Sam Mchombo
Maphakathi no-Agasti,
1999, izinhloko zombuso zamazwe aseNingizimu ne-Afrika
Umphakathi (SADC) ube nengqungquthela eMaputo, eMozambique. Ibanjwe ngemuva
ukuntengantenga komnotho, izingxabano ezingaxazululeki e-Angola, izingxabano zangaphakathi e-
IDemocratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) isabisa ngokukhukhula amazwe aseMpumalanga,
Emaphakathi, naseNingizimu Afrika empini yesifunda, indikimba yengqungquthela
ngabe ibhalwe kalula ngokuthi inhlekelele nesigayegaye endaweni. I
inothi lokugubha kuphela elifike ngendlela yokuhalalisela edluliselwe eNingizimu
I-Afrika kanye neMalawi, okwakuqala ngokuphatha ukhetho lwangemva kobandlululo ngo-April,
okwavula indlela yokuthi uThabo Mbeki athathe izintambo kuNelson Mandela njengoba
umongameli; olwekugcina ngokuba nokhetho lokuqala ngoJuni kusukela emazweni
ukubuyela kwezepolitiki yamaqembu amaningi, kubuyiselwe owayephethe, uBakili Muluzi we
I-United Democratic Front esikhundleni sikamongameli. I-United Democratic Front ihluliwe
amaqembu aphikisayo anesilinganiso esincane samavoti angaba yizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amathathu,
amaqembu aphikisayo athi kungenxa yokukhwabanisela futhi azama ukungenela ukhetho
umphumela. Umphumela umile, noBakili Muluzi kanye ne-United Democtratic Front
uthole ihlandla lesibili ngesikhathi sepolitiki yamaqembu amaningi eMalawi.
Ngokumangalisayo,
amazwi okuhalalisela adluliselwe eMalawi ayebaluleke kakhulu kune
kungenzeka ukuthi sibonakalisiwe. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo (iMalawi ingenye ye
amazwe amancane kakhulu e-Afrika nasemhlabeni), ukuntula kwayo umsipha kwezomnotho (Malawi
ingesinye sezifunda ezimpofu kakhulu emhlabeni), futhi yenze yakamuva
okhethweni ngemva kwamasonto aseNingizimu Afrika (iMalawi ayinamasu
ukubaluleka), umthelela wezifundo zezepolitiki iMalawi ezinikeze umhlaba
ziye kakhulu zinganakwa. Ukubukeza kafushane kufanele kusize ekufakeni izindaba
umbono.
Phambilini
isivikelo saseBrithani esibizwa ngokuthi iNyasaland, iMalawi yathola uzibuse ngo-1964 futhi
yaba yiRiphabhulikhi ngo-1966. Cishe iminyaka engamashumi amathathu ngemuva kokuthola inkululeko
umlando, iMalawi yayibuswa ukubusa kwendoda eyaba yiyo
uNdunankulu wokuqala, kwase kuba nguMongameli, kwase kuba nguMongameli Wokuphila, ngokushesha nje
ngokulandelana, uDkt. Hastings Kamuzu Banda ongasekho. Umongameli uBanda wavinjelwa
ipolitiki yamaqembu amaningi. Iqembu lakhe, iMalawi Congress Party, kwaba yilona elibusayo
kanye neqembu elisemthethweni kuphela eMalawi. WayenguMongameli Wempilo weqembu kanye ne
izwe, inhloko kahulumeni kanye nezwe, isimo esenze iMalawi ngokushesha
shelelelela esimweni somuntu oyedwa. UMongameli Banda akazange aphikise.
Abagxeki bokubusa nezinqubomgomo zakhe, okwangempela noma, njengoba ezikhathini eziningi, kucatshangelwe, futhi
kwakungekho ukushoda kwalezo, wayehlangabezane nazo izimo ezinzima kakhulu
ukuboshwa kwezepolitiki noma okubi nakakhulu. Izinqubomgomo zakhe zasekhaya, ezamenza wathola umhlaba
kanye nengcebo ngezindleko zoquqaba olwaphucwa umhlaba, kwaphoqelela ubunxiwankulu lapho
ononya kakhulu njengoTony Green, uthisha wezemfundo waseBrithani eNyuvesi yase
IMalawi ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-70s, yayichaza kahle. Ukuba emazweni
i-business conglomerate kwakukhona ukugxekwa, nokunganeliseki kwakhe
izinqubomgomo zezomnotho. Inqubomgomo yakhe yangaphandle yokugcina ubudlelwano bezokusebenzelana ne
ubandlululo eNingizimu Afrika, inqubomgomo ebizwa ngokuthi contact and dialogue, lapho lonke
umhlaba wazama ukuziqhelelanisa nalowo mbuso wamambuka, futhi, ngokuqhubekayo,
ukugona amaPutukezi lapho ebambene nezikhali
amabutho esizwe eMozambique nase-Angola, amxabanise naleli lungu
izifunda zeNhlangano Yamazwe ase-Afrika. Ukuthi uKamuzu Banda wayenepolitiki
i-maverick yamukelwa e-Afrika. Vele uKamuzu Banda naye wayidlala
ikhadi lempi ebandayo. Wagcina inqubomgomo eqinile emelene nobukhomanisi, eyamenza wathandwa
emazweni angamalungu e-NATO, ikakhulukazi iGreat Britain, njengezwe langaphambili lamakoloni
amandla, kanye ne-United States.
Amabhande
ukulawula iMalawi kwakuphelele, kusukela kwabezindaba ngokusebenzisa amajaji, i
ezempi, umthetho, emagatsheni aphezulu kahulumeni, amaphoyisa kanye
ezindabeni zasekhaya ezindabeni zangaphandle, njll., okwakungenakwenzeka ukwenza
ngisho ngeso lengqondo ekhishwa emandleni. Okwakulindelwe kwakuwukuthi wayezokwenza kuphela
alahle amandla phezu kokufa kwakhe, emva kwalokho izinkinga zoguquko zizoba khona
bhekene ne. Lelo themba lenziwa kancane ukuthi uKamuzu Banda
washintsha umthethosisekelo ukuze afungiswe njengomongameli-mpilo yonke, kwengezwe
umbandela wokuthi ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe, angeke abe khona iPhini likaMongameli, oqinisekisa ukuthi a
i-vacuum yamandla ekuhambeni kwakhe. Ngaphansi kokubusa kukaMengameli uBanda
ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu kwaphenduka ingxenye yempilo evamile, iqiniso
kuphawulwe ezincwadini ezahlukene ze-Amnesty Imternational, Human Rights Watch, kanye
ezinye izinhlangano ezizinikele ekuqapheni ukuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu. Noam Chomsky kanye
U-Edward Herman ekushicilelweni kwabo ngo-1979, i-Washington Connection ne-Third
I-World Fascism. I-Political Economy of Human Rights yaphawula, ngaphakathi kwe
ikhava ephezulu, ukuthi iMalawi yayingelinye lamazwe angaphandle kwendawo yase-U.S
abenza ukuhlukunyezwa ngokokuphatha. I-Africa Watchs yango-1990
ebizwa ngokuthi Lapho Kuthula Umthetho. Ukucindezelwa Kwezingxabano eMalawi kwanikeza okwengeziwe
imininingwane mayelana nokwephulwa kwamalungelo oluntu kombuso kaBanda. Sam Mpasu, a
owayekade eboshiwe kwezepolitiki, unikeza ukuqonda okungajwayelekile, nge-lucid prose, ku-
Ipolitiki ye-kafkasque yombuso we-Banda kanye namaqiniso empilo eMalawi
amakamu okuboshwa adume kabi. Lokhu kushicilelwe encwadini yakhe engelona iqiniso, iPolitical
Isiboshwa 3/75.
eMalawi
ukuntuleka komnotho ohlukahlukene, onomnotho osekelwe ngokuphelele kwezolimo kanye
imithombo yemvelo, eminyakeni edlule, iguqulelwe ekubeni namandla ayo
amadoda abamba iqhaza emisebenzini yabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, esebenzela isikhashana emapulazini nasezimayini eNingizimu
I-Afrika, iZimbabwe, kanye neZambia (ikakhulukazi phakathi neminyaka yokuchuma kwe
ukumba ithusi). UKamuzu Banda yena wahamba waya eNingizimu Afrika, edlula eZimbabwe,
ebusheni bakhe, ukusebenza ezimayini. Ngamanye amazwi, iMalawi ine,
ngokwesiko, wayenesithombe semijondolo yezomnotho, ehlinzeka ngemisebenzi eshibhile kuyo
omakhelwane. Ngesikhathi seKamuzu Banda, ufuduko lwalekelelwa yi-
ukufuduka kongqondongqondo okwathi, ukuze bathole izingqondo ezibucayi nokuhlaziya
amakhono, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi agxeka umbuso. Njengoba izinombolo zabo zaqala
kwandisa izinhlu zamakamu okuvalelwa ezombusazwe, labo abangaphuma futhi
wabalekela kwamanye amazwe. Ngakho-ke iMalawi ibe yizwe okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi
enkulu, ixhaswe abesifazane, nabo ababenesabelo sabo kwezombangazwe
ukuboshwa. U-Kamuzu Banda wasebenzisa lesi simo ngokuqhubekayo, wagqugquzela
abesifazane emaqenjini akhe omdanso futhi basebenzise izinkonzo zabo okomuntu siqu
ukuphepha.
The
isifundo sokuqala iMalawi esanda kusinikeza seza ngendlela yokuhlakaza
umbuso wobushiqela ogxilile futhi obonakala ungenakunyakaziswa kaKamuzu Banda. Kwe
ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-90s kwaba khona umnyakazo owanele wesisekelo soguquko lwezepolitiki kanye
ukubuyisela ukusebenza kwentando yeningi, okwabamba umbuso ungalindele. Nge
ukusekelwa kwababhishobhi bamaKatolika kanye nengcindezi evela kubaxhasi bosizo lwamazwe ngamazwe,
eholwa kalula ekupheleni kwempi ebandayo, uhulumeni waseKamuzu Bandas
yazithola ingakwazi ukunqanda igagasi loshintsho. U-Bandas ungumnikazi weminyaka yobudala, ke
ekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-80 noma ekuqaleni kwawo-90, kanye nokuba buthakathaka kwempilo yakhe, okwenzelwe ukunciphisa
wokubamba kwakhe imishini kahulumeni. Ngo-1993 uBanda wavuma ukubeka i-
ukukhishwa kwepolitiki yamaqembu amaningi kunhlolovo egadwa umhlaba wonke. A 67%
ukuvotela amaqembu amaningi kwamguqisa uBanda kwathi ngoMeyi 1994, ngemuva kwalokho
okhethweni lwaseNingizimu Afrika, abantu baseMalawi bangena okhethweni lokuqala lwamahhala
ukhetho kusukela inkululeko. U-Banda unikezwe ukuhlulwa kwakhe kokugcina kanye nenkathi ye
ipolitiki yamaqembu amaningi, uBakili Muluzi we-United Democratic Front engu
President, wangeniswa. Malawis transition from one-party dictatorsion to
umkhuba wentando yeningi, ubukhulu becala, uzuzwe, ngokuqhathaniswa, okuncane
iziyaluyalu zomphakathi noma umsebenzi wezempi. Kwakunokuthula okumangalisayo,
yingakho engabonakali futhi engaphawuleki. Igalelo lami ku-1998
ivolumu, iDemocratizatization in Late Twentieth-Century Africa, ihlelwe nguJean-Germain
I-Gross, inikeza imininingwane efanele mayelana nokuguqukela ekusebenzeni kwentando yeningi
IMalawi.
The
Uhulumeni waseMuluzi wazuza njengefa izwe elisebunzimeni kwezomnotho, kwezombusazwe
inguquko, futhi edinga incazelo yezinkombandlela ezintsha zezomnotho. Bekufanele
ukumisa kabusha izimiso zentando yeningi, ukuzimela kwezobulungiswa, inkululeko ye
abezindaba, ukubuyisela ukuhlonishwa kwamalungelo abantu futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, okudingekayo
sikhuthaze ukukhula komnotho ukuze uguquko lube nenjongo. Nge
ababolekisi bemali bamazwe ngamazwe, njengeBhange Lomhlaba kanye ne-IMF befaka izicelo
ingcindezi yokuphoqelela ukwenziwa kwezimboni ezizimele, njll. Kuye kwadingeka ukuthi uMluzi engamele
ukwanda kokungahoxiswa kwezimboni nezohwebo, ukuze kukhuthazwe mahhala
ibhizinisi nokuheha ukutshalwa kwezimali. Kusekuthuthukisweni komnotho iMalawi
ukubhekana nezinselele ezandayo.
The
inselelo enkulu yenqubekelaphambili yezomnotho eMalawi incike ekukhuleni kokushoda kwe
yona kanye impahla yaseMalawi ngokwesiko ihlinzeke ngamanye amazwe, okungukuthi,
umnyango Wabasebenzi. Nakuba ngaphambili lokhu kwakuwumphumela wokufuduka, iningi
muva nje isimo siye sabhebhetheka ngenxa yomthelela wengculazi. Ngaphansi kweKamuzu
Banda, kwakukhona indawo eyanele yokuxega kokuziphatha, okwakhuthazwa ngokwengxenye
Bandas ukubonakala esidlangalaleni. Ezikhathini ezinjalo abesifazane balethwa bevela
izindawo ezahlukene zezwe ukuze bamdansele, ngemuva kwalokho bahlangane
amahora, ivikeleke emibuzweni yabalingani mayelana nokufika sekwephuzile. Lokhu, kuhlanganiswe ne
isimo sengqondo esikhululekile mayelana nobuningi babalingani bocansi, akwenzanga lutho
ukunqanda ukusabalala kwezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi (STDs). Bese, Bandas
i-puritanism yanqanda ingxoxo yomphakathi ngezindaba zocansi, okuhunyushwa kabanzi. Ngoba
isibonelo, iculo lika-Marvin Gaye, elinesihloko esithi Ukuphulukisa Ngokocansi, alikwazanga ukudlalwa kulo
Umsakazo waseMalawi, ngenxa yesihloko. Ukubambezeleka kokuxoxa ngezindaba zocansi,
ngezinye izikhathi kugqanyiswa ngokuhlolisiswa ngokungazi kwezincwadi zezokwelapha ezikhuluma ngezokubelethisa
kanye ne-gynecology, okuhunyushwe ekuvumeni ukubambezeleka kwezinga le-AIDS
ukutheleleka kanye nezidingo zobuqotho zokugqugquzela ukuqwashisa ngengculazi kanye
ukuvimbela. Ekupheleni kukaJulayi 1994, kungakapheli nezinyanga ezimbili uBakili Muluzi ethathe izintambo
uhulumeni, kwamenyezelwa kwabezindaba zaseNingizimu Afrika ukuthi uMongameli waseMalawi
babethe amaphesenti ayishumi abantu baseMalawi bane-HIV noma bane-AIDS. I
ngiseGoli, ngivakashele izikhungo zemfundo eNingizimu Afrika, futhi isingathwe
ngumngane wakhe wesikhathi eside, u-Southwood Ngoma, ngaleso sikhathi owayengummeli waseMalawi
Inxusa laseGoli. Ephawula ngalezi zindaba umkakhe uzwakalise ukukhululeka
ukuthi izibalo zazinjengoba zikhonjisiwe. Ukuzisola kwami ukuthi ngezwe elincane
yezinsiza ezilinganiselwe, kanye nenani labantu elingaphezudlwana kwezigidi eziyi-10,
I-10% ibiphezulu ngendlela engamukelekile yahlangatshezwana nokuqaphelisisa ukuthi izilinganiso zangaphambilini
ibeke izinombolo phezulu cishe ku-33%, yingakho ukubuyekezwa okuphansi kwaba njalo
imbangela yesilinganiso esithile senduduzo. Yiqiniso, uma izibalo bezilungile ngempela. It
kwakubonakala kimi ukuthi izibalo zazimane zigcina isithombe sazo sokuba khona
njenge-bikinis-eveza izici ezithakazelisa kakhulu ngenkathi ihlanganisa okubalulekile
imininingwane. Izibalo ezibalulekile zilinganiswa yisimo sengqondo esikhona
Malawi. Umhlangano weSADC wawubanjwe ngesikhathi ngiseLilongwe, waphinde wenziwa
USouthwood Ngoma, manje usebuyele eMalawi. Ngivakashele ehhovisi lakhe, ngahlangana nomngane wami,
Paul Chikakula. Wayengumfundi e-University of Malawi ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engu-70 kuya
ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-80s, ngesikhathi sami njengomfundisi lapho. Ukusebenzela uMnyango we
I-Civil Aviation esakhiweni esifanayo, yangimemela ehhovisi layo. Nakanjani,
Ngaqala ukukhuluma ngabanye babangane ayefunda nabo, ngizibuza ukuthi bakuphi
ababeyikho kanye nalokho ababekwenza. Wangibonisa ukuthi eMalawi, kunjalo
akukhona ukuhlakanipha ukubuza ukuthi bakuphi abangani isikhathi eside bengabonwa. Kungani?
Ngoba imibuzo edabukisayo yaholela ekutholeni ukuthi abasekho.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulabo abangani ababehlangana ngokungavamile, kwavela ukuthi
imihlangano ngokuyinhloko yayisemingcwabeni yabangane. Inani lengculazi eye yalibangela
emphakathini waseMalawi ube phezulu kakhulu, kube nemiphumela engenakubalwa kwezenhlalo
isakhiwo kanye nenqubekela phambili yezomnotho.
Ngokomnotho,
ukuqedwa kwengxenye ekhiqiza kakhulu yabantu, othisha, amaphoyisa,
abasebenzi bezokwelapha, izisebenzi zikahulumeni, njll., kusho ukuthi ngisho nokuvuma
Isimo sezulu sokutshalwa kwezimali, kukhona amandla okusebenza anganele, okuvimbela
amathemba okutshalwa kwezimali ngenxa yokukhathazeka mayelana nembuyiselo. Ngaphezu kwalokho,
ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni kuthinteke kakhulu ukuba njalo kwe
imingcwabo, manje osekwenzeka nsuku zonke. Khona-ke, kukhona ushintsho ku
izibalo zabantu. Alex Mkandawire, usolwazi eBunda College of Agriculture in
ULilongwe, njengamanje oyisifundiswa esivakashile eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia eDavis,
ungikhombisile muva nje ukuthi kwezinye izigodi kubonakala kabuhlungu lokho
bonke abakhona ngabadala kakhulu nabancane kakhulu. Lokhu kuye kwaba nokunye
imiphumela ekwakhiweni kwemindeni eyandisiwe kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo leyo
lokhu, ngokwesiko, kuye kwaletha. Ngokukhula kwezingane eziyizintandane,
uhlelo luzithola lunezinkinga futhi abantu abaningi bashiya phansi
izibopho, ukuphuma ekunakekeleni abashana abayizintandane, abashana, njll.
The
Umthelela wengculazi ube ufana nokuthi iMalawi, namanye amazwe amaningi
esifundeni, kufanele kugcinwe ukukhiqizwa okusheshayo kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe ukuze bathathe isikhundla
ukulahlekelwa abasebenzi, umsebenzi ongenakwenzeka ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezinhle kakhulu. A
isibonelo esibonakalayo kufanele sigcizelele usizi. President Bakili Muluzi
uzamile ukufeza isithembiso sakhe somkhankaso wemfundo yamahhala yamabanga aphansi. Ngo-1997,
ngesikhathi ngivakatshela imuli ngaya esikolo sami samabanga aphansi esibizwa ngokuthi nguChombo
ibandla lamaSheshi endaweni yaseNkhotakota. Ukuphekela kuze kufike ebangeni lesi-8, isikole
ayentula izinsiza, namakilasi aqhutshelwa endaweni evulekile ngaphansi kwezihlahla, namabhodi
ilenga ezihlahleni, akukho zincwadi noma amapensela abafundi, ngisho ushoki.
Ukushoda kwezakhiwo okuhlalwa kuzo nezinto zokubhala kunganqotshwa.
Nokho, inkinga enkulu yaleso sikole, ephindaphindwa ezweni lonke, iyanwebeka
ngale kokuntuleka kwezinsiza ezanele noma izinto zokubhala—abekho othisha.
Isikole siphumelele ngokwengxenye ngothisha asebethathe umhlalaphansi okudingeke ukuthi baphinde bafakwe kuso
isevisi. Ukubuyisela kabusha izikole kanjalo nothisha abaqeqeshiwe ngesikhathi lapho ingculazi
iyaqhubeka nokucekela phansi umhlaba kuyithemba elifiphele. Isimo siyaqhubeka
hlupha yonke imikhakha yezomnotho. Ukuntenga komnotho sekukhona
enomthelela ekuhlolweni kwabantu kwentando yeningi. Ngenkathi muva nje i
IZizwe Ezihlangene zanquma ukuxoxa nge-AIDS ngaphakathi kohlaka
ezindabeni zokuphepha, esifundeni esiseningizimu ne-Afrika, umthelela wengculazi mkhulu
ngokushesha exhunywe ekusebenzeni kwezomnotho okuqondile kanye nezepolitiki
imiphumela edalwa ukuntula ukuthuthukiswa komnotho. OkweMalawi okwangempela
ukuhalalisela kuzofika lapho izifundo ezinikezile mayelana nokusuka kuzo
umbuso wentando yeningi, kanye nokuqaliswa kwezinguquko zentando yeningi, kungaba
okuhambisana nokusebenza kahle kwezomnotho. Ukufeza lokhu, ukufundisa nge-AIDS,
ukuqwashisa, ukuvimbela, kanye nokwelapha, nakanjani, kuhlanganisa izimo ezidingekayo.