Okuvame ukulahleka ezingxabano ngezindleko zezezimali kanye nezinzuzo uma kuziwa ekungcolisweni kuyindleko empilweni yomuntu. Akukona nje kuphela ukugula nezinkinga zokuphefumula kodwa nokufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ukukubeka ngokungagwegwesi: Zingaki izimpilo zabantu okufanele sizishintshise ukuze senze inzuzo yezinkampani?
Izifundo ezimbili ezintsha ezenziwa yiNhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba wonke kufanele ziphoqe ukuthi sibhekane ngqo nalezi zinkinga. Lokhu akuyona into encane - izifundo ezimbili ze-WHO zilinganisela ukuthi izindawo ezingcolile zenza izingane eziyizigidi eziyi-1.7 ezineminyaka emihlanu noma ngaphansi zife ngonyaka.
Ukunukubezeka komoya wasendlini nangaphandle, intuthu kagwayi, amanzi angaphephile, ukuntuleka kwezindlu zangasese, nokungahlanzeki ngokwanele konke kunengxenye kulokhu kufa kwaminyaka yonke okuyizigidi ezingu-1.7, okubalelwa ngaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezine yakho konke ukufa kwezingane ezineminyaka emihlanu noma ngaphansi emhlabeni jikelele. Amanothi afingqiwe:
โ[W]izinkukhu ezisanda kuzalwa kanye nezasenkulisa zichayeka ekungcolisweni komoya ngaphakathi nangaphandle kanye nentuthu kagwayi banengozi eyengeziwe yenyumoniya ebuntwaneni, kanye nengozi yokuphila yonke eyandayo yezifo ezingelapheki zokuphefumula, njengesifuba somoya. Ukuchayeka ekungcolisweni komoya kungase kwandise amathuba okuba nesifo senhliziyo, unhlangothi kanye nomdlavuza impilo yonke.โ
Omunye wemibiko emibili, Ungalingcolisi ikusasa lami! Umthelela wemvelo empilweni yezingane, iphawula ukuthi iningi lesintu lihlala ezindaweni ezicindezelwe imvelo:
โU-92% wabantu bomhlaba, okuhlanganisa nezigidigidi zezingane, bahlala ezindaweni ezinamazinga okungcoliswa komoya okudlula imingcele ye-WHO. Abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu bachayeka ekungcolisweni komoya ezindlini ngenxa yokusebenzisa amafutha aqinile. Ukunukubezeka komoya kubangela ukufa okungaba ngu-600,000 ezinganeni ezineminyaka engaphansi kwemihlanu minyaka yonke futhi kwandisa ingozi yezifo zokuphefumula, isifuba somoya, izimo ezingezinhle zezingane ezisanda kuzalwa kanye nezimo ezizalwa nazo. Ukunukubezeka komoya kubangela ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-50 omthwalo wezifo we-pneumonia ophakathi kwezimbangela eziphambili zokufa kwezingane emhlabeni wonke. Ubufakazi obukhulayo bubonisa ukuthi ukungcoliswa komoya kuba nomthelela omubi ekukhuleni kwengqondo ezinganeni futhi ukuchayeka kusenesikhathi kungase kubangele ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo ezingamahlalakhona lapho sezikhulile.โ [Ikhasi 3]
Lezi zinhlobo zokubala ngempilo nokufa azikho ezingxoxweni ezimayelana nemithethonqubo yezemvelo. Futhi akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi inani labantu lishoda ekuhlaziyweni kwezindleko/izinzuzo, kodwa lokhu kungcola empeleni kuxhaswa.
Ukuhlasela kukaTrump kwezemvelo
Le mibiko yeWorld Health Organisation yashicilelwa ngenyanga efanayo lapho abaphathi bakaTrump bahlasela khona ngokuphelele imvelo yaseMelika. Akugcinanga nje ngokuthi abaphathi bakaTrump baphakamise ukuncishiswa okunamandla kwe-Environmental Protection Agency futhi basayine inhloso yabo yokuhoxisa imithetho yokungcoliswa komoya ezimotweni okuhlelwe ukuthi ziqale ukusebenza phakathi kuka-2022 no-2025, bakhiphe incwadi ethi. i-executive order edingekayo โukubuyekezwa [kwe] imithetho ekhona engase ithwalise kanzima ukuthuthukiswa noma ukusetshenziswa kwezisetshenziswa zamandla akhiqizwa kuleli futhi imise ngokufanelekile, ibuyekeze, noma ihoxise leyo ewumthwalo ngokungafanele ukuthuthukiswa kwemithombo yamandla yasekhaya.โ
Okunye okuhloswe kulo myalelo wuHlelo Lwamandla Ahlanzekile, oludinga ukuncishiswa kokukhishwa kwesikhutha ngamaphesenti angama-32 ezikhungweni zikagesi ezikhona ngo-2030, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinga le-2005 lokukhishwa kwegesi. Izinga, elasetshenziswa abaphathi baka-Obama, besele libonwa njengelinganele. Ingozi eyandayo ephakanyiswe umyalo kaMongameli uDonald Trump ifinyezwe kafushane yilesi sihloko esithi a Isimo sezulu esingaphansi komhlaba i-athikili ebhalwe nguJeff Masters: โI-Executive Order kaTrump Isongela Ngokubhidliza Umhlaba NjengePlanethi Ephilayo Yabantu. "
Izinsongo azibi kakhulu kunalokho, akunjalo?
Uma kubhekwa ubukhulu obukhulu bomnotho wase-United States kanye nokungcola okuphonswe emkhathini, lokhu kukhathaza umhlaba wonke. I-World Resources Institute ilinganisela ukuthi i-US iyaphendula cishe amaphesenti angu-15 Ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa okukhona manje emhlabeni, okungokwesibili ngemva kwamaphesenti angama-20 aseChina. I-Russia kanye ne-US zikhipha okungaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kwe-avareji yomhlaba wonke kumuntu ngamunye, njengoba kwenza i-Canada, ngenxa yokuthembela kakhulu ekukhishweni kukaphethiloli wezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi, ibe nesizinda esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni somuntu ngamunye segesi ebamba ukushisa.
Lapho ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa kubalwa ngokwesisekelo esinqwabelene, khona-ke umthwalo wemfanelo weNyakatho yomhlaba wonke ugxila kakhulu: I-United States ibe namaphesenti angu-27 awo wonke amagesi abamba ukushisa aphuma kusukela ngo-1850, futhi amazwe e-European Union anikele ngamanye angu-25. iphesenti.
I-Carbon dioxide iyodwa enomthelela omkhulu ekufudumaleni komhlaba - yingakho i-US Environmental Protection Agency yayifuna ukulawula ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide njengento engcolisayo - kodwa i-methane nayo inegalelo elikhulu. I-EPA ngo-2016 ukhiphe umyalo odinga ukuthi abanikazi kanye nabaqhubi bezikhungo zikawoyela negesi banikeze idatha edingekayo ukuze bayisize inqume indlela engcono kakhulu yokunciphisa i-methane nokunye ukungcola okuyingozi. Kepha abaphathi bakaTrump uwuhoxisile umyalo ukunikeza idatha.
Akukona konke okungahle kuguqulwe ku-stroke ipeni, noma kunjalo. Ukuhlasela okukhulu kohlelo lwamandla ahlanzekile kungenzeka kuthatha iminyaka ukwenza, uDkt. Masters wabhala:
โI-Clean Power Plan kuzoba nzima ukuhlehlisa ngokushesha. Uhlelo lwaphothulwa yi-EPA ngo-2015, futhi okwamanje lusabuyekezwa eNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala yase-US Yesifunda Sase-Columbia Circuit. Ngaphansi komyalelo omusha wesigungu esiphezulu, uMnyango Wezobulungiswa uzocela inkantolo ukuthi ilimise icala kuze kube i-EPA isibuyekeza futhi ibhale inguqulo entsha yalo mthetho. (Ngaphambi kokuba lokho kwenzeke, inkantolo ingase ikhiphe isinqumo ngoHlelo njengoba kubhaliwe, okuzoba nomthelela ekutheni i-EPA ingawubhala kanjani kabusha lo mthetho.) Uma icala selisusiwe enkantolo, i-EPA kuyodingeka iwuhoxise ngokomthetho umthetho okhona futhi iphakamise ukuthi kukhishwe umthetho okhona. umthetho omusha ozothatha indawo yawo, inqubo engase ithathe iminyaka, njengoba lo mthetho omusha kuyodingeka ugunyazwe enkantolo, futhi cishe amaqembu aphikisayo angaphonselwa inselelo enkantolo.โ
Amakhulu ezinkulungwane ezimpilo ebhalansi
Noma kunjalo, ukulwa nakho kubalulekile. Ukuphila kusengozini ngempela, ngamanani amakhulu, uma imithetho evikela izinga lomoya ihlehliswa. I-EPA ilinganisela ukuthi ziyi-160,000 ukufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kwavinjelwa ngo-2010 ngoMthetho Womoya Ohlanzekile, futhi ilinganisela ukuthi kuzosindiswa izimpilo ezingu-230,000 kanye nokuvakasha kwabezimo eziphuthumayo okungu-120,000 ngo-2020 uma isenzo sishiywa sinjalo. I-EPA ithe izinzuzo zalesi senzo "zidlula izindleko ngenani elingaphezu kwama-30 kuya kwelilodwa." Lolu cwaningo, okungenani okwamanje, alukasuswa ku-inthanethi ngabaphathi bakaTrump.
Ucwaningo oluhlukile olwenziwe yi-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) lulinganisela ukuthi ukungcoliswa komoya kubangela Bangu-200,000 abafa ngaphambi kwesikhathi unyaka ngamunye e-United States kuphela. Amagalelo amabili amakhulu kulelo nani lokufa, umbiko we-MIT otholwe, ukukhishwa kwezinto zokuhamba zomgwaqo kanye nokuphehlwa kukagesi, okuhlanganisa ngaphezu kwesigamu sengqikithi. Omunye wababhali balolu cwaningo, uprofesa we-MIT, uSteven Barrett, uthe umuntu oshona ngenxa yesizathu esihlobene nokungcoliswa komoya uvame ukushona eminyakeni eyishumi ngaphambi kwalokho abengaba nakho.
Uhulumeni waseCanada ulinganisela ukuthi ukwehla ngamaphesenti ayi-10 kumazinga e-particle-matter kanye ne-ozone kungaholela enzuzweni yenhlalakahle yomphakathi kubantu baseCanada. ngaphezulu kuka-$ 4 billion. Ucwaningo oluhlukile lulinganisela ukuthi izindleko zokunakekelwa kwezempilo kwaseCanada ngenxa yokungcoliswa komoya izofinyelela ku-$250 billion ngo-2031 ngaphandle kokwehliswa okukhulu.
Lo msebenzi ungaphindaphindwa emhlabeni wonke. Ucwaningo lwe-World Health Organization lwango-2015 lulinganisela ukuthi ukungcoliswa komoya ngaphakathi nangaphandle kubiza umnotho wase-Europe ifike ku-1.2 trillion minyaka yonke ekufeni nasezifo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi u-ยฃ54 billion kanye nokufa kwabantu abangama-29,000 ngonyaka eBrithani. E-Australia, izindleko zokungcoliswa komoya zazilinganiselwa ku-$5.8 billion ngo-2010, okuphindeke kabili eminyakeni emihlanu kuphela.
Emhlabeni jikelele, ukungcoliswa komoya kungaholela izigidi eziyisishiyagalolunye zokufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kanye ne-US$2.6 trillion emonakalweni womnotho ngenxa yezindleko zezinsuku zokugula, izikweletu zezokwelapha kanye nokunciphisa umkhiqizo wezolimo ngo-2060, ngokocwaningo lwe-Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Ukuncipha okukhulu kuphela kokukhishwa kwegesi okungahlehlisa lezi zindleko empilweni yabantu kanye nezingozi ezikhulayo zokufudumala kwembulunga yonke.
Kuzofanele sidlulele ngale kwezinhlelo zamanje
Izikimu ze-Cap-and-trade, ezigqugquzelwa abenkululeko baseNyakatho Melika kanye nentando yeningi yezenhlalo yaseYurophu, azisebenzi nje. Uhlelo lwe-European Union, ngokwesibonelo, lukhiphe izitifiketi eziningi zamahhala kangangokuthi intengo yokungcola i ingxenye encane yenani eliqondiwe, kanye nemizamo yezazi zemvelo yokunciphisa inani lezitifiketi ihlale ichithwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo ze-cap-and-trade ngokuvamile zivumela "i-offsets," lapho izinkampani zingathenga khona amakhredithi e-emission ngaphandle kohlelo ukuze "zisuse" ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngaphezu kwezinga elivumelekile, okuvumela abangcolisi ukuthi bathathele indawo yokwehliswa okungenakuqinisekiswa kwenye indawo ukuze kuncishiswe kwangempela endaweni.
Futhi imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo, njengoba ibalulekile kunoma yiliphi ikusasa eliphusile, ithatha indawo yokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Amandla avuselelekayo ayihlanzekile ngempela noma ngaphandle kweminikelo yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Amandla omoya kanye ne-biomass, isibonelo, kunezinkinga zabo. Umthombo oyinhloko we-bioenergy ukhuni, okubonisa ukwanda kokugawulwa kwemithi, okuphambene nokuwina umzabalazo wokulwa nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke. IDenmark neBrithani ziphakathi kwabasebenzisi abakhulu be-biomass kodwa kufanele bangenise izinkuni ukuze kuqhubeke lokho. Ama-turbines asetshenziswa ukukhiqiza ugesi ovela emoyeni ngokwandayo akhiwa โnge-rare earthโ element neodymium, edinga inqubo enobuthi obukhulu ukukhiqiza. Ukukhiqizwa komhlaba ongavamile kuyonakalisa imvelo; ukwandisa ukukhishwa kwazo kusho ukungcola okwengeziwe kanye nemfucumfucu enobuthi.
Impikiswano lapha ngokuqinisekile akukhona ukuthi ukushintshwa kwezibaseli ezimbiwa phansi kuye kumandla avuselelekayo ngokushesha okukhulu akudingekile; Yebo ukushintsha okunjalo kudinga ukwenziwa. Kodwa uma ukubuyisela emuva ukungcola kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa kuwumgomo, khona-ke okuvuselelekayo kuyisilinganiso esincane kakhulu.
Ingqungquthela Yesimo Sezulu YaseParis iphethe ngesinqumo esingalindelekile sohulumeni bomhlaba sokukhawulela ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa elijwayelekile emhlabeni wonke libe ngu-1.5 degrees Celsius ngaphezu kwesilinganiso soguquko sangaphambi kwezimboni esikhundleni somkhawulo owawuhloswe ngaphambili wama-degree angu-2. Ubunzima lapha, nokho, ukuthi noma ngabe yonke imigomo yezwe ibifinyelelwa, izinga lokushisa loMhlaba ingakhuphuka ngo-2.2 kuya ku-3.4 degrees ngo-2100 nokunye okuzayo, futhi ingqungquthela yaseParis ayinakho indlela yokuphoqelela le migomo.
Ukwengeza ebunzimeni bokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli wemfucumfucu ngokwanele ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezinjongo zengqungquthela yaseParis (futhi okunganciphisa nomonakalo empilweni yabantu) isamba esimangalisayo soxhaso lwabo. Ucwaningo lwango-2015 oluzame ukulinganisa usayizi walezi zibonelelo emhlabeni jikelele balinganiselwa ku-US$5.6 trillion! Lokho akubandakanyi uxhaso oluqondile lukahulumeni kuphela ngekhefu lentela nezinye izinhlelo, kodwa ukulimala kwemvelo - lokhu akubalulekile njengoba izindleko zokungcoliswa komoya kanye nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke okudluliselwa emphakathini zenza cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zalelo nani.
I-โFrackingโ (i-hydraulic fracturing) yedwala ukuze kuqhunyiswe igesi yemvelo iyodwa kubangela izigidigidi zamarandi zomonakalo ngamanzi angcolile, izinkinga zempilo ezivela kumakhemikhali asetshenziswa kule nqubo, ukungcoliswa komoya, i-methane enomthelela ekufudumaleni komhlaba, ukuphazamiseka kwezolimo kanye nokulimala kwemigwaqo evela emalolini. Ukuthi izindleko zalezo zidluliselwe emphakathini kungenye isibonelelo esikhulu embonini yamandla.
Ukweqisa amandla okuthwala oMhlaba
Isilinganiso sakamuva kakhulu sokusetshenziswa kwamaplanethi ukuthi isintu si usebenzisa okulingana no-1.6 Earths ngonyaka. Ngo-2030, njengamanje amazinga okukhuphuka, sizobe sisebenzisa imihlaba emibili - okungukuthi, umthamo ophindwe kabili weplanethi yethu ukuze uphile.
Bese kuba nendaba yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Ucwaningo lwesayensi olubili olwakhishwa ngo-2015 luphakamisa ukuthi i-carbon dioxide eningi kakade isijikijelwe emoyeni kangangokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi isintu sesivele sizibophezele ku- ukuphakama kwamamitha ayisithupha ezingeni lolwandle. Ucwaningo oluhlukile lwango-2015, olulungiswe ososayensi abayi-18, lwathola ukuthi uMhlaba unjalo ukweqa โimingcele yamaplanethiโ amaningana ukuthi uma kuhlangene kuyokwenza umhlaba ube nomoya wokungenisa izihambi.
Ingakanani intengo yokwenza umhlaba ungahlali muntu? Alikho inani lokumba iNyanga noma ibhande le-asteroid elizohlehlisa ukufa kwabantu abaningi Emhlabeni.
Imibono yokuthi "green capitalismโ izosisindisa ngempela kumelwe iyekwe. Ngaphandle kwalokho ubungxiwankulu budinga ukukhula njalo (ukukhula okungapheli akunakwenzeka emhlabeni onesiphetho) futhi akukhuthazi ukuzibophezela kwezinkampani ngoba amabhizinisi angakwazi ukulayisha izibopho zawo emphakathini, zonke izikhuthazo ziwukukhiqiza okwengeziwe. Ukwengeza kulokho, umnotho wonxiwankulu wehlisa ikusasa kangangokuthi impilo yesikhathi esizayo ibukeka icishe ibe yize. Ngakho, kulolu hlobo lokubala, azikho izindleko zokungcola kwesikhathi esizayo.
Ababhali uRichard York, uBrett Clark noJohn Bellamy Foster bakubeka lokhu ngokusobala ekucabangeni May 2009 isihloko in Ukubuyekeza Kwenyanga. Babhale:
โLapho [izazi zezomnotho ezivamile] zihluka ngokuyinhloko akukhona emibonweni yazo yesayensi ebangela ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kodwa ekuqageleni kwazo ukubaluleka kokufaneleka kokususa imithwalo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Lokhu kuveza obala umbono ogxiliswe ku-orthodox neoclassical economics, umkhakha oziveza njalo njengosebenzisa inhloso, ngisho nemvelo, izindlela zokumodela umnotho. Kodwa-ke, esedlule kuzo zonke izilinganiso kanye ne-jargon yobuchwepheshe, ipharadigm yezomnotho evelele yakhelwe ohlelweni lwenani oluklomelisa ukuqoqwa kwezimali esikhathini esifushane, kuyilapho kwehlisa inani lazo zonke ezinye izinto okwamanje nakho konke ngokuphelele esikhathini esizayo. "
Mayelana nanamuhla, amabhizinisi onxiwankulu ngeke aqinisekise imisebenzi kubasebenzi abasuswa ezimbonini ezikhipha ugesi, futhi uma labo basebenzi bengenazo ezinye izindlela ezisebenzayo, ngeke kulindeleke ukuthi bazokwenza enye into ngaphandle kokujoyina izisebenzi zabo. abaphathi ekulweleni imboni yabo. Ngakho-ke noma yiluphi uhlelo oluphusile lokunciphisa ukukhishwa kukaphethiloli wezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi kufanele lukwazi ukunikeza eminye imisebenzi. Futhi izindleko ezimpilweni zabantu okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla azihlanganisi izibalo zezomnotho zonxiwankulu.
Izinguquko ezinkulu ezidingekayo ukuze kubuyiselwe emuva ukukhokhiswa kokungcola kwabantu kanye nemvelo kuzofika nenani eliphakeme kakhulu. Kodwa izindleko zokuqhubeka nebhizinisi njengenjwayelo ziphezulu kakhulu โ inani elizokhokhwa yizizukulwane zethu uma singadluleli ohlelweni lwezomnotho olwazisa ukuphila kunenzuzo kuphela.