Emasontweni amabili edlule, iNkantolo Yomthetho-sisekelo yaseGuatemala yachitha isinqumo esiyingqopha-mlando sika-Efraín Ríos Montt owayengumashiqela wezempi, owalahlwa yicala lokubulala nokuhlukumeza abantu phakathi nokubusa kwakhe isikhashana kusukela ngo-1982 kuya ku-1983. isigwebo sonyaka ejele futhi wayala ukuba amasonto okugcina icala liqulwe kabusha. Lapho eneminyaka engu-80 ubudala, uRíos Montt waba inhloko yezwe yokuqala eLatin America ukugwetshwa ngokuqothula uhlanga ezweni lakubo.
Ukuphendula, izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu kulo lonke elaseLatin America zihlele izenzo eziphikisana nokuchithwa kwesigwebo, zisekela izisulu zokubulawa kohlanga futhi zigxeka ukungajeziswa okungokomthetho. EGuatemala, abantu abalinganiselwa ku-5,000 24 bamasha enhloko-dolobha ngo-May XNUMX. Izenzo ngesikhathi esisodwa zenzeka phambi kwamanxusa aseGuatemala eBuenos Aires, e-Argentina; eMexico City, eMexico; eManagua, eNicaragua; Lima, Peru; I-Tegucigalpa neSan Pedro Sula eHonduras. Imibhikisho eyengeziwe yenzeke e-El Salvador naseCosta Rica.
Izithakazelo zokuncintisana
UDavid Oliva, oyilungu lenhlangano yamalungelo abantu i-HIJOS Guatemala, uthe imashi yaseGuatemala iyinhlangano enkulu kunazo zonke ayibonile mayelana nodaba lwenkumbulo nokudalula ukungajezisi ohlelweni lwezobulungiswa.
"Namuhla baningi abantu abaphumile kunosuku iGuatemala yahlangana ngalo ukuphikisana nokubulawa kukaMonseñor Gerardi," esho, ebhekise kumbhishobhi waseGuatemala kanye nomvikeli wamalungelo abantu owabulawa ezinsukwini ezimbili ngemuva kokushicilelwa kombiko we-1998. I-Guatemala: Ngeke Ngiphinde. Lo mbiko uhlanganise inqwaba yobufakazi ngamacala obugebengu enziwa ngesikhathi sempi yombango ethathe isikhathi eside kanye nokuqothulwa kohlanga emiphakathini yendabuko, futhi wabeka isisekelo sokuqulwa kwecala likaMontt.
Kule mashi, izishoshovu zamalungelo abantu esezichithe iminyaka zihlela ukuqulwa kwecala likaMontt zagomela ngokuthi isinqumo nesigwebo sisasebenza.
U-Pilar Maldonado we-Center for Justice and Accountability - ongomunye wabeluleki ababili ecaleni - uchithe iminyaka eyi-13 efuna ubulungiswa ngamacala kaMontt. Wachaza, “Isigwebo besiqinile, futhi sizosivikela. Lesi sinqumo seNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo asikwazi ukumisa ubulungiswa eGuatemala. Asizimisele ukuliphinda leli cala, ngoba kuwukungahloniphi izisulu zase-Ixil neminye imiphakathi nayo eyake yaba izisulu zokubulawa kohlanga.”
Impi yezomthetho kaMontt yaqala ngo-1999, lapho ebekwe icala lokuhlukumeza, ukubulawa kwabantu kanye nobugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini. Ngo-2012, waphinde wabekwa icala, futhi imiphakathi yomdabu yase-Ixil yaqala ukwethula ubufakazi mayelana nokubusa kobushokobezi nokubulala okwenzeka ngaphansi kobushiqela bezempi bukaMontt kusukela ngo-1982 kuya ku-1983.
Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, izikhulu zebhizinisi zaseGuatemala zaqala ukuzibeka obala ngokumelene necala likaRíos Montt. Inhlangano yezamabhizinisi ehamba phambili ezweni, iKomidi Lokuxhumanisa lezinhlangano zezoLimo, ezohwebo, zezimboni nezezezimali, kushiwo esidlangalaleni ukuthi “ivikela ukubaluleka kokwazi ukushiya emuva emuva.” Ku-Oliva, lesi simo sidalule ngokusobala labo ababexhasa ngezimali ukuqothulwa kohlanga eGuatemala - futhi manje abahlomulayo ngokungcwaba lo mlando.
NgokukaNelson Rivera, isishoshovu samalungelo abantu kanye nelungu leCommunity Press, ukubulawa kwabantu, inkumbulo yomlando kanye nemikhuba yebhizinisi yanamuhla konke kuxhumene. “Bonke bayathinteka,” esho. "Labo abasemaqenjini aphikisayo, labo abasebugebengwini obuhleliwe kanye nokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa, imindeni yendabuko esezingeni eliphakeme - futhi manje abanentshisekelo yezomnotho yamazwe ngamazwe."
Kodwa nakuba izikhulu zikhathazekile ngokuthi ukuvuma ukuqothulwa kohlanga kusongela ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamazwe ngamazwe, labo abasemiphakathini yendabuko abaye bazizwa benokwesaba okukhulu bathi ukuketula lesi sinqumo kuyihlazo lesizwe.
U-Andrea Ixchiu Hernandez, owesifazane osemusha womdabu wasemphakathini wakwaQuiché e-Totonicapán, ubengomunye wezinkulungwane zabantu abamasha bebhikishela ukuchithwa. U-Ixchiu wachaza ukuthi okwenzekayo manje kuyicala, hhayi kuphela esithunzini sabantu base-Ixil, kodwa kubo bonke abantu baseGuatemala.
"Ngeshwa siwajwayele la maqhinga angcolile wuhlelo lwezobulungiswa, oluhlomulisa labo abanemali," esho njengoba imashi idlula eNkantolo Ephakeme yaseGuatemala. Wathatha isikhashana ukufunda ngokuzwakalayo izimpawu: “Ukuqothulwa kohlanga kubhalwe ngo-G, kuHulumeni wezempi.” "Ungabazama futhi kodwa ngeke babe msulwa." "Inhliziyo yami i-Ixil."
U-Ixchiu wachaza ukuthi yena nabanye balwela ubuqotho bohlelo lwezobulungiswa lwaseGuatemala, kodwa futhi nokuqashelwa ngokomthetho komthetho wamaMaya kanye nemithetho yayo yonke imiphakathi yomdabu.
Ubuso besifazane
Kulo lonke elaseLatin America naseSpain, izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abesifazane zazihola umbutho wobumbano. E-Honduras, omunye wabahleli abakhulu bombhikisho ngaphandle kwehhovisi lenxusa laseGuatemala eTegucigalpa kwakunguHelen Ocampo, ilungu leqembu lezifundo zabesifazane.
"Sinobunye nabesifazane abahlaselwe, badlwengulwa babulawa," echaza engxoxweni yocingo.
UNeesa Medina, weCentre for Women’s Rights eHonduras, naye ubesembhikishweni eTegucigalpa. “Kube yisenzo sobumbano phakathi kwabesifazane esidlula okwenzeka ezweni lakithi,” kusho yena. Uchaze ukuthi ikhwelo lemibhikisho yobumbano liqhamuka eqenjini labesifazane baseGuatemala hhayi ezinhlanganweni noma emaqenjini ezepolitiki. U-Medina wajoyina umzamo wobumbano, wachaza, ngoba wayekhumbula izithombe ezivela ezivivinyweni, lapho ayebona khona ubuhlungu babesifazane, futhi wazihlanganisa nabo. “Angikwazi ukusula izithombe zabesifazane base-Ixil engqondweni yami, noma izindaba zabo. Yingakho sizoqhubeka nokumela iqhaza labesifazane emiphakathini yabomdabu, hhayi nje njengezisulu kodwa njengabalweli,” kusho yena.
EMadrid, uMercedes Hernández, umongameli weGuatemala Women’s Association, naye usize ukuhlela imibhikisho yobumbano. Kuye, wonke umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu unobuso besifazane, futhi umlando wokumelana neLatin America ungabonakala njengomlando wamalungelo nemizabalazo yabesifazane. EGuatemala, abesifazane abangabafelokazi bachitha amashumi eminyaka behlela ukuvikela amalungelo abantu, bethatha izindima zobuholi bomphakathi kanye nesibopho esiphelele sezingane lapho amadoda ebulawa empini. Wonke amazwe aseLatin America analaba besifazane. E-Argentina, isibonelo, Omama bePlaza De Mayo - inhlangano yabesifazane abazingane zabo noma abazukulu abanyamalala phakathi nombuso wobushiqela wezempi wezwe - yiqembu elivelele kakhulu elivikela amalungelo abantu.
Nokho, lo mlando wokuhlela uvamise ukufihlwa, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi udlame lwasekuqaleni alwaziwa ngokugcwele. UHernández wachaza ukuthi amakhomishana eqiniso aye alandisa ngezingxabano zaseLatin America ngokuvamile aye afihla ukusetshenziswa kobudlova bobulili njengesikhali sempi. Ngokwesibonelo, eHonduras, ukubulawa kwabesifazane kwanda ngamaphesenti angu-160 ngemva kokuketula umbuso ngo-2009, okwenza iMedina nabanye baqala umzamo wokuhlela ongakayeki kuze kube namuhla. “Asizange sizivumele ukuba sikhohlwe,” kusho yena. "Ngoba sihlala sinovalo lokuthi into efanayo ingase yenzeke futhi."
NgokukaHernández, lawa makhomishini aphinde afihla udlame lobulili esikhathini esedlule saseGuatemala, lapho abesifazane abangahlomile benza ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-40 alabo ababulawa ngezinye zezikhathi ezimbi kakhulu zenhlekelele.
Izwekazi elifuna ubulungisa
UJosé Guadalupe Pérez Rodríguez oneminyaka engamashumi amabili nesishiyagalolunye ubengomunye wamakhulu abantu abajoyine umbhikisho wobumbano ehhovisi lenxusa laseGuatemala eMexico City. UPérez Rodríguez wachaza ukuthi uxhumene neGuatemala hhayi nje ngokuba seduze kwezwe kodwa futhi nomlando okwabelwana ngawo wamazwe wokunyamalala ngenkani - umlando owathi uyise ngowakhe ngo-1990. EMexico, uyachaza, abantu abangaphezu kuka-20,000 banyamalala phakathi nosuku. eminyakeni eyisithupha edlule - ngesikhathi lapho izwe kuthiwa lingaphansi kombuso wentando yeningi.
Naphezu kokuhoxiswa kwesigwebo, u-Pérez Rodríguez usabona ukuqulwa kwecala lika-Montt njengesibonelo sendlela amazwe aseLatin America angabhekana ngayo nodlame olugunyazwe uhulumeni — kokubili okwedlule nokwamanje. “Bafuna iminyaka engu-31 ukuqulisa omunye walabo ababangela ukuqothulwa kohlanga enkantolo, futhi eMexico sikude kakhulu nokuzuza okufanayo,” esho.
Kwabaningi kulo lonke elase-Latin America, ukuqulwa kwecala elibhekene no-Ríos Montt kwakuyisibonakaliso somhlaba wonke sokuthi uhlelo lwezobulungiswa lukazwelonke lungabeka owalo umlando ecaleni ngaphandle kokwethulwa kwenkampani yangaphandle. Emhlabathini eGuatemala, yaletha inkulumo-mpikiswano mayelana nokuqothulwa kohlanga emigwaqweni, yaphonsela inselelo labo ababekholelwa ukuthi ukuqothulwa kohlanga akuzange kwenzeke. Kuphinde kwavula umnyango wokuqhubeka nophenyo, hhayi nje kuphela ngokubulawa kwabantu base-Ixil phakathi kuka-1982 no-1983, kodwa emacaleni obugebengu abenzeke phakathi nempi yaseGuatemala yeminyaka engama-36 - nangezinye izikhathi zodlame olukhulu eLatin America.
Abahleli bachaza ukuthi umzabalazo olandelayo uwukubuyisela isigwebo sikaMontt - nesithunzi secala - sibuyiselwe. Umhleli oneminyaka engamashumi amane nanye uDaniel Pascual ungowase-El Quiché, isifunda esiseningizimu yeGuatemala. Emphakathini wakubo, ingxenye yabo bonke abantu yabulawa. Abafowabo abathathu kwabayisithupha babulawa, kanye no-anti noninalume abaningi. Uchaza ukuthi isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuqhubeka nempi phezu kwenkumbulo nesithunzi saseGuatemala.
UBridget Brehen, osebenza ne-Network in Solidarity with the People of Guatemala, uyavuma. Ukhumbula ukuthi ekupheleni kwecala likaMontt, abaningi bababaza, “‘Sikwenzile!’”
“Kodwa manje sibhekene nenselele elandelayo,” kusho yena. "Noma yikuphi ukunqoba kuza isigaba esilandelayo somzabalazo."