Lezi zandulela ezenzelwe ukuthuthukiswa kwesizinda sokulungiselela ukubika okuvela e-Kathmandu mayelana noshintsho olwenzeka eNepal. Namuhla ngidingida imibiko ye-International Crisis Group engiyilandele eduze ngemuva nje kokusungulwa kwayo maphakathi nawo-90s. Phakathi kwami Amabhukumaka e-Nepal Maoism uzothola yonke imibiko ngezingxabano eNepal.
Imibiko ye-ICG ingama-akhawunti amahle kakhulu omlando. Izincomo abazinikezayo zibonisa indlela yemibono yohulumeni bamazwe amaningi, izisekelo kanye nabantu ngabanye abahlanganisa abanikelayo - kodwa siyaqonda ukuthi "ziyinjongo" ngangokunokwenzeka. Okuqukethwe kucace bha olimini oluhlanganisa imibono yepolitiki. Ukuqonda intuthuko ebucayi ngalesi sikhathi, basanda kukhipha umbiko omkhulu mayelana nesimo samanje eNepal - okuzoxoxwa ngakho. Umbiko we-ICG wamhla ziyi-19 kuNhlolanja wezi-2009 unelungelo "Inqubo Yokuthula Eyaluza YaseNepal". Ngizohlinzeka ngenguqulo encishisiwe kumanothi asuka esifinyezweni sayo esiphezulu. Ngiphinde ngikhethe amanye amaphuzu ezincomo zombiko engicabanga ukuthi abaluleke kakhulu. Yebo lokhu akumele kube enye indlela yokuthi umfundi afunde isifinyezo esiphezulu esiphelele noma amakhasi aphelele angama-45+ ombiko. Njengawo wonke umuntu, ngine-ajenda yami.
Amanothi Ami Esifinyezweni Esiphezulu:
Izinkinga ezinkulu zisalokhu zingaxazululiwe: akukho sivumelwano ngekusasa lamabutho amabili, umhlaba omncane owathathwa ngesikhathi sengxabano usubuyisiwe, futhi incane inqubekelaphambili eyenziwe kubhalwa umthethosisekelo omusha. Ukhetho luka-April 2008 lwe-CA lwaba ukunqoba kwamaMaoists kodwa lufushane ngeningi. I-NC yenqaba ukujoyina uhulumeni. Kunobunye obuncane benhloso phakathi kwama-Maoist kanye nozakwethu omkhulu womfelandawonye ophethe, i-UML. Ngokuqhubeka nokuntengantenga kuqhamuke imibhikisho ehlomile kanye nokunyakaza okwandayo okusekelwe kobunikazi. Usongo olusheshayo akubona ubushiqela bama-Mao kodwa ukuncipha okuyingozi kwamandla ombuso okubusa. Inkulumompikiswano ngaphakathi kweqembu - eqanjwe kabusha ngokuthi i-Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), UCPN(M), kulandela ukuhlanganiswa kwayo neqembu elincane - ikhombisa umgomo "weriphabhulikhi yabantu" yamakhomanisi usasebenza. Abaholi be-Maoist bayaqhubeka nokusabisa umzabalazo woguquko ovuselelwe kanye "nokuthathwa kwamandla ombuso" - okugcizelelwa ukuziphatha okunodlame okuqhubekayo kwamaqembu kanye nokuhlanganisa ezinye izisekelo zamandla ngokusebenzisa izinhlangano ezihlangene njengezinyunyana. Ngesivumelwano sikaNovemba 2005 phakathi kwe-CPN(M) kanye nomfelandawonye wamaqembu ayisikhombisa, ipolitiki endala yachithwa; kodwa amaqembu amisiwe asadinga ukuthola ukuba semthethweni. Kungenzeka ukuthi amaMaoist enze umzamo omkhulu wokuguqula kunamanye amaqembu, kodwa kufanele ahole ekwakheni kabusha ukuzethemba ngokulahla udlame ngokungananazi futhi aqinisekise ukuzibophezela kwawo ekwakhiweni kobuningi bezombangazwe; nakuba i-NC, i-UML kanye nezinye izinhlangano zihlupheka ngenxa yokungakhethi kanye nokwesekwa okubuthakathaka. Isimo sokuvikeleka komphakathi siyakhathaza. Izifunda ngaphesheya kwe-Tarai, isizinda senhlangano yeMadhesi, zibhekene nokuwohloka kokubusa kanye namaphoyisa. Ngenkathi amaphoyisa edelelekile, iButho LaseNepalese (NA) lihlala lingumthetho walo, limelana nokulawulwa kwentando yeningi kanye nophenyo lwamacala empi asolwa ngawo ngesikhathi sokungqubuzana. Imithelela yamazwe ngamazwe, i-India, i-UN kanye nabaxhasi, badinga ukugcina ingcindezi engaguquki kubo bonke abathintekayo ukuze bafeze izibopho zabo.
Amazwana ku-ICG Executive Summary:
(a) "I-maoist totalitarianism" iwukucatshangwa ukuthi i-republic yabantu bamakhomanisi e-Nepal izoba ukubuyela kumodeli yobukhomanisi ehlulekile.
(b) Kunombono oyisisekelo wokuthi kunesidingo sokuthi umbuso onamaqembu amaningi ugcine "ikhono lawo lokuphatha"; ukuthi imodeli enjalo yokubusa iyona kuphela into engasebenza.
(c) Kukhona ukuchema ngokumelene nokuzihlela, njengemizamo yokuhlanganisa izinyunyana, njengokuthi "amanye amandla ayisisekelo" angathandeki.
(d) Kunesidingo sokuthi "ubuningi bezombangazwe", kodwa kuwukugomela okuthathwa ngokuthi "ukuthunjwa kwamandla ombuso" kwama-Maoist kungakhipha noma yikuphi ubuningi noma inkulumo-mpikiswano yangaphakathi.
(e) Ukudunyiswa kwendima yesisekelo somnikeli we-ICG (amathonya omhlaba wonke, i-India, i-UN kanye nomphakathi wabanikeli) kusobala - iNepal idinga, bakholelwa ukuthi, isici sangaphandle "sokugcina ingcindezi engaguquki kuzo zonke izinhlangothi".
Yebo, izinkinga ezikhonjwe ngokucacile kanye nomlando oyiqiniso wezenzakalo uwusizo kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, umuntu kufanele aqaphele ukuthi inhlangano kaMadhesi (nabanye abangabalulwanga njengabantu baseTharu) ibonakala kanjani njengenkinga, ecishe yachithwa umbono ophakeme we-meta-structure yamazwe ngamazwe. Singasho ukuthi ngisho nezakhi zobukhosi ngaphakathi kwe-National Army, noma amaqembu afana neMadhesi nabanye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyabasekela njengamandla ezombusazwe noma cha, noma kunjalo yizici ezisemthethweni nezibalulekile zeqoqo labantu baseNepal.
Kusukela ku-ICG Izincomo ezijwayelekile - futhi ngikhetha imibono ethile ebalulekile (esekhona nokho) futhi ngithi futhi kumfundi ungayeki ukufunda ngokugcwele amakhasi amaningi okunwetshwa okuningiliziwe kwale mibono embikweni ngokwawo:
1. Ukumisa kabusha ukuvumelana ngokuqhubeka nenqubo yokuthula ngokwenza lokhu: ikhomishana esezingeni eliphezulu kanye nenhlangano ezimele yokuqapha ngenjongo, yokusungula ukusekelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kwezobuchwepheshe kanye/noma kunobhala, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi IKomidi Elikhethekile Lokuhlanganiswa Kwezempi (AISC) liqala ngokushesha ukuhlanganiswa. kanye nokuvuselelwa kwamasosha ebutho le-Maoist.
2. Izindlela ezizimele zokuqapha ezisungulelwe amakhomishini namakomiti ashiwo ku-Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA).
3. Funa ukusekelwa kwabanikelayo ngezicelo zosizo lwezobuchwepheshe oluvela emazweni amabili kanye namazwe amaningi.
4. Ukuletha intuthuko ebonakalayo esimweni esintekenteke somthetho nokuhleleka, ngoku: ukucela ukusekelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kuthimba lezokuvikela lomphakathi lomnyango wezasekhaya (isibonelo ekulawuleni amaphiko entsha yeqembu).
5. Ukucela usizo lwezobuchwepheshe lwamazwe ngamazwe ukuze kwenziwe uphenyo: ukuqeda isiko lokungajeziswa kwamacala abucayi asolwayo; ukuthatha izinyathelo ngokumelene nabantu nezikhungo ezifuna ukuhlanekezela indlela yobulungisa; ukuphendula ngokujulile eHhovisi le-UN likaKhomishana Omkhulu Wamalungelo Abantu.
6. Ukwenza ngcono ukuphathwa kwebutho lezokuphepha lombuso, ngokwenza lokhu: Ngokuhlinzeka uMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wezokuvikela ukweseka, okungukuthi, ukwesekwa kwamazwe ngamazwe, ekuqeqeshweni okuhlanganyelwe kwezokuphatha kwamasosha kanye nezikhulu zezempi.
Phawula ngezincomo ze-ICG
Uma kubhekwa izehlakalo eziqhubekayo, ikakhulukazi kusukela ekuqaleni kukaNdasa, okwalandela lolu daba lwalo mbiko, ukuthi inqubo yokuthula eholwa yi-Maoist idinga kakhulu izixazululo ezinkingeni ezibalulekile ezihlonzwe umbiko we-ICG. I-ICG ikhathazeke ngempela futhi ngokufanelekile ngokuthi iNepal izoba izwe elihlulekile - abanye baqala ukuphikisa ukuthi vele vele. Uma ubheka imibono emakhasini okuhlaziya ngokucophelela isimo saseNepal yi-ICG, kanye nasezixazululweni ezinemininingwane ebanzi ezinikezayo, kuningi okungafundwa mayelana nezindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano ezingasebenza. Umbuzo uwukuthi, ngicabanga, ubani okufanele abe namandla nokulawula le nqubo yokuthula ukuze kuzuze abantu baseNepal?
Ngifunde ngenhla ukuthi kuzoba nenani elikhulu lokungenelela kwamanye amazwe. Ngifunde futhi ukuthi ukuchema kwe-ICG ukuthi lokhu kuyisidingo ngoba amabutho ezombusazwe kanye nomphakathi waseNepal abakwazi ukuzilawula ngokwabo isinqumo esinokuthula. Ukusekela lokhu kuchema wukwehluleka okusobala kukahulumeni wamaqembu amaningi kuze kube manje; okuholela kulokho okungenzeka kube yisimo esihlulekayo ngempela. Umphumela empilweni yansuku zonke yabantu uyashaqisa: ingqalasizinda kagesi iyehluleka ngokoqobo - amahora ayi-16 ngosuku ugesi ungekho; udlame olungalawuleki, izenzo zobugebengu eziqhumayo kanye nenkohlakalo edlangile ngaso sonke isikhathi. Lena imali yokugibela yansuku zonke yabantu.
Isiphetho
Izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano eziphakanyiswe yi-ICG ziyasebenza ngokwazo. Kufanele empeleni baqashwe. Ngobani okubonakala kuyindaba yokuthi ubani onezibhamu. Amathonya omhlaba wonke asebenza ngokwezokuxhumana, ngokwezomnotho nangokwezempi ukuze abeke ithonya elikhulu langaphandle nokulawula phezu kweNepal - angicabangi ukuthi ukhona umuntu ongenangqondo kangako uma ecabanga ukuthi imayelana nothando lwabo lokuthula kanye nabantu baseNepali. Ukukhathazeka kwemishini yezombangazwe nemibono kanye nokukhathazeka kwezomnotho (isb. amandla kagesi wase-India e-India) kungase kube nokuthile ngakho.
AmaMaoist nawo ane-ajenda, esekelwe kumbono wobukhomanisi uma singakholelwa ekuhlanzekeni okuphelele kobuntu bawo. Abaningi, kuhlanganise nami, bangafuna isigaba esisha, isigaba esisha sokubonakaliswa kobukhomanisi eNepal esingaphikisa kokubili ukwehluleka kokubonakaliswa kwabo kwangaphambili futhi sigweme inhlekelele yomhlaba wonke yezixhumanisi zamanje zamandla, capitalo-parliamentarianism ( I-neologism ka-Alain Badiou yethulwe izikhathi eziningi kunoma yimuphi umfundi wale bhulogi). Kuyiqiniso kulesi simo samanje ukuthi amaMaoist anikezwa igunya ngabantu lokudala iNepal entsha. Bangakwazi yini ukugcina lelo gunya lisembuzweni, njengoba kunjalo; bazokwakha umbuso wamaKhomanisi ongafeza izithembiso kubantu? Akungabazeki ukuthi umnyakazo onjalo wokudala ukuthi umbuso wamaKhomanisi uyinhloso. Ngandlela thize kufanele bafakazele ubumsulwa babo bobuntu futhi ngokungangabazeki akuwona wonke amaMaoist anobumsulwa obunjalo (lokho kungaba kuningi kakhulu ukukubuza njengoba umuntu ehla ehlisa isakhiwo samandla). Kungumsebenzi wobuholi buka-Prachanda no-Bhattarai, u-CP Gajurel, u-Mohan Baidya, u-Dina Nath Sharma nabanye imibono yabo ifakwe kulokhu okufakiwe okuqhubekayo lapha.
Uma sizokwazi ukuthi amaMaoist angaba yilokhu abathi ayikho manje kuncike ezibhamuni futhi ngiyesaba. I-Civil Society ibonakala ingenawo amandla ekuxabaneni phakathi kwe-NA kanye ne-PLA, noma ngokukhuphuka kwemibono yokungenelela kwamaNdiya okubonakala kuphakamisa ikhanda ekuphikisaneni kweTharus kanye neMadhesi. Ingabe amaMaoist azokwazi ukugwema ngenkani isimo esihluleke ngokuphelele futhi agweme ukungenelela kwamanye amazwe, kungaba into enhle lokho? Okubaluleke kakhulu, ingabe abantu bazokugwema kokubili ukuphelelwa ithemba noma ukukholelwa nje ebuholini beqembu futhi bazihlanganise ngandlela thize ngesenzo sentando yeqembu elingavamile - umnyombo woguquko lwangempela.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela