRI ifuna inzuzo efinyelela ku-71%.
Lesi simangalo sembuyiselo ephezulu senziwa futhi inhlolovo eminingi yenkambu. Inhlolovo ka-2008 ka-Navdanya eqhathanisa ne-Bt. Ukotini onokotini wemvelo ubonise ukuthi abakhiqizi bezinto eziphilayo bahola cishe ngokuphindwe kashumi kune-Bt. Abalimi bakakotini.
Ukuhlaziywa Kwenzuzo Yezindleko ze-Bt. Ukotini kanye ne-Organic Cotton
|
Bt. Ukotini (Rs. / acre)
|
Cotton Organic
(Rs. / acre)
|
a) Izindleko – Imbewu, izibulala-zinambuzane, umanyolo, ukuchelela njll.
|
8164
|
3788
|
b) Inani Lokukhiphayo
|
8876
|
10075
|
Isamba Semali Engenayo (a – b)
|
714
|
6287
|
Izifundo zethu zangaphambili ku-AP, MP naseKarnataka nazo zibonisa ukuthi okungeyona i-Bt. Abalimi bakakotini banemali engenayo ephezulu kune-Bt. Abalimi bakakotini.
Okokufaka / Okuphumayo Bt. / okungeyona i-Bt. / Desi Cotton Per Acre
|
Bt. Ukotini
|
Okungeyona i-Bt. AmaHybrid
|
Izinhlobo ze-Desi
|
Okokufaka Kwezindleko
(imbewu, umanyolo, izibulala-zinambuzane, ukuchelela njll)
|
Rs. 9700 / -
|
Rs. 5750 / -
|
None
|
Isamba Sesivuno
|
2 ama-quintals
|
10 ama-quintals
|
5 ama-quintals
|
Inani Lokukhiphayo
|
Rs. 3300 / -
|
Rs. 16500 / -
|
Rs. 8250 / -
|
Ukulahlekelwa / Inzuzo ngehektare ngalinye
|
Ukulahlekelwa - Rs. 6400/-
|
Inzuzo - Rs. 10750/-
|
Inzuzo - Rs. 8250/-
|
Ukuhlaziywa Kwenzuzo Yezindleko - Madhya Pradesh
|
Bt. Ukotini
|
Okungeyona i-Bt. Izinhlobonhlobo
|
Okokufaka kwezindleko (imbewu, umanyolo, izibulala-zinambuzane, ukuchelela, abasebenzi)
|
Rs. 6675 / -
|
Rs. 7005 / -
|
Isamba sesivuno esilindelwe
|
4.01 ama-quintals
|
7.05 ama-quintals
|
Inani Lokukhiphayo
|
Rs. 7218 / -
(Rs. 1800/- i-quintal)
|
Rs. 12690 / -
(Rs. 1800/- i-quintal)
|
Inzuzo ngehektare
|
Rs. 543 / -
|
Rs. 5685 / -
|
Ukuhlaziywa Kwenzuzo Yezindleko - Karnataka
|
Bt. Ukotini
|
Okungeyona i-Bt. Izinhlobonhlobo
|
Okokufaka kwezindleko (imbewu, umanyolo, izibulala-zinambuzane, ukuchelela, abasebenzi)
|
Rs. I-8925
|
Rs. 10250 / -
|
Isamba sesivuno esilindelwe
|
3.82 ama-quintals
|
7 ama-quintals
|
Inani Lokukhiphayo
|
Rs. 7640 / -
(Rs. 2000/- i-quintal)
|
Rs. 14000 / -
(Rs. 2000/- i-quintal)
|
Ukulahlekelwa / Inzuzo ngehektare ngalinye
|
Ukulahlekelwa kwe-Rs. 1285/-
|
Inzuzo ye-Rs. 3750/-
|
Ucwaningo olwenziwa yi-Andhra Pradesh Coalition in Defense of Diversity (APCIDD) lubonise ukuthi yayicheme kangakanani imiphumela yocwaningo lwe-AC Nielson oluxhaswe yi-Monsanto.
I-Monsanto ikhomishini iqhathaniswa nesifundo esizimele
State
|
Isikelemu
Ukuncishiswa
|
Ukunciphisa Ukusetshenziswa Kwezibulala-zinambuzane
|
Ukukhuphuka kwesivuno
|
Ukwenyuka Kwenzuzo Yensalela
|
I-Andhra Pradesh
|
%
|
Rs
|
%
|
Ama-Quintals
/ Acre
|
%
|
Rs / Acre
|
Isifundo seMonsanto
|
58%
|
1856 / -
|
24%
|
1.98
|
92
|
5138 / -
|
I-Andhra Pradesh
Ucwaningo lwe-APCIDD
|
14%
|
321 / -
|
2%
|
0.09
|
(-)9%
|
(-) 750/-
|
Njengoba ucwaningo lwe-IFPRI luchemile ekukhetheni kwalo izincwadi, izimangalo zalo nazo zichemile. Njengoba ukuthengiswa kwezindlu ezibolekwayo kungazange kuvikeleke amakhaya abantu kodwa kwavele kwanqwabelanisa uhwebo lwamaphepha anobuthi Iphepha elishintshiwe le-IFPRI alibavikeli abalimi ukuphila, limane linqwabelanisa amaphepha anobuthi ku-Bt enobuthi. Ukotini.
Iphepha le-IFPRI liphikisana ngokuphelele ekuvikeleni i-Bt. Ubuchwepheshe. Lapho isilimo sikakotini sihluleka noma izinambuzane zanda noma abalimi bezibulala, imbangela kuwubuwula babalimi noma iphutha lezinhlobo lapho i-Bt yethulwa khona. Njengoba ucwaningo luthi "Ukulahlekelwa okuphawulwe kwezinye izifundo kubangelwa kakhulu ukuntuleka kwe-Bt eyanele. Izinhlobonhlobo (ikakhulukazi izimo zemvula ngaphansi kwesomiso), izinga eliphansi likakotini kwezinye zalezi zinhlobonhlobo, intengo ephezulu yembewu enxephezela ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, ukusetshenziswa okungalungile kobuchwepheshe obuhambisana nolwazi olulinganiselwe lobuchwepheshe phakathi kwabalimi bakakotini Ngamanye amazwi, ubuchwepheshe obumelwe yisici se-Bt, akufanele bubekwe icala, kunalokho, izimo lapho owethulwa khona. ezithengisiwe futhi ezisetshenzisiwe zichaza okunye ukulahlekelwa okubonwa ezindaweni ezithile zaseNdiya".
Lapho i-Bt. Ukotini wenza kahle "ubuchwepheshe". Uma lenza kabi, “iwumongo”. Lokhu kwehlukaniswa okungosomathuba "kobuchwepheshe" kanye "nomongo" uma kulula kuwumgogodla wempikiswano engamanga ye-IFPRI yokuthi u-Bt. Ukuzibulala kukakotini nabalimi akuhlobene. Njengoba ithi "Ezifundeni ezithile kanye neminyaka, lapho u-Bt. Ukotini kungenzeka ukuthi ube nomthelela ngokungaqondile ezikweletini zomlimi (ngokwehluleka kwezitshalo) okuholela ekuzibulaleni, ukwehluleka kwawo ngokuyinhloko kwaba umphumela womongo noma indawo lapho wethulwa khona noma watshalwa khona; i-Bt. . Ukotini njengobuchwepheshe abunacala". Le mpikiswano inobuthi. Bonke ubuchwepheshe bushumekwe kumongo. Abukho ubuchwepheshe obungahlanganisiwe, ngaphandle kwemibono.
Bt. Ubuthi esitshalweni bufakwe embewini, imbewu itshalwe emhlabathini. Bt. Ubuchwepheshe abukho buzimele ngaphandle kwembewu, ngakho-ke kuwumbono omsulwa ukukhuluma nge-Bt. Ukotini njengobuchwepheshe obuzimele ngaphandle kwembewu nomhlabathi. Imbewu idayiselwe abalimi "njengenhlamvu yomlingo" ngenzuzo enkulu. Uma i-Monsanto iqoqa izinkokhelo "njengenani lesici", iqoqa kumlimi odla imvula kanye nomlimi oniselwa ngenkasa, iqoqa ezinkampanini ezisebenzisa ama-hybrids ahlukene ukwethula i-Bt. Isici. Ayinakukwazi ukuba nesici sokuqoqa ubukhosi, futhi iphike ngenxa yemiphumela emibi yokufaka izakhi zofuzo ezinobuthi ezitshalweni ukuze kwakhiwe ukulima okunobuthi lapho abalimi bephushwa khona ukuba bazibulale.
Njengoba nje amaphepha anobuthi ehlise i-Wall Street, amaphepha anobuthi abaxhasi beMonsanto ukuze bavikele izithakazelo zabo bazokwehlisa ezolimo. Kodwa ngokungafani nebheyili ephuma emabhange, lapho imbewu yokugcina "isiphelile" futhi abalimi bokugcina bengasekho, ngeke kube nebheyili engenzeka.
Kungakho sidinga ukudala inkululeko ye-GMO manje. Futhi lokho kuhlanganisa nokukhululeka emaphepheni anobuthi akhohlisa iqiniso kuyilapho abalimi befa.