I-Argentina isanda kuphawula iminyaka engama-30 yokuketula umbuso nezindlela ezalandela zokwesaba ongazicabanga. Inombolo erekhodiwe yababhikishi, abanye balinganisela ukuthi i-100,000 imasha ePlaza de Mayo ngoMashi 24 kulo nyaka ukuyokhumbula ukunyamalala kwe-Argentina.
Ukuketulwa kwezempi kwaqala ukubusa ngo-3:20 ekuseni ngo-March 24, 1976. Umbuso wobushiqela wakhipha isixwayiso ngokushesha sokuthi uma amaphoyisa ezempi noma umphakathi ebona noma isiphi isenzo esisolisayo sokuketula azophatha inkambiso “yokudubula ukubulala”. Izishoshovu ezingaba ngu-30,000 zathunjwa futhi zabulawa ngesikhathi sobushiqela bezempi obubusa i-Argentina kusukela ngo-1976-1983. Ngokuhambisana nokusekelwa okuvela e-U.S. abaholi bebutho lezempi bazimisele ukuqeda “ubukhomanisi†futhi bafake i-oda elisha nemodeli yezomnotho e-Argentina.
Ngokusho kukaManuel Gonzalez, okwathi kusukela eneminyaka engu-19 ubudala asola ukuthi abazali bakhe basemasosheni bamthumbe esemncane, umbuso wondlovukayiphikiswa wasebenzisa ukunyamalala kwabantu hhayi nje ukwesabisa abaphikisayo kodwa nokubeka imodeli yezomnotho ye-neoliberal yamanje. “Sekuphele iminyaka engu-30 undlovukayiphikiswa owathatha izintambo ezweni lakithi. Lapho amadoda nabesifazane abangu-30,000 500 bahlukunyezwa, badutshulwa, babulawa, futhi banyamalala—kanye nezingane ezingu-XNUMX. Ibutho lezempi lasebenzisa indlela embi yokwesaba ukusebenzisa imodeli yezomnotho ye-neoliberal ezweni lakithi. Futhi yingakho babedinga ukunyamalala abazali bethu. Babahlukumeza ezikhungweni zomshoshaphansi. Benza ukuthi omama bethu basizalele ezindaweni ezinjengalezi, isibhedlela esasisebenza njengesikhungo somshoshaphansi.â€
Ukuketulwa kwamasosha kwakunomgomo ocacile: kwabangu-30,000 abanyamalala, abangama-80% bekungabasebenzi. Umbuso wobushiqela waqeda sonke isizukulwane sokumelana nesigaba sabasebenzi, isizwe esakhula emashumini eminyaka kamuva. Ngo-1970 ngaphambi kokuketula umbuso, imizabalazo yabasebenzi base-Argentina yachuma. Abasebenzi bakha izithunywa zezinyunyana zangaphakathi ngaphandle kwezinyunyana zomdabu ukuze zifune amaholo angcono kanye nezimo ezingcono. Amaqembu ezidlamlilo ayethathe amafekthri nezinye izindlela zokwenza okuqondile. Kodwa-ke, ngo-1976, izinyunyana zahlungwa futhi zanyamalala ezimbonini nasezindaweni zokusebenza.
Ibutho lezempi laguqula isifundazwe sezolimo saseTucuman kanye namabhande emboni yaseBuenos Aires aba indawo yokuzingela labo okuthiwa abavukeli. Kusukela ngo-1974, unyaka owodwa ngaphambi kokuketulwa umbuso, amaPeronists angakwesokudla asayina i-Independence Operative ukuze abambe imisebenzi yezempi esifundazweni saseNyakatho yeTucuman. Lesi kwaba inkundla yokuqala yokuhlolwa kwamaqhinga okuhlukumeza. Umsebenzi kuthiwa uqondise ama-guerilla angakwesokunxele asebenza entabeni yase-Tucuman. Kodwa-ke, ibutho lezempi lathumba futhi lahlukumeza abasebenzi abavela ezisimini zikashukela zesifunda. Bathuse wonke amadolobhana ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi abekho abasebenzi abakhononda ngezimo zokusebenza ezingasasebenzi emasimini nasemasimini omoba.
Inqwaba yokunyamalala yenzeke ezindaweni eziningi zemisebenzi eyodwa. Amanye amafekthri aze asebenza njengezindawo zokuhlukumeza nokuvalela amasosha ngomshoshaphansi. Embonini yakwaFord Motor's General Pacheco izithunywa zenyunyana ezingu-25 zaboshwa futhi zanyamalala ngaphakathi kwesikhungo somshoshaphansi salesi sikhungo izinsuku, amasonto, noma izinyanga kwaze kwaba yilapho zidluliselwa ngokuyimfihlo endaweni yamaphoyisa endawo yaguqulwa yaba inqola yezempi. UPedro Troiani wayeyisithunywa senyunyana iminyaka eyisithupha embonini yakwaFord esifundeni saseGreater Buenos Aires ePacheco kwaze kwaba yilapho kuketulwa umbuso ngo-1976. “Le nkampani yasebenzisa laba abanyamalalayo ukuqeda ukuvela kwezinyunyana efemini,†kusho uTroiani. Abaphathi bakwaFord baze banikela ngezimoto, njengeFord Flacon epholile, ukuze zithuthe iziboshwa ziyiswe ezitokisini eziyimfihlo nasezikhungweni zokuhlukumeza.
Imboni yakwaMercedes-Benz nayo yaguqulwa yaba isikhungo somshoshaphansi sokuhlushwa nokuboshwa. Isibalo esiqondile sabasebenzi abaduke embonini yakwaMercedes-Benz e-Argentina namanje akwaziwa. Izilinganiso zithi okungenani ishumi nantathu, kodwa inani cishe lisondele ku-20. Izikhungo zokuvalela eziyimfihlo ezingaphezu kuka-375 ezisebenza e-Argentina. Izikhathi eziningi izindawo zokusebenza nezakhiwo zikahulumeni ezisebenza njengezindawo zokuvalela umshoshaphansi zazitholakala maphakathi ne-/barrios/.
Umbuso wobushiqela wezempi wango-1976-1983 wangenisa izindlela ezingacabangeki zobushokobezi—udonsa abaphikisi futhi bebakhipha ezindizeni bebafaka olwandle i-Atlantic Ocean “vuelos del muerte,†besebenzisa izinsimbi zikagesi noma “picana†ezithweni zangasese zabesilisa. kanye nabesifazane ababengena ezikhungweni zokuvalelwa ngomshoshaphansi, bedlwengula abesifazane futhi bephoqa abayeni, amakhosikazi, abazali, abafowabo, nama-compañeros ukuba balalele ukukhala kwabathandekayo babo ababehlukunyezwa.
U-Rodolfo Walsh wabhala “I-Open Letter to the Military Junta†ngesikhumbuzo seminyaka yokuqala yokuketulwa kwamasosha ngo-1977 ebika ngokuhlukunyezwa, ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi, kanye nezinkulungwane zokunyamalala. Uphinde wabika ngosizi oluhleliwe lwemodeli ye-neoliberal. Lo mbhali wezepolitiki wabulawa ngoMashi 25, usuku olulodwa ngemuva kokushicilela incwadi yakhe edumile. “Ngomgomo wakhe wezomnotho lo hulumeni akabhekile kuphela ukuchaza ubugebengu bakhe kodwa nesihluku esibi kakhulu asenzile—ejezisa izigidi zabantu ngosizi oluhleliwe.â€
“Ngonyaka iholo langempela labasebenzi lehle ngo-40%. (Bayi) ukuqandisa amaholo ngezidunu zezibhamu ngenkathi amanani enyuka endaweni ye-bayonet, ecekela phansi noma yiluphi uhlobo lwezidingo ezihlangene, ukuvimbela imihlangano yangaphakathi yabasebenzi noma amakhomishini, okwenza amahora omsebenzi abe made futhi akhuphule izinga lokungasebenzi lifinyelele ezingeni lerekhodi le-9. %. Lapho abasebenzi bebhikisha, ubushiqela bubaveza njengabavukeli, bathumba wonke amakhomishini ayizithunywa. Kwezinye izimo izidumbu ziphenduka zifile kanti kwezinye azifiki.â€
Okungenani bangu-46 abasebenzi basemahhovisi eBhange Lesifundazwe saseBuenos Aires abadukile, bekhonjwa ngenjumbane ngomsebenzi wabo wokuhlela inyunyana. Abasebenzi namuhla abahlela ikhomishana yangaphakathi yenyunyana ngaphandle kwenyunyana yomdabu babambe isenzo sokukhumbula abangu-46 abanyamalala eBhange Lesifundazwe laseBuenos Aires. Bafunde amagama e-46 base bevula uqwembe oluqinisekisa umzabalazo owashiywa ngabasebenzi abanyamalala.
Abasebenzi abangaphezu kuka-1,500 48 baseRio Santiago Ship Yard eBuenos Aires bakhumbule ukunyamalala kwegceke lomkhumbi. “Kungokokuqala eminyakeni engu-23 ukuthi abasebenzi bahlangane ukuze bakhumbule abantu abangu-30,000 70 abanyamalala. Ngifuna ukubonga ama-compañeros/ okwathi ngeminyaka yawo-48s banikela ngakho konke, ngisho nezimpilo zabo ukuze bavikele imibono yabo eyayingaphezu nje kokuthuthukisa umsebenzi nezimo zezenhlalakahle zabasebenzi,†kuphawula isisebenzi ngesikhathi sesikhumbuzo salo nyaka. Izisebenzi zakha isithombe esikhulu sensimbi futhi zavula uqwembe olunamagama esisebenzi ngasinye kwezingu-XNUMX.
U-Osvaldo Valdez ubengomunye wabasebenzi abangu-48 abanyamalale eYadini Yemikhumbi yaseRio Santiago. “Amadoda ayishumi agqoke izigqoko angena endlini yami. Basifaka emakamelweni ahlukene bangibuza imibuzo. Badabula yonke into befuna ulwazi. Base bemuka naye,†kusho uCristina Valdez, umkaValdez. “Kuyamangaza ukucabanga ukuthi izinsuku ezingu-15 zokuhlola umlando wobugebengu ziphenduke iminyaka engama-30. Ngeke siphumule kuze kube sazi kahle ukuthi ubani obambe iqhaza kulawa macala futhi kuze kube yilapho wonke umbulali wokugcina egqunywa ejele.â€
Ngesikhathi seMpi Engcolile e-Argentina, iningi labantu lahlala lithule ngenxa yokuhlolwa okubekwe nguhulumeni wezempi. Abangazange bathule bazifaka engozini yokunyamalala bona. Kulo nyaka, emafekthri, emanyuvesi, ezikoleni zamabanga aphezulu, kanye/nama-barrios,/ izishoshovu zihlele imicimbi yasendaweni ukugcina umlando uphila futhi zivikele amalungelo abantu ukuze umlando ungaziphindi.
Izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu H.I.J.O.S. kanye noGogo basePlaza de Mayo sebesebenze iminyaka engaphezu kuka-10 ukuthola ukuthi zikuphi izingane ezilinganiselwa ku-500 ezizalwe ngesikhathi omama bazo beboshiwe ngokungemthetho. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo bathole kuka-82 kaVictoria Donde Perez, indodakazi yowesifazane onyamalele wathumela umlayezo kubazali bakhe. “Sifuna ukutshela othandekayo wethu ukuthi unyamalele /i-compañeros/ nabazali ukuthi bangakhathazeki ngoba sikhona futhi sizobathola abantwana benu. Namuhla sineminyaka engama-82 kodwa maduze sizobathola bonke. Kanye nezingane zakho sithola amaphupho abashabalala, amaphupho abo empilo, amaphupho abo enkululeko, ngoba abazali bethu babeyibo, babengabakhi bamaphupho anesibindi.â€
Abanye abasebenzi bakhumbule ukunyamalala kwabo ngenhlonipho enhle ngangokunokwenzeka-bethembisa ukuqhubeka nefa lezishoshovu elanyamalala lokulwa nokuxhashazwa. Amalungelo amaningi esintu agxeke izimemezelo zezinhlangano zezenhlalakahle kanye nezimfuno zokuqeda ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu kwanamuhla: ukuqedwa kokungajeziswa kwezikhulu zangaphambili zezempi ezibhekene nokuhlukumeza nokubulala izinkulungwane, ukukhululwa kweziboshwa zezombusazwe ezigcinwe e-Argentina njengamanje kanye nokuphela. emigomeni edala ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi, ubumpofu nendlala. Ngaphandle kwemikhakha elondolozayo yesikhundla se-NGO yamalungelo abantu, umzabalazo wawo wonke amalungelo abantu (amalungelo ezenhlalo, ezomnotho, ezombusazwe kanye namasiko) uyaphila kanye nomzabalazo wenkumbulo yomlando e-Argentina.
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