Kuleli sonto, abenzi bomthetho baseRiphabhlikhi eMichigan - indawo okwazalelwa kuyo i-United Auto Workers futhi, ngokubanzi, inhlangano yabasebenzi yaseMelika - bashaqise izwe ekubeni umbuso wama-24 ukuphasisa umthetho "welungelo lokusebenza", ovumela abasebenzi abangeyona inyunyana ukuthi bahlomule ezinkontilekeni zezinyunyana.
Nakuba isinqumo esibalulekile saseMichigan sesithole ukunakwa kwemithombo yezindaba, kuncane osekushiwo mayelana nemvelaphi yemithetho "yelungelo lokusebenza", ethola izimpande zayo ku-pro-segregationist eyeqisayo kanye nezinto ezimelene namakhomanisi ngeminyaka yo-1940 eNingizimu.
Umlando wemithetho emelene nezabasebenzi "yelungelo lokuya emsebenzini" uqala e-Houston. Kulapho ngo-1936 lapho uVance Muse, i-lobbyist embonini kawoyela, asungula i-Christian American Association ngokusekelwa yizinkampani zikawoyela zaseNingizimu kanye nezimboni ezivela eNyakatho-mpumalanga.
Njengoba isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu saseDartmouth uMarc Dixon siphawula kweyakhe umlando othakazelisayo wenkathi [pdf], "I-Christian American Association yaba ngeyokuqala esizweni ukumela 'Ilungelo Lokusebenza' njengesiqubulo sezepolitiki esigcwele."
UMuse ubeyilungu lepolitiki yaseNingizimu ngaphambi kokuthi azinze engqungqutheleni yakhe yokulwa nezabasebenzi. Encwadini yakhe ka-1946 ethi "Southern Exposure," intatheli ye-crusading UStetson Kennedy wabhala:
Indoda enguMuse ingumlingiswa impela. Unezinyawo eziyisithupha ezine, ugqoke isigqoko esingamalitha ayishumi, kodwa ngokuvamile ugcina amabhuzu akhe omfana wezinkomo ohambweni lwase-Nawth. Manje uneminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu, uMuse ubelokhu esebenza emabhizinisini aphikisayo isikhathi esingaphezu kwekota yekhulu.
Njengoba u-Kennedy echaza, lezi zimbangela zazihlanganisa ukuphikisana kwabesifazane, imithetho yokuqashwa kwezingane, ukuhlanganiswa kanye nemizamo ekhulayo yokuguqula ukuhleleka kwezombusazwe kwaseNingizimu, njengoba kumelelwe ekusongelweni kwe-New Deal ka-Roosevelt.
Udadewabo ka-Muse nozakwabo ku-Christan American Association, u-Ida Darden, ukhononde ngokusobala mayelana ne-"Eleanor Clubs" yeNkosikazi Yokuqala ethi bona (njengoba belandiswa uKennedy):
…ibekezelelwe "iholo leviki elingu-$15 wabo bonke abantu abadinga usizo lwendlu, amaSonto angasebenzi, awawashiwe, futhi akukho ukuhlanzwa esitezi esiphezulu." Njengomcabango wakamuva, wengeza, "Incekukazi yami engumqemane ibingeke ikwazi ukuhlala nami egumbini elilodwa ngaphandle kokuthi ihlale phansi ezinyaweni zami!"
Izivumela ukuba iqhubekele phambili, intokazi encane yaqhubeka yathi, “AmaKhristu aseMelika awakwazi ukuphikisa amaSemite, kodwa siyazi ukuthi simi kuphi kumaJuda, kulungile.
I-Association iphinde yasola amaKhatholika - okuphawulwa nguDixon okudale ukuwa kwezimpi zabo eLouisiana engumakhelwane.
Kepha kuma-Conservatives angakwesokudla njengoMuse, kanye namaqembu ezimboni afana neSouthern States Industrial Council, abasebenzi - okubandakanya nabasebenzi abamnyama - baba usongo oluyingozi kakhulu eTexas. Ngenxa yokukhula komnotho wesikhathi sempi, kanye nemikhankaso yokuhlela abasebenzi eyayiholwa yiCongress of Industrial Organizations futhi, ngokwezinga elincane, i-American Federation of Labor, izinyunyana zazikhula ngokushesha eTexas. Ngemva kokuzungeza cishe amaphesenti ayishumi abasebenzi phakathi neminyaka yawo-10, ubulungu bezinyunyana baqhuma ngamaphesenti angu-1930 phakathi neshumi leminyaka elilandelayo.
UMuse kanye ne-Christian American Association babona ingozi. Akukhona nje ukuthi izinyunyana zandisa amandla okuxoxisana - ngakho-ke zithuthukisa amaholo nezimo zokusebenza - zama-Texans esigaba sabasebenzi, futhi zaba usongo lwezepolitiki. I-CIO ikakhulukazi yaphikisana noJim Crow futhi yafuna kuqedwe ukuhlukaniswa. Izinyunyana bezingumfelandawonye obalulekile wezepolitiki ku-FDR kanye ne-New Deal. Kanti njalo ukucathama ethunzini kwakuyithemba le-Red Menace, eshukunyiswa ukuphithizela kwamakhomanisi.
Ngokusebenzisana nama-segregationists kanye nabaholi bamabhizinisi angakwesokudla, uMuse kanye neNhlangano bathatha isinyathelo ngokushesha. Isinyathelo sabo sokuqala ngo-1941 kwaba ukuphoqa umthethosivivinywa "wokulwa nodlame" owabeka imingcele egcwele ekuqoqweni kwezinyunyana zomphakathi ezindaweni zokusebenza. Umgomo oshiwo kwakuwukuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni "okungaphazamiseki" phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, nakuba iTexas yayineziteleka ezimbalwa kakhulu eNingizimu, futhi umthetho wawusebenza kuzo zonke izimboni, ezihlobene nempi noma cha.
Ukuphumelela kwabo ngomthethosivivinywa "wokulwa nodlame" kugqugquzele uMuse kanye neChristian American Association ukuthi baphokophele - futhi baphasise - imithetho efanayo kulo lonke elaseNingizimu. IMississippi yamukela umthetho wokulwa nodlame ngo-1942; IFlorida, i-Arkansas, ne-Alabama yashaya imithetho efanayo ngo-1943. Kwabaqinisa futhi isibindi sokuthatha umklomelo omkhulu kakhulu: ukuqeda ikhono lamaqembu ezisebenzi ukuqhuba “isitolo esivaliwe,” lapho izinzuzo zezinyunyana zifinyelela kuphela kumalungu ezinyunyana.
Ngo-1945, i-Christian American Association - kanye namadlelandawonye baqinisela ezimpini zangaphambilini ezimelene nenyunyana, okuhlanganisa i-Fight for Free Enterprise kanye noLt. Gov. John Lee Smith omelene nenyunyana waseTexas - wethula umthethosivivinywa welungelo lokusebenza Texas. Idlulise iNdlu ngamajini angama-60 kuye kwangama-53, kepha amabutho e-Pro-New Deal ayimisa esigungwini sezwe. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, ngenxa yomkhankaso oxhaswe kahle ngezimali ovela kuNhlangano kanye nezimboni - kanye nokwehlukana kwangaphakathi phakathi kwe-AFL egxile kwezobuciko kanye ne-CIO egcwele impi - umthethosivivinywa welungelo lokusebenza waseTexas 'wasayinwa waba umthetho.
Ngenkathi besebenzela ukuphasisa umthetho wokuya emsebenzini eTexas, uMuse kanye neNhlangano bathathe imizamo yabo baya e-Arkansas naseFlorida, lapho umyalezo ofanayo olinganisa ukukhula kwenyunyana nokuxutshwa kwezinhlanga kanye nobukhomanisi kwaholela ekudluleni kwelungelo lokuqala lesizwe loku-- Sekukonke, izifunda eziyi-1944 zaphasisa lowo mthetho ngo-14, lapho ama-Conservatives kuKhongolose ephasisa ngempumelelo iSigaba 1947(b) soMthetho we-Taft-Hartly, ogcizelela ilungelo lezifundazwe lokuphasisa imithetho evumela abasebenzi ukuthi bathole izinzuzo zenyunyana ukujoyina inyunyana.
Abaholi bamalungelo omphakathi abafana noMartin Luther King, Jr., owabona umfelandawonye nezabasebenzi njengento ebalulekile ekuqhubekiseleni phambili amalungelo omphakathi kanye nobulungiswa bezomnotho kubo bonke abasebenzi, bakhuluma ngokumelene nemithetho efanele yokusebenza; lesi sitatimende sika-1961 seNkosi sasakazwa kabanzi kuleli sonto phakathi nezimpi zaseMichigan:
Empini yethu ekhazimulayo yokulwela amalungelo abantu, kumelwe sigweme ukukhohliswa iziqubulo ezingamanga, njengokuthi ‘ilungelo lokusebenza.’ Kuwumthetho wokusiphuca amalungelo ethu omphakathi namalungelo omsebenzi. Inhloso yawo ukucekela phansi izinyunyana zabasebenzi kanye nenkululeko yokuxoxisana ngokuhlanganyela lapho izinyunyana zithuthukise amaholo kanye nezimo zokusebenza zawo wonke umuntu…Noma yikuphi lapho le mithetho ishaywe khona, amaholo ayancipha, amathuba emisebenzi aba mancane futhi awekho amalungelo omphakathi.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi eminyakeni eyi-11 kamuva, iKansas iphinde yaphasisa umthetho onelungelo lokusebenza, ngokusekelwa usomabhizinisi wamandla owazalelwa eTexas uFred Koch, naye owabheka izinyunyana njengemikhumbi yobukhomanisi nokuhlanganiswa. Amadodana ka-Koch, uCharles noDavid, baqhubeke nokwakha iqembu le-Tea Party Americans for Prosperity, elacindezela iMichigan ilungelo lokuya emsebenzini, futhi manje selimelela izifundazwe esezivele zinemithetho enjalo, njenge. North Carolina futhi EVirginia, ukuze baqhubeke bewafaka kumthethosisekelo wabo wezifundazwe.
Futhi kuthiwani ngoMuse? Ngokusho kwe Texas State Historical Association:
UMuse washona ngo-Okthoba 15, 1950, emzini wakhe e-Houston, lapho imizamo yakhe nama-Christian Americans yaqala khona. Ngesikhathi eshona ubesebenzela ukuchitshiyelwa kwelungelo lokusebenza kuMthethosisekelo wenhlangano.