Enye yemicabango engashiwongo yezwe laseNtshonalanga ukuthi 'thina' singabavikeli abakhulu bamalungelo abantu, umshini wokunyathelisa wamahhala kanye nezinzuzo zomnotho wemakethe. Amaphutha angenziwa endleleni, mhlawumbe namaphutha amabi okwahlulela njengokuhlasela kwe-Iraq ngo-2003. Kodwa umbono okhona ngowokuthi 'iNtshonalanga' ingamandla okwenza okuhle emhlabeni jikelele. Kungani We Abafana Abahle? kuyinselele evusa inkanuko yalo mbono wamanga. Le ncwadi ibheka ngaphansi kwezindaba ezijwayelekile zezindaba ezibalulekile ezifana nenqubomgomo yezangaphandle, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nomzabalazo oqhubekayo phakathi kwamandla ombuso kanye nentando yeningi yeqiniso.
Ukuhlaziywa kwalezi zindaba ezicindezelayo namuhla kufakwe imvubelo okunye okuhlangenwe nakho okwakhayo okuholele ekutheni umbhali angabaze inganekwane eyisisekelo yokulunga kwaseNtshonalanga: kusukela ekuhlolweni kwesikole sentando yeningi, ukuchayeka emibonweni eqinile ekhaya, kanye nomsebenzi womusa ngenkathi usolwandle; ekuhlanganeni okungalindelekile nowayenguNobhala Wezangaphandle uRobin Cook, umzabalazo wokushicilela ubuntatheli obunzima, kanye nokusungulwa kweMedia Lens ngo-2001.
Isazi-mlando uMark Curtis, umvezi odabukisayo wamafayela kahulumeni ayimfihlo ngaphambilini ezincwadini ezifana nalezi Iwebhu Yokukhohlisa futhi Abantu, iyakwamukela ukushicilelwa kwencwadi:
‘Le ncwadi ibalulekile ngempela ukufundwa, igxile kweyodwa yezindaba eziyinhloko, uma kungeyona INDABA, yenkathi yethu: indlela yokubona ukujula, ukuhlakazwa kwengqondo kwansuku zonke esibhekene nakho, kanye nendlela yokuphunyuka kukho. Le ncwadi idalula ngokugqamile izinga lokungahloniphi kwabezindaba, futhi ikwenza ngendlela ephoqayo nehehayo.’
UDkt John Robertson, Reader in Media Politics at University of West Scotland, uthi:
‘Lokhu ukubuyekezwa okubanzi kwazo zonke izindlela imithombo yezindaba yaseNtshonalanga ejwayelekile ihlanekezela ngayo umbono wethu weqiniso esimeni esibalulekile sezindaba zangaphandle. Ngokugcizelela okuthile eMpumalanga Ephakathi kodwa ngokuqonda okuhle komlando okujulile kwenqubomgomo yase-US ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, uCromwell wenza umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu wokuhlela ubufakazi obuningi, obunganakwa abezindaba bethu, nokho obuyisisekelo kunoma yikuphi ukuqonda kwethu ngokujulile. ukukholwa okubi okushumekiwe. Ukholo olubi, olwenza abezindaba bethu kanye nabathengi abaningi bacabange ukuthi “singabafana abalungile”. Lesi isingeniso esihle sanoma yimuphi umfundi futhi, futhi, siwumthombo owusizo kakhulu kubafundi basezikoleni, emakolishi nasemanyuvesi.’
Futhi uJohn Pilger, intatheli edumile nomenzi wamadokhumentari, uthi:
‘Okunye okugqamayo ezweni elimnyama ngokwepolitiki ukukhanya okwenziwa abambalwa abaziphatha kahle abahlaziya baveze ukuthi ubuntatheli busebenza kanjani ekubambeni amandla. UDavid Cromwell unokuziqhenya ngendawo kule nkampani. Wonke amalungu omphakathi nayo yonke intatheli enokungabaza igunya kufanele ifunde incwadi yayo evelele.’
Okulandelayo izingcaphuno eziguquliwe ezivela encwadini.
Umthetho Wegolide Wodlame Lombuso
Enye yezimiso eziyinhloko zama-elite aseNtshonalanga ukuthi 'thina', ngencazelo, 'abafana abalungile' nanoma ubani 'thina' abahlaselayo 'ababi'. Ungase uthi umthetho wegolide wodlame lombuso waseNtshonalanga uthi: ubuphekula yibo abakwenzayo; ukulwa namaphekula yilokho esikwenzayo.
Kunjalo, kuhle ukuthi izintatheli zaseNtshonalanga zikhombe ubugebengu bezitha ezisemthethweni, futhi zibhuqa nabo ngemizamo yabo yenkulumo-ze esobala. Ngakho-ke, u-Emily Maitlis we-BBC wakwazi ukwethula Newsnight ngokuthinta ingqondo: 'Sawubona, kusihlwa. Abantu baseRussia bakubiza ngokuthi "umsebenzi wokuqinisa ukuthula". Iwuhlobo lweNewspeak olungenza uGeorge Orwell aziqhenye.'
UMaitlis wayebhekise ekuhlaselweni kwamasosha aseRussia esifundazweni saseGeorgia, eSouth Ossetia ngo-Agasti 2008. Ngokuphambene, bekungeke kucatshangwe ukuthi umethuli we-BBC akhulume ngokungangabazi ekuhlaseleni kweNtshonalanga i-Afghanistan, i-Iraq noma i-Libya 'njengomsebenzi wokuqinisa ukuthula. ', kanye nokuchaza ulimi olunjalo ngokuthi 'uhlobo lwezindaba zezindaba olungenza uGeorge Orwell aziqhenye.'
Ukubikwa kwemithombo yezindaba ngenkinga yezimali nezomnotho emhlabeni jikelele yeminyaka yakamuva kufana nephethini yokuchema efanayo. Ngokombono wamandla, kubalulekile ukuthi kusetshenziswe isandla esiqinile kumlimi wezindaba kanye nokuphawula ngenhlekelele, kanye nomnotho womhlaba ngokwawo. Imithombo yezindaba ekhululekile ineqhaza layo okufanele ilibambe ekuqiniseni ukuzethemba komphakathi ohlelweni olungagunyaziwe, olungenabulungiswa.
Emakhasini okuphawula kwe-Guardian, umbhali wenkanyezi uJonathan Freedland uvunyelwe ukuthi aveze inhlansi yokuphikisa ngo-2008, ngasekupheleni kwenkinga ekhona. 'I-Turbo-capitalism ayikona nje ukungalungi,' wabhala, 'ayithembekile futhi iyingozi.' Wancenga: 'impela lesi yisikhathi lapho i-Labour kanye ne-centre-left bengalokotha babuze imfundiso ye-neoliberal ekhona kusukela ezinsukwini. kaThatcher.'
Ukwahlukaniswa kweFreedland ngale nkinga kwakunomkhawulo, ngokwesaba ephakamisa ukuthi 'ungaphikisa' ukuthi 'ubunxiwankulu buhlala buyinto […]eyizimungulu embusweni. ubunxiwankulu' obujabulela ukuthembela 'kithi, umphakathi, kanye nethuluzi lethu, umbuso, uma ungena enkingeni.' Ezaca ngemininingwane, waphetha ngobuthaka: 'Manje kufanele sifune izwi isikhathi sonke, futhi. .' Kwakubuhlungu ngempela.
Isazi sezomnotho uHarry Shutt, umbhali wezincwadi ezimbalwa ezihlanganisa Inkinga nge-Capitalism (Zed Books, London, 1998/2009), iphawula ngokusobala ukuthi esinye sezici ezigqama kakhulu kule nkinga eqhubekayo yilena: 'isimo sokukha phezulu sokuhlaziywa kwezimbangela zayo okwethulwa abaqapheli abavamile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni, izifundiswa noma abamele ibhizinisi. .' Lokhu kusebenza kakhulu nasezintathelini, ikakhulukazi emithonjeni yezindaba ekhululekile.
U-Shutt uyaqhubeka:
‘Ngakho-ke kuvame ukushiwo ukuthi le nkinga idalwe yinhlanganisela yokutshalwa kwezimali okungafanele kosomabhizinisi nabanye […] kanye nokuxega ngokungafanele kwemithetho esemthethweni nokuqondisa izimakethe. Nokho umbuzo osobala obuzwa yizincazelo ezinjalo - wokuthi kwenzeka kanjani noma kungani isimo sezulu esinjalo esingasebenzi kahle - asikaze sixazululwe nganoma iyiphi indlela engathi sína.'
Uhlelo lukaMarshall: Inganekwane kanye Namaqiniso
Futhi-ke, ngokuqinisekile, othile uzovela nesibonelo esiphikisayo; into ekhombisa ukuthi empeleni uthi Western can futhi do yenza izenzo ezinkulu zomusa. Icala lakudala iMarshall Plan, 'iphakethe lokuhlenga' langemva kweMpi Yezwe II elasetshenziswa uhulumeni wase-US, ngokusobala ukubuyisela umnotho nengqalasizinda ecekeleke phansi yaseYurophu. Ukunikezwa kosizo kwenziwa kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ngisho nalezo zingxenye ezingaphansi kombuso waseRussia.
UWalt Whitman Rostow, isazi sezomnotho esasebenza ekusebenziseni iMarshall Plan, futhi kamuva owabamba iqhaza elikhulu empini yase-US ngokumelene neVietnam, wathi lolu hlelo empeleni lwaluyingxenye 'yokuhlasela' okwakuhloswe ngayo 'ukuqinisa indawo engaphandle kwekaStalin. bamba'.UWilliam Clayton, uNobhala Wombuso Wezindaba Zomnotho, ngo-December 1947 waphakamisa ukwesaba kokuthi uma iWashington ingaluhlinzeki lolo sizo, 'iKhetheni Lensimbi lalizodlulela ngasentshonalanga okungenani eMgungundlovu.' ngaphansi kwengxoxo, uClayton uthe 'sizophatha ezandleni zethu isikhali esinamandla ukungaqhubeki kosizo uma ngokuphambene nalokho esikulindele noma yiliphi izwe lehluleka ukufeza lokho esikulindele.’ UChester Bowles, isikhulu se-Economic Stabilization Bureau, wakhuluma ngokungagwegwesi: ‘Impikiswano yangempela yoHlelo lukaMarshall iwukuqiniswa kwesimiso saseMelika eminyakeni ezayo.’
Ngokudlondlobala kwangemva kwempi kwe-US ezindabeni zomhlaba wonke, iMelika manje yayisishintsha imisipha yayo njengengxenye ‘yobuhlobo bayo obukhethekile’ ne-United Kingdom, isihlalo sangaphambili samandla ombuso. Uhlelo lukaMarshall belulukhulu lwezepolitiki njengengxenye yalokhu kuguquguquka kwemisipha emhlabeni jikelele. E-Washington, iNxusa leNxusa laseBrithani laziswa 'ukuthi i-socialism yaseBrithani [sic] ingama endleleni yokubolekwa imali ... ICongress yayikhathazeke kakhulu ukuthola ukuthi amadola ase-US ayengeke asetshenziselwe ukuqinisa umbuso wobushiqela obomvu noma, ngokuphambene ngokufanayo. , ukuze kuxhaswe izindlela zezenhlalakahle [eBrithani].’ Inxusa LaseBrithani uFrank Evans labika ukuthi ‘wayengenakucindezelwa ukungathandwa nobudlova okubonakaliswa yila madoda mayelana nokuhlola kweBrithani ngentando yeningi yezenhlalo’.
Ingcindezi yase-US yafakwa kunqubomgomo yase-UK; ikakhulukazi, ukuyeka noma yiziphi ezinye izinguquko ezifana nokufaka izwe. Ngo-July 1947, iNxusa lase-United States lasho ngokungagunci: ‘Kuyosiza i-United States ukuthi ithole engqungqutheleni usizo i-United Kingdom eyayiludinga uma kwenziwa kwacaca ukuthi ngeke kuphinde kukhishwe izimboni ezinkulu kuleli zwe.’ Ngo-June 1948, iHhovisi Lezangaphandle latusa ukuba ukukhishwa kwensimbi nensimbi kube ngaphansi kukahulumeni kufanele kuhlehliswe uma kungayekwa ngenxa ‘yobudlelwane bamaNgisi namaMelika.’
Akukho okuningi kwalokhu okuke kukhulunywe ngakho namuhla.
Ukushaqeka Kwesistimu
Lapho ngisonyakeni wesithupha nowokugcina wesikole samabanga aphezulu - isikole samaKhatholika - ngandlela thize ngahileleka engxoxweni nothisha wami wefiziksi mayelana neNyakatho Ireland. Kwakungo-1979. Kwakusanda kuba nobudlova obengeziwe. Angikhumbuli ukuthi ngabe yenziwa yi-IRA, abashisekeli bezinyunyana noma amabutho aseBrithani. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yayiyini intuthuko yengxoxo yezombangazwe yasekilasini, ichezuka ngalolo suku emfundisweni kazibuthe kagesi, i-Newtonian dynamics kanye nethiyori ye-athomu, ngikhumbula ngimangala lapho uthisha ethi amaNgisi asebenzisa izindlela ezesabisayo nezihlukumezayo ngokumelene nenani lamaKatolika lesifundazwe, lidlulela ngisho nakuyo. ukubulawa okuhlosiwe. Kwakukhona omunye umfundi oyedwa ekilasini; isamba esikhulu sababili abenza Izifundo Zonyaka Wesithupha ku-physics ngalowo nyaka. Angiqiniseki ukuthi ubani owayegajwe kakhulu. Cishe konke engangikwazi ukukuphendula kwakuwukuthi, ‘Wazi kanjani?’ Uthisha waphendula: ‘Ngihlale eNyakatho Ireland iminyaka eminingana. Lezi zinto zazivele zaziwa endaweni.’
Mhlawumbe elinye lamacala adume kabi odlame lwaseBrithani eNyakatho Ireland iBloody Sunday, ukubulawa kwabantu abayishumi nantathu ngamasosha ngesikhathi semashi enokuthula yamalungelo abantu eDerry ngomhla zingama-29 kuMasingana 1972. Abayisikhombisa kwabashonile kwakungabantu abasha. Sebebonke badutshulwe abantu abangamashumi amabili nesikhombisa. Uphenyo lwalezi zenzakalo, i-Widgery Tribunal, lwagxekwa kakhulu ngokuthi ‘luwumcako.’ Uphenyo olwalandela lwaseSaville lwaqala ngo-1998 futhi lwadonsa kwaze kwaba u-2010 phakathi kwempikiswano mayelana nezindleko zayo ezikhuphukayo ezilinganiselwa ngaphezu kuka-£400 wezigidi. Umbiko wokugcina waqinisekisa izihlobo osekuphele iminyaka zikhankasela ukugezwa kwamagama alabo ababulawa, abanye babo abadutshulwa ngesikhathi bezama ukubaleka. UNdunankulu uDavid Cameron utshele iHouse of Commons ukuthi ukubulawa kwamasosha ‘akunasizathu futhi akuthetheleleki.’
Icala eliyinhloko labekwa amasosha aphansi. Kodwa u-Niall Ó Dochartaigh, uthisha wesayensi yezepolitiki kanye nesayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu e-National University of Ireland, e-Galway, uveze ukuthi abaphathi bezempi abakhulu, ikakhulukazi uGeneral Sir Robert Ford owayehlele umkhankaso wezokuphepha owaba yinhlekelele ngalolo suku, 'baphume kancane ngendlela engavamile. .'
U-Ó Dochartaigh uqhube wathi: “USaville wenze umsebenzi ongajwayelekile emsebenzini wakhe oyinhloko wokuhlola imininingwane yokudutshulwa kwabantu ngabanye, kodwa ukuhlaziya kwakhe ipolitiki yeBloody Sunday kuvuleleke imibuzo. Indaba yomthwalo wemfanelo wezinga eliphezulu ayikaxoxwa.’
Ngangilazi iBloody Sunday futhi ngaba nenkumbulo engacacile yokushaqeka ngemibiko yalolo suku lwango-1972. Lesi senzakalo savezwa kwabezindaba nasengxoxweni enkulu eyalandela njengengxabano edabukisayo. Ngakho-ke umqondo wokuthi amabutho aseBrithani, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amasosha noma amanethiwekhi obuhlakani, ayehileleke emkhankasweni ohlelekile wokwesabisa, ngisho nokwesabisa, eNyakatho Ireland wawushaqisa. Kwakuyinto yokuqala eyangenza ngabuza: ingabe sikhona ngempela abafana abahle lapha?
Kungani We Abafana Abahle? nguDavid Cromwell
Idethi yokushicilela: 28 Septhemba, 2012
Amakhasi: 317
Intengo yephepha: £15.99 / US$26.95 ISBN: 978 1 78099 365 2
Inguqulo ye-eBook: £6.99 / $9.99 ISBN: 978-1-78099-366-9
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