Ukwenza Inzuzo Ngaphandle Kokukhiqiza: Indlela Izimali Ezisixhaphaza Ngayo Sonke
Ingxoxo no Aaron Leonard
Incwadi entsha kaprofesa wezomnotho uCostas Lapavitsas Ukwenza Inzuzo Ngaphandle Kokukhiqiza: Indlela Izimali Ezisixhaphaza Ngayo Sonke, singena ezweni elinzima lezezimali, kuleyo ndawo lapho ingcebo yenziwa ibonakale ingekho, kodwa inomthelela omkhulu kangaka emnothweni womhlaba. I-Lapavitsas ibhekana ngomunye wemiqondo emisha kakhulu futhi mhlawumbe eyimpikiswano emnothweni wezepolitiki: ukwenza imali. U-Aaron Leonard usanda kubhalelana noprofesa uLapavitsas nge-imeyili embuza ngencwadi yakhe entsha nemithelela yayo ebanzi.
Uyabhala, "Kudingeka ukunakekelwa okukhulu ukuze ungayeki ekuphatheni ezezimali njengesethi yemisebenzi ecatshangelwayo noma eqagelayo, ngaleyo ndlela unikeze ukuxhaswa ngezimali umlingiswa we-pathological ongahle adukise." Kuyini ngempela ukwenza imali futhi iyini ingozi yokuyichitha kalula?
Ayikho incazelo evunyelwene ngokujwayelekile mayelana nokwenza imali. Ngikuqonda njengenguquko eyingqophamlando yomnotho wonxiwankulu - uguquko lwesikhathi eside olwenzeka phakathi namashumi amane eminyaka edlule.
Kungaba iphutha ukucabanga ngokusebenza kwezimali njengokukhuphuka okumangalisayo kwezimali, noma ukukhula kwenzuzo eqagelayo. Ukufakwa kwezimali ngokuyisisekelo kumayelana nokuguqulwa kwamabhizinisi ezimboni kanye nezohwebo, afuna inzuzo emisebenzini yezezimali; ukuguqulwa kwamabhange, ukufuna inzuzo ekuhwebeni kwezezimali kanye nasekusebenzelaneni nemizi; uguquko, ekugcineni, lwemizi, ingenelwa ekusebenzeni kwezimali ukuze iboleke kodwa nokuphatha izimpesheni kanye nomshwalense. Imele ushintsho olujulile lwezomnotho kodwa nokuphila komphakathi, okuthinta ngisho nokuziphatha nokuziphatha.
Ngabe ukufakwa kwezimali bekuhlangene ngani nenkinga yezomnotho ka-2007-2008 - noma ukubeka enye indlela - kungani kufanele sikhathazeke ngokusetshenziswa kwezimali namuhla?
Inkinga ka-2007-2009 iyinkinga ehlelekile ye-capitalism yezezimali. Cabanga ngalokhu: kuqubuke inhlekelele enkulu yomhlaba wonke ngenxa yokuthi amabhizinisi ezezimali ase-US abolekise ngemali embi engxenyeni empofu kakhulu yesigaba sabasebenzi base-U.S. Intuthuko enjalo yayingaba yinto engacabangeki ekhulwini le-19.
Akudingeki ukuthi ukuqoqwa konxiwankulu bangempela kube sebunzimeni obukhulu isikhathi eside kanye nenzuzo, nakuba sekubuyile, kuhlala kubuthakathaka ngokwezindinganiso zo-1960. Lesi isizinda lapho ukwenziwa kwezimali kukhiqize khona ukulandelana kwamabhamuza okuthinta kakhulu umnotho wangempela uma uqhuma.
Kunesiqephu esangithinta ngokukhethekile: โIkwindla yombuso wase-U.S., kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungenxa yezimali noma cha, iqondane nemali engenayo eningi eya e-U.S., kuhlanganise ngokuphawulekayo, evela kwamanye amazwe ampofu kakhulu emhlabeni.โ Lokhu kubonakala kuyindida ngempela. Ungakwazi ukunweba?
Lokhu kungenye yezingqinamba ezinkulu zezezimali. Ukukhula kwezimali emhlabeni wonke kubikezelwe phezu kwendima yedola njengohlobo lwemali egciniwe yamazwe ngamazwe - izinto eziseduze kakhulu ezikhona emalini yomhlaba namuhla. Amazwe asathuthuka, ikakhulukazi iChina, kodwa ngisho namanye amazwe ampofu kakhulu emhlabeni abelokhu eqongelela ama-dollar ukuze akwazi ukubamba iqhaza emakethe yomhlaba. Amadola aqoqwa ngokuthenga amabhondi kahulumeni wase-US, okungukuthi, ngokuthumela imali enkulu e-U.S. Umphumela uba ukuthi, ngokwenetha, i-U.S. ibilokhu ithola imali evela emhlabeni wonke, hhayi ukuyithumela kwamanye amazwe.
Leli yilungelo elikhulu elivumela i-U.S. ukuthi ixhase ngezimali uhulumeni wayo. Amazwe asathuthuka, ngakolunye uhlangothi, aholeleka ekuxhaseni umnotho wawo ngokwezimali njengoba ethola impahla ewuketshezi yase-U.S.
Esiphethweni ubhala ukuthi, โUkubhekana nokuphathwa kwezimali kuyisimo esiholela emibonweni emelene nonxiwankulu, izinqubomgomo nezinqubo.โ Kungani lokhu kunjalo, kunokuba kube isibonelo, imodeli yokulawula ezezimali, maqondana nebhalansi eyengeziwe, okungukuthi umhlaba we-Keynesian owengeziwe lapho umnotho ulawulwa khona maqondana nezintshisakalo zokuqashwa ngokugcwele nakho konke okulethayo?
Ukwenza ngokwezimali wushintsho oluyingqophamlando, uguquko olujulile lweminotho yonxiwankulu evuthiwe nethuthukayo. Akuwona nje umphumela wezinguquko zenqubomgomo, njengokukhululwa kwezimali, nakuba kube negalelo ngempela kukho. Lokhu kulandela ukuthi ukufakwa kwezimali ngeke kubhekane nakho ngokumane ulawule ezezimali, noma wenze izinguquko zenqubomgomo ezingeni lomnotho omkhulu. Ngokwemvelo, lokhu kufanele kwenzeke ukuze kuncishiswe imali kodwa kudingeka okwengeziwe ukuze kuhoxiswe ukufakwa kwezimali.
Ukucacisa kakhudlwana, ukusebenza kwezimboni nezamabhizinisi kuzomele kuqhelelene nezezimali; kufanele kube nobunikazi bomphakathi kanye nokulawula amabhange; kuzomele futhi kubuyiswe ukuhlinzekwa komphakathi kwezindlu, imfundo, ezempilo kanye nezimpesheni ukuze kukhishwe izimali ezimpilweni zabasebenzi ngabanye. Lezi izinguquko ezijulile emnothweni nasemphakathini ezingase zisuse ukulingana kwamandla ngokumelene nezimali futhi zivune abasebenzi.
Okuhlobene nalokho, kungani, ngokubona kwakho, i-socialism - uma ngikuqonda okubhala kahle - bese kuba ngenye indlela yangempela?
Umzabalazo wokuhlehlisa ukusebenza kwezimali uyingxenye yomzabalazo wokuzuza i-socialism. Akudingekile ukufeza i-socialism ukuze uhlehlise ukufakwa kwezimali, empeleni ukufeza i-socialism kuyindaba eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Kodwa ukulwa nokuvimbela ezezimali kanye nokususa ithonya lazo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokulwela i-socialism. Lona kanye uhlobo lwesocialism esiludingayo ekhulwini lama-21 - ukuhlangana, umphakathi, intando yeningi kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha ekubhekaneni nezinkinga zomphakathi ngonxiwankulu obunezimali.
UCostas Lapavitsas unguSolwazi Wezomnotho eSikoleni Sezifundo ZaseMpumalanga Nezase-Afrika, eNyuvesi yaseLondon. Uyilungu leResearch on Money and Finance (RMF). Ungumbhali oholayo wombiko omusha we-RMF othi โBreaking Up? Umzila Wokuphuma Enhlekeleleni Ye-Eurozone.โ Izincwadi zakhe zangaphambilini zihlanganisa Izisekelo Zomphakathi Zezimakethe, Imali Nezikweletu futhi Umnotho Wezepolitiki Wemali Nezezimali.
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