Scott Burchill
In
imiphakathi ethanda ukuzibiza ngokuthi ikhululekile futhi ivulekile, inkululeko ivamisile
kuchazwe ngamagama ahlukene. Inkulumo-ze yombuso kanye nokufundisa, isibonelo,
kuthiwa yizici ezikhethekile zezifundazwe ezingakhululekile noma ezinobushiqela ku
zombili iziphetho ze-spectrum ye-ideological.
One
Ingozi yokuchaza umphakathi wethu ngokumelene 'nabanye' abangafiseleki kangako yilokho
kusikhulula emthwalweni wokuqapha kwangaphakathi kanye nokuhlolisisa. Ikona
kuyaduduza futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuyaqinisekisa ukwazi ukuthi eminye imiphakathi injalo
ngokusobala sinelungelo eliphansi kunelethu kodwa futhi kungasiholela ekubeni sizithele ngabandayo
okucatshangwayo mayelana namandla ethu okucabanga nokukhuluma ngokukhululekile.
George
U-Orwell unikeze incazelo yokuqala yokuthi ukulawulwa komcabango nakho kusebenza kanjani
imibuso yentando yeningi ekhululekile. Esethulweni esingashicilelwe se-Animal Farm u-Orwell uxwayise
ukuthi "iqiniso elibi mayelana nokuhlolwa kwezincwadi eNgilandi ukuthi kunjalo
ikakhulukazi ngokuzithandela. Imibono engathandeki ingathuliswa, futhi kugcinwe amaqiniso angathandeki
kumnyama, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuvinjelwa okusemthethweni".
In
imiphakathi ekhululekile, ukucwaninga ngokuzithandela kusebenza kahle kakhulu kune
ukuphoqelelwa okwenziwa ubushiqela, okukhuthaza ukuphikiswa
igunya kanye nemibono ebusayo. Emiphakathini yentando yeningi, izikhulu ezibusayo azikwazi
lawula abantu ngodlame nokwesaba. Ngakho-ke kufanele basebenzise okucashile
kanye nezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zokugcina lokho u-Orwell akubiza ngokuthi "okuncane okunuka kabi
ama-orthodoxies". Kodwa ukucwaninga ngokuzithandela kusebenza kanjani emiphakathini evulekile?
One
umugqa wempikiswano uthi inselelo yabaphambili iwukuhlanganisa ngempumelelo
ukufundiseka ngombono wokuthi umphakathi ukhululekile futhi uvulekile ngempela. Lokhu
kungenziwa ngokubeka imingcele yobuhlakani lapho 'isemthethweni'
imibono ingavezwa 'ngokukhululekile'. Ngokuka-Ed Herman noNoam Chomsky, laba
imingcele isebenza kakhulu uma icacile futhi icatshangwa, futhi kuyaqabukela
lapho zitshelwa obala nguhulumeni. Ngokusho kukaChomsky, "a
Isimiso esijwayelekile kubashisekeli benkulumo-ze siwukuthi imfundiso okufanele igxiliswe ku
izethameli eziqondiwe akumele zichazwe: lokho kuzoziveza kuphela
ukucabanga, ukubuza, futhi, cishe, ukuhleka usulu. Inqubo efanele iwukuba
zishayele ekhaya ngokuzicabangela njalo, ukuze zibe yibona kanye
umbandela wokukhuluma".
The
iziqalo bese zisebenza njengohlaka 'lomcabango ocatshangwayo' esikhundleni sokuthi
okuwukuqagela okufanele kuhlolwe ngokujulile. Izimpikiswano nokuphikisana
esikholelwa ukuthi iveza inkululeko yethu ivunyelwe futhi iyakhuthazwa, kodwa
ngaphakathi kwemingcele ebekwe ngokuqinile futhi engabonakali kakhulu, okusishiya ne
umbono owanelisayo wokuthi imiphakathi yethu 'ivulekile' futhi 'ikhululekile'. Njengoba uMilan Rai
uyaphikisana, "asisakwazi ukubona imibono eyakha imicabango yethu,
njengoba izinhlanzi zingakwazi ukubona ulwandle.โ
Ukuchaza
i-spectrum yenkulumo evunyelwe iwuhlobo olusebenza kahle kakhulu lwemibono
ukulawula. Kunemifanekiso eminingi yesimanje efanelekela ngokugcwele
ihlaziya, kodwa nansi isampula nje.
It
kucatshangwa ukuthi imakethe yamahhala, noma i-capitalism yezwe ngokunembe kakhulu, iyona
ukucushwa okuphezulu komnotho wezepolitiki. Ukubhidlika kokuhleliwe okumaphakathi
ezomnotho eMpumalanga Yurophu zaqinisa impikiswano yokuthi ubunxiwankulu obukhululekile bunjalo
isiphetho sokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwesintu: ukuthi ayinaso sina
izimbangi. Yini edlula impikiswano yezomnotho kanye nokuphawula kwabezindaba zaseNtshonalanga,
ngakho-ke, igxile embuzweni wezilungiselelo zenqubomgomo ezifanele - yiziphi izinqubomgomo
izokhiqiza 'impumelelo' yezomnotho echazwe ngamagama onxiwankulu bombuso - ukukhula okuphezulu,
inzuzo ephezulu, ukwehla kwamandla emali, ukuhweba mahhala, ukuncintisana kwamanye amazwe, njll,?
Inkulumompikiswano ngenqubomgomo 'elungile' 'ingxube' imahhala futhi ivulekile, kodwa
ukungabaza uhlelo lwe-capitalism yombuso uqobo, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuthi ngabe kunjalo
ibonakala ngokwehlukana kwezigaba ngokungafanele, ingaphezu kwemingcele yokuvezwa
ukuphikisa. Ukuhlaziywa komnotho kanye nokuphawula kunamathela ngokuqinile 'ekuxazululeni izinkinga',
lapho izinhlelo zezomnotho ezikhona zithathwa njengezingaguquki, futhi okuwukuphela kwazo
inselele ukwenza izikhungo ezikhona zisebenze ngempumelelo.
Ngokuxakayo,
ukuphikisa okulawulwayo, noma lokho uChomsky akubiza ngokuthi โukuphikisa okuzenzisaโ, okuthi
kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwemingcele yomcabango osemthethweni, unomphumela we
ukuqinisa izinhlelo zezomnotho ezikhona ngokubonakala bephikisana nabathile
izithakazelo, kuyilapho empeleni zingabaphonseli inselelo. Isimangalo sokuthi ngaphakathi kwamahhala
imiphakathi impi enkulu yemibono eyenzekayo empeleni iyinkohliso ngoba
imibono engaphandle kwemvumelwano ye-elite ihlolwa ngokuzithandela
kusuka kunoma iyiphi ingxoxo yezinketho zenqubomgomo. 'Uhwebo lwamahhala', isibonelo, indatshana
ukholo phakathi kwabenzi benqubomgomo baseNtshonalanga nabahlaziyi bemithombo yezindaba. Ukuvikeleka kuyinto
idemoni njengokungathi, ngamagama ka-Edward Luttwark, "isono". Futhi okwamanje
ukuvikelwa kwakuyisidingo sokuqala esiyisisekelo sokuguqulwa kweYurophu
futhi i-United States yaba izinhlangano zezimboni, njengoba kwakunjalo nenqubomgomo yezimboni
ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni komnotho eMpumalanga Asia.
Cabanga
isisho esidumile esithi "a shareholding democracy", an oxymoron which
ingene enkulumweni yethu yezepolitiki ngaphandle kwenselelo esobala. Entando yeningi -
okungenani ngokombono - umgomo 'wevoti elilodwa inani elilodwa' uqinisekisa ukuthi cha
inzuzo yokhetho inikezwa abacebile futhi abampofu balingana nabo
sisho ekuzimiseleni kukahulumeni. Nokho, ku-AGM yenkampani umuntu
abanikazi bamasheya ngokushesha bathola ukuthi umgomo ohluke kakhulu uyasebenza.
Izikhungo, ezigcina intshisekelo yokulawula phezu kwesikhulu kanye nebhodi
ama-aphoyintimenti ezinkampanini eziningi ezinkulu, hamba ngezinyathelo zokuvumela
'omama nobaba' bayeke ukushuba mayelana namaholo aphezulu noma isabelo esinciphayo
amanani, kodwa kuqondwe kahle ukuthi ithonya lomuntu phezu kwalezi
izindaba zilingana ngqo nesitoko sazo. Amavoti, ngakho-ke
ithonya phezu kwebhizinisi lenkampani, zithengwa ngamasheya nabacebe kakhulu
ukusho okuningi, okuphambene kakhulu nenqubo yentando yeningi.
Kanjani
ingabe izimiso ezimbili eziphikisanayo zingahlanganiswa emshweni owodwa ngaphandle kokukhala kwe
ukuhleka inhlekisa?
Thatha
indlela inqubomgomo yezangaphandle ebheke e-Indonesia yahlelwa ngabase-Australia abalandelanayo
ohulumeni kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule. Abavikeli 'bobudlelwano obuhle' nabo
U-Jakarta wathi ekukhulumeni kwamalungelo abantu ukuphela kwento eyayikhona
ebizwa ngokuthi "i-diplomacy ethule" kwakungu "hectoring" noma "megaphone
idiplomacy." Ngamanye amazwi, kwakungekho maphakathi phakathi kwalokho okwakukhona
ukushweleza ngempumelelo (nakuba kungakaze kuvunyelwe kanjalo) kanye nokukhiqiza okuphikisayo
ukufundisa ngokuziphatha okuvela eceleni. Eqinisweni, impikiswano yasungulwa kulokhu
indlela yokunikeza umbono wokuthi izethulo ezinomthwalo wemfanelo neziyimpumelelo
yenziwa iCanberra eJakarta - futhi lena ukuphela kwendlela inqubekela phambili engaba ngayo
kwenziwa - kuyilapho empeleni akukho lutho olubambekayo olwake lwazuzwa. "Thula
I-diplomacy" ithuthukise kuphela ukuba necala kokuziphatha kweCanberra kumuntu oqhubekayo
ukwephulwa kwamalungelo okwenziwa umbuso we-Suharto, okuyinto emibuthanweni esemthethweni
awuzange ubizwe ngokuthi "ubushiqela" kuze kube yilapho usuphephile
idluliselwe emlandweni.
Orwell
waxwayisa ngokuthi embusweni wentando yeningi i-orthodoxy โyayiyiqoqo lemibono okuyiyo
ucabange ukuthi bonke abantu abacabanga kahle bazokwamukela ngaphandle kokungabaza."
Abaphikisayo bangase bangabelani ngezingozi zomuntu siqu ezibhekana nozakwabo abaphilayo
ngaphansi kobushiqela, kodwa amazwi abo angase ahlangabezane nokuphikiswa okufanayo.
โNoma ngubani ophonsela inselelo inselelo yomthetho okhona uzithola ethule naye
ukusebenza okumangalisayo".
The
isingathekiso singase sibe yi-anachronistic, kodwa isixwayiso sika-Orwell sinokuhlobana kwesimanje
kuwo wonke amademokhrasi esimanje akhululekile. "Ukushintshanisa i-orthodoxy eyodwa kwenye
akusho ukuthi kusenesikhathi. Isitha ingqondo yegramophone, noma cha
umuntu uyavumelana nerekhodi elidlalwayo njengamanje".
Scott
Burchill
Umfundisi wezobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe
Isikole Sezifundo Zase-Australia Nezamazwe Ngamazwe
I-Deakin University
Burwood Victoria 3125
AUSTRALIA
Ukuze
ukuhlaziya okubalulekile kwezindaba zamanje zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nemicimbi vakashela i-IR Online
ku: http://arts.deakin.edu.au/IR/