ephilile
“Iqhinga elikhulu udeveli ake alidonsa kwaba ukukholisa umhlaba ukuthi akenzanga
zikhona.”
- URoger “Verbal” Kint (uKevin Spacey), Abasolwa Abajwayelekile, ngo-1995.
“I-M1 ingaba nkulu ngendlela ethanda ngayo,” kusho omunye muva nje kimi, “kodwa ayiphikisani
ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kufana nokuphikisana nocingo?" Hhayi impela.
Ababusi bahlale bethethelela izenzo zabo ngamazwi aphezulu kanye nezimangalo eziphakeme. Bayafuna
ukunqoba umhlabathi ophakeme wokuziphatha futhi, ngawo, ingubo "yokungagwemeki".
Ababusi baseRoma babiza ukugqilazwa kweYurophu neMpumalanga Ephakathi ngokuthi “impucuko”;
abanikazi bezigayo ezimnyama, zobusathane zeNguquko Yezimboni bazibiza ngezabo
umsebenzi "inqubekelaphambili"; kanye namabhange okutshalwa kwezimali, abagembuli bezimakethe zamasheya kanye
izikhulu zamabhizinisi ezigidi eziningi zonxiwankulu bezinkampani zanamuhla zibabiza ngokuthi
ukuthotshiswa kwezwe "iglobalisation".
Ngamazwi anjalo, izigqila ezihlubukayo, abasebenzi basefektri abatelekile, abaphikisana nezinkampani
ababhikishi bayayeka ukuba yizinhlangano ezilwa nengcindezelo futhi bangabi nalwazi
abajikijeli abaphikisa “impucuko”, “inqubekelaphambili”, “imbulunga yonke”, kanye
imashi eya phambili yomlando ngokwawo.
Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, ngokuyisisekelo, kusho nje inkambiso yesikhathi eside, yezwe
ekungeneni okukhulu njalo nokuncikana kwezwe
ezomnotho. Futhi lokhu akunakugwenywa ngempela. Emakhulwini eminyaka, njengoba ukukhiqizwa
izinqubo sezithuthukile futhi zaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ukuxhumana kwazo kuye kwaba
lenyuka.
Ngale ncazelo, nokho, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke akuyona into eqondile manje: yona
ube nathi kusukela ekuqaleni kwemboni yemishini. UMarco Polo kanye
UChristopher Columbus "wayengabashicileli bomhlaba" njengoBill Gates noGeorge
I-Soros, uma kungenjalo.
Kodwa lokhu akukhona okushiwo ababusi bezwe lapho bekhuluma “ngokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke”
futhi usikhumbuze "ngokungagwemeki" kwayo - ngaphezu kuka-Augustus Caesar kanye
UCaligula ubesho ukusabalala kolwazi lokufunda nokubhala, imigwaqo nokuthuthwa kwendle uma bekhuluma ngakho
"ukungagwemeki" kwe "mpucuko" yamaRoma.
Abakushoyo ngala mazwi ukuguquguquka nonya lokubusa kwabo, kanye
noma ngabe yiluphi uhlobo lwayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lucashile noma luhlaza, luhlangabezana nokuthanda kwabo.
Futhi noma izinhlobo zayo, noma umthetho ngokwawo, azinakugwenywa nganoma iyiphi indlela -
yingakho bechitha isikhathi esiningi futhi benza umsindo omningi befuna ukukholisa
nathi ukuthi kunjalo.
“Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke” kumane kuyizwi labo, inhlamba yabo ezwakalayo ephakeme, esho “imbulunga yonke.
i-capitalism” kanye nezinhlobo eziye zayithatha kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule.
Yini eye yahlanganiswa emhlabeni wonke?
Yizinto eziqondile kuphela eziye “zasakazwa emhlabeni wonke” phakathi nawo-1980 nawo-1990; phakathi
ezinye izinto eziningi, akubanga khona “ukukhula ndawonye” kodwa kunalokho ukudonsa
ngokwehlukana. Umcebo, ngokwesibonelo, awuzange uhlanganiswe nomhlaba wonke; sekudlule
kugxilile, ngaphakathi naphakathi kwamazwe.
Phakathi neminyaka yawo-1990, igebe phakathi kwesihlanu esicebe kakhulu kanye nesihlanu esimpofu kakhulu
isintu sakhula sisuka ku-60:1 saya ku-74:1. Amadoda amathathu - uBill Gates, uzakwabo wakwaMicrosoft
umsunguli u-Paul Allen kanye ne-rentier extraordinaire uWarren Buffet - manje abangabanikazi bempahla
okulingana nalezo eziphethwe abantu abayizigidi ezingama-600 kwabangama-48 okungenani emhlabeni
amazwe athuthukile, kuyilapho inani labantu abaphila ngaphansi kwe-US $ 1 ngosuku
kulindeleke ukuthi inyuke isuka ku-1.2 billion namuhla iye kubantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.9 ngo-2015.
Ubuchwepheshe abukahlanganiswa nomhlaba wonke; ukugxila kwayo ezandleni ze-
kuphakeme futhi kunamandla kunanini ngaphambili. Amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye
amalungelo obunikazi omhlaba kwezobuchwepheshe manje aphethwe emazweni acebe kakhulu, kakhulu
ivikelwe yizivumelwano zeWorld Trade Organisation, phakathi kokunye.
Ngokocwaningo lwangoFebhuwari olwenziwe yi-International Labour Organisation, bangama-5% kuphela.
inani labantu emhlabeni abake basebenzisa i-inthanethi - futhi u-88% wabo uhlala
amazwe athuthukile onxiwankulu.
Ngisho nokukhula komnotho, okucatshangwa ukuthi umsuka wobungxiwankulu ungumlando
ukuphakama, kuye kwahlanganiswa umhlaba wonke. I-United States kungenzeka ukuthi yadlondlobala ngawo-1980
kanye neminyaka yawo-1990, kodwa ngokocwaningo lwamaphethini okukhula kwamazwe yi
Isikhungo esizinze e-US Socwaningo Lwezomnotho Nenqubomgomo, amazinga okukhula ngo-77%.
amazwe ayephansi kakhulu ngo-1980-2000, amashumi eminyaka "yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke",
kunalokho ababeyikho ngo-1960-1980.
Futhi ukugeleza kwabantu ngokuqinisekile akuzange kuhlanganiswe nomhlaba wonke, noma - inqaba
izindonga zawo wonke amazwe acebile ziyakhula, ukuze kuvinjwe abaphithizelayo
uquqaba.
Izinto eziye “zenziwe emhlabeni wonke” zicaciswe kakhulu futhi ziningi kakhulu
yingozi.
Imali "yenziwe emhlabeni wonke": manje isingakwazi ukugeleza ngendlela ethanda ngayo ukungena (futhi iphume
of) cishe kuwo wonke amazwe emhlabeni, njengoba amanani enzuzo enyuka futhi ehla futhi njengoba
abanikazi bayo babona kufanelekile.
Isitokwe somhlaba wonke sempahla yezezimali sikhule ngokuphindwe kasithupha, sisuka e-US $12 trillion saya
US$80 trillion phakathi kuka-1980 no-2000; ukugeleza kwemingcele yamabhondi kanye nezabelomali
kwezomnotho ezinkulu ziye zanda izikhathi ezingama-55-60 kusukela ngo-1970; kanye ne
inani elithengiswayo ezimakethe zokushintshiselana ngemali zamazwe ngamazwe nsuku zonke liqhume lisuka
US $ 18.3 billion ngo-1977 kuya ku-US $ 1.5 trillion ngo-2000.
Amandla, ukubamba kanye nenkululeko yokulawula yamazwe ngamazwe
I-corporation nayo "ihlanganiswe emhlabeni wonke". Nakuba umthamo wokuhwebelana ngamazwe
iphindeke kabili phakathi kuka-1982 no-1999, ukuthengiswa kwezinkampani ezisebenzisana nazo kwamanye amazwe ze-TNCs kwanda
kasithupha. Izikhungo ezingamashumi amane nesishiyagalolunye kweziyi-100 ezicebe kakhulu nezinamandla kakhulu manje
izinkampani kunohulumeni futhi zilawula u-70% wezohwebo zomhlaba
kanye nama-80% otshalomali lwangaphandle emhlabeni.
Ngokwakhiwa
Konke lokhu, “ukuhwebelana komhlaba wonke” kwezinye izinto hhayi ezinye, akuyona ingozi,
noma ukusebenza kokungagwemeki okuthile okungokomlando. Kungokuklama, yiyona
umphumela wezinhlelo ezenziwe ngamabomu nezibaliwe zamadoda (kanye nabesifazane abambalwa) abahlanganayo
emakamelweni ebhodi ezinkampani kanye nasemakamelweni ekhabhinethi kahulumeni, ezingqungqutheleni zamanxusa kanye
Izinkomfa zamazwe ngamazwe, nasemaqenjini omphakathi akhethekile.
Into yokuqala "eye yaba yimbulunga yonke" kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule i
isethi ethize kakhulu yezinqubomgomo zezomnotho nezenhlalo, amafomula ezomnotho
inkululeko (e-Australia, ngoba lezi zinqubomgomo zaqalwa ngabaSebenzi, kanye
hhayi uhulumeni wenkululeko, abizwa ngokuthi “i-economic rationalism”).
Lezi zinqubomgomo ziyafana yonke indawo, zivela eresiphi efanayo ncamashi
incwadi: nikezela ngezimpahla zombuso ezinkampanini, ungakunaki ukusebenza
yezikhungo zezimali, ukulawulwa kwe-prorogue ekugelezeni kwemali emingceleni,
vumela amanani okushintshaniswa kwezimali ukuthi anqunywe abaqageli, yenze buthaka imithetho
ezicacisa amalungelo abasebenzi noma izindinganiso zemvelo, zinciphisa izindleko zikahulumeni
ezinhlelweni zomphakathi, ukunciphisa intela ezinkampanini kanye nabacebe kakhulu, amandla
abasebenzi ukuze bazikhokhele imali yabo yomhlalaphansi kanye nemfundo kanye nokunakekelwa kwezempilo, ukuphanga
abampofu, yipha abacebile.
Phakathi kuka-1991 no-1999, kwaba nezinguquko ezingu-1035 emhlabeni wonke emithethweni yezangaphandle.
utshalomali - 94% wabo andise inkululeko abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe futhi yehliswa
umthethonqubo kahulumeni.
Ngo-1998, amazwe angu-145 e-International Monetary Fund's 182 angamalungu ayesevumile.
ku-Athikili VIII ye-IMF, ecacisa ukuhamba kwamahhala kwekhephithali yonkana
imingcele - i-70 yayivunyelwe eminyakeni emihlanu edlule.
Ngomhla lu-1 kuNdasa, 1999, usuku lokuqala lweNsiza Yezezimali ye-WTO entsha
Isivumelwano, esinciphisa kakhulu imikhawulo ekugelezeni kwezimali okuwela imingcele,
Amazwe angama-102 (kwayi-140) asayine kuwo. I-FSA inikeza i-WTO
amandla angaphezu kwama-95% ohwebo lomhlaba ngamabhange, umshwalense, izibambiso kanye
ulwazi lwezezimali.
Labo hulumeni abangazange bafunde ngokuthanda encwadini yeresiphi babe nayo
ngenkani kubo. Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1980, kube namazwe angama-90 oMhlaba Wesithathu aphoqwayo
ukusayina “izinhlelo zokulungiswa kwesakhiwo” ne-IMF, njengombandela wokuthi
ukukhokhela kabusha izikweletu zabo ezinkulu. Lezi zinhlelo ziwuhlu olude lwe
i-pro-business, i-pro-Western izinyathelo: i-IMF ebizwa ngokudabukisayo ngokuthi “Ubumpofu
Iphepha Lesu Lokunciphisa” laseTanzania, elasayinwa ngo-April 2000, isibonelo,
kuhlanganisa nezinguquko eziqondile ezingu-157 emithethweni nasezimisweni zezwe.
Ingabe ingahlehliswa?
Uma "ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke" - noma kunalokho ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kokugeleza kwezimali, kwe
amandla ezinkampani kanye nenkululeko yezomnotho - kuwumphumela wamabomu kanye
izinhlelo ezibaliwe zabantu, khona-ke zingahlehliswa ngamabomu futhi
izinhlelo ezibaliwe zabantu (abanye).
Izimpahla ezizimele zingaphinda zibalwe kabusha, inkululeko ingathathwa
ezinkampanini futhi ibuyiselwe emiphakathini, imithwalo yentela ingasuswa ekubeni mpofu
ekucebeni, abaqashi bangabulawa futhi abaphucwayo baphucwe.
Kunobunye ubufakazi bokuthi “imbulunga yonke” ayinakugwenywa: abaklami bayo
ungacabangi ukuthi kunjalo.
Uma kungenakugwema, kungani umqondisi-jikelele weWorld Trade Organization uMike
Moore kanye nabamele ezohwebo base-United States naseYurophu ngokudangala
enqamula umhlaba wonke besonta izingalo zohulumeni ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi
Ingqungquthela ye-WTO ezayo eQatar ayigcini nje ngenkulumo-mpikiswano eyedlule
Seattle ngoNovemba 1999 kwaba?
Uma kungenakugwemeka, kungani abahleli beSivumelwano Samazwe Ngamazwe bavuliwe
Ukutshalwa kwezimali, “umthethosivivinywa wamalungelo ezinkampani”, kwangcwatshwa idokhumenti yawo kusukela ngaleso sikhathi
kwaqubuka isililo esikhulu somphakathi ngesikhathi siputshuzwa ngo-1998? Futhi kungani manje
ukuphoqeleka ukuhlela ukwethulwa kabusha, ngokusebenzisa izigaba ezingakaphawulwa kancane ze
izivumelwano ze-WTO ezihlongozwayo, ngokunyenya hhayi obala?
Uma kungenakugwema, kungani imihlangano yama-globalizers ezinkampani ithatha
indawo ngemva kocingo olunameva oluphakeme kanye nemigqa yamaphoyisa ezibhelu? Futhi kungani
amanani, kanye nokuzethemba, kwababhikishi emhlabeni wonke kuyanda?
Ezinsukwini ezintathu ngaphambi kokuba izinkulungwane ezivela kulo lonke elaseYurophu zihlangane enhloko-dolobha yaseCzech,
Prague, ukukhombisa emihlanganweni yaminyaka yonke yeBhange Lomhlaba kanye ne-IMF, i
Iphephabhuku iBritish Economist, elizishaya isifuba ngokuthi liyi-standard-bearer of
inkululeko yezomnotho, eyahlelwa ngoSepthemba 23: “Ababhikishi baqinisile
ukuthi udaba olucindezela kakhulu lokuziphatha, ezombusazwe kanye nezomnotho esikhathini sethu
ubumpofu bomhlaba wesithathu. Futhi baqinisile ukuthi igagasi `lomhlaba wonke',
inamandla njengoba izinjini ezishayelayo zingaba, zingabuyiselwa emuva. Iqiniso lokuthi
zombili lezi zinto ziyiqiniso yilokho okwenza ababhikishi - futhi, ngokubaluleke kakhulu,
inqwaba yemibono ethandwayo ezwelana nabo - iyingozi kakhulu. ”
Futhi emoyeni kungena izimangalo "zokungagwemeki".