Okugqamisa uHarry Shutt njengesazi sezomnotho akukhona ukuthi wabikezela inkinga yezezimali eyagadla ngo-2007 (eminyakeni emibili ngaphambi kokuba axwayise “ngenkinga yezimali engenakugwenywa” ngesilinganiso esikhulu kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi eyedlule). Kukhona noma yiziphi izihlakaniphi, ezithi “nginitshelile”. Okumehlukanisa njengesazi somnotho wukuthi akacabangi ukuthi umnotho udinga ukuhlelwa kabusha noma ukulawulwa kangcono. Ukholelwa ukuthi inkinga yezomnotho iwuphawu lokuthi ukuthuthela "ku-post-capitalism" kuyaphuthuma futhi kubalulekile, ukuthi ukubuyela okuhlala njalo ekukhuleni akufiseki futhi akunakwenzeka. Wabeka imibono yakhe encwadini, Ngalé Kwesistimu Yenzuzo, eyanyatheliswa ngonyaka odlule. U-Red Pepper ukhulume naye ngokuthi kungani i-capitalism "iphelelwe yisikhathi ngokungenathemba", kungani enye inkinga yezezimali iseduze, ukuthi i-Left ayikutholi kanjani, nokuthi yini engale ...
Ubhala kokuthi Ngale Kwesistimu Yenzuzo ukuthi incazelo yenkinga yezimali eyenziwa nguhulumeni, abamele amabhizinisi kanye nezifundiswa “iphelele ngokulinganayo”, ukuthi akukhona nje kumabhange abudedengu. Ithini incazelo engaphelele?
Kungaphansi kwephutha elibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwesistimu yezomnotho, lapho izinkampani - okuhlanganisa namabhange - zigunyazwa umthetho wenkampani ukukhulisa inzuzo endaweni yemakethe yokuncintisana. Lapho, njengakumashumi eminyaka amuva nje, lokhu kuye kwanezelwa ukwehliswa komthetho ngokwedlulele kanye neziqinisekiso ezisemthethweni ezimelene nokulahlekelwa - ingozi yokuziphatha - unokuthile okufana nokugqugquzela ukuhaha nokunganaki, okuvele kungene kalula ekukhwabaniseni. Ngempela, esimweni esinjalo ngeke kwenzeke, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezezimali, ukuthi unganqotshwa izingcindezi zokuziphatha kabi, njengoba ungase ungalahlekelwa yibhonasi yakho kuphela kodwa nomsebenzi wakho.
Izithelo zokukhulisa inzuzo ngendlela yenzuzo enqwabelene, inani elinqwabelene ku-Marx-speak, kufanele zitshalwe kabusha njalo ngenzuzo. Lesi sibhicongo esidala sobungxiwankulu - isisekelo somjikelezo webhizinisi ongenakugwenywa - manje sihlanganiswa noshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe kangangokuthi amanani anciphayo emali - ngeyunithi ngayinye yomkhiqizo - angamuncwa utshalomali olusha oludingekayo emalini engashintshi. Ngakho-ke, njengoba kuchazwe kabanzi kuzo zonke izincwadi zami, ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhiqizayo kubhekwa njengokunenzuzo encane futhi encane kunokuqagela kwezezimali - okuchazwe ngokudumile ngu-Lord Adair Turner ngokuthi "okungenamsebenzi emphakathini".
Kafushane, isistimu eyaklanywa kakhulu ku-19th ikhulu leminyaka ngokuhambisana nemibono eyayikhona ngaleso sikhathi kanye nezithakazelo ezinikezwayo - ngaphambi kokufika kwelungelo lokuzikhethela emhlabeni wonke - manje seliphelelwe yisikhathi ngokungenathemba futhi lalimaza kakhulu izithakazelo zomphakathi kunangesikhathi sikaMarx.
Inkambo kahulumeni yokuwohloka kwezindleko iye yagxekwa kakhulu njengokungafundi izifundo zomlando nokudela ukubuyela ekukhuleni komnotho okunempilo ngenxa yobuhlungu obungenasidingo kanye nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi isikhathi eside. Kodwa ucabanga ukuthi, nangaphandle kokuncishiswa, sisabhekene nokuwohloka komnotho. Kungani kunjalo?
Ukwehluleka okukhulu ngokulinganayo ukufunda izifundo zomlando ukuthi “kwamaKeynesians” asaqhuba inkohliso yokuthi ukukhula kungathuthukiswa ngenqubomgomo yezezimali neyokwenyuswa kwezimali, bekhohlwe isipiliyoni seminyaka yawo-1970, okukhombisa ukuthi lezi zindlela azikwazi ukukhiqiza. ukukhula ngaphezu kwesikhathi esifushane ngaphandle komphumela wokwehla kwamandla emali. Lokhu akukona, vele, ukuphikisa ukuqiniswa kwezimali, i-UK kanye namanye amazwe ase-Eurozone amatasatasa ekuboniseni futhi kumele kuholele enhlekeleleni enkulu nakakhulu, eqinisekisa ukuthi indlela ye-neo-liberal, yemali nayo ayisebenzi.
Kuphambene kakhulu nezimo zamanje ukuphikisa ngokuthi ukunwetshwa kwezimali - ukushoda kwezimali - kungasikhipha emgodini esikuwo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi selokhu kwaqala ukuwohloka kwezikweletu ngo-2008 umnotho womhlaba usukhubazeke ngenxa yokushoda kwezimali. umthwalo omkhulu wezikweletu - zomphakathi nezizimele, ezingakhokhwa kakhulu, hhayi nje imali ebolekiwe.
Lesi sikweletu, esilokhu singaphansi kombuso, senziwe eminyakeni engu-20 edlule - ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi "somnotho we-2003-07 - emzamweni wokugcina umnotho ukhula isikhathi eside ngemuva kokuthi ubhekene nokuzamazama okukhulu." isenzo esijwayelekile samandla ezimakethe - umjikelezo webhizinisi - kungasho. Ngenxa yokuthi lesi sikweletu sesidlule izinga lokusimama, kuyinkohliso enonya, njengoba mina, nabanye, sike sasho njalo kusukela kuqale le nkinga, ukuphakamisa ukuthi abantu noma amabhizinisi angakwazi noma kufanele anxeshezelwe ukuboleka. Okuningi. Kunalokho ukukhula okusimeme kungavuselelwa kuphela uma lo mthwalo usususiwe, okungadinga ukucekelwa phansi kwezimali - okuhlanganisa ukuqedwa kwamabhizinisi kanye nokuqedwa kwemisebenzi - okukhulu nakakhulu kunalokho okwenzeka nge-Great Depression of the 1930s - futhi mhlawumbe ehlala njalo. eside.
Inkohliso ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ukukhula komnotho okuphezulu kungafinyeleleka kunoma yisiphi isenzakalo - noma esifiselekayo. Ukushiya eceleni umbuzo wokuthi ingabe iyasimema yini imvelo, irekhodi kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-'70s - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngaphansi kwamasu e-Keynesian noma "neo-liberal" - libonise ukuthi ukukhula ngeke ugcinwe ezingeni eliphezulu ngokwanele ukuze kuzuzwe ukusetshenziswa okwanele kwanoma iyiphi imali. noma abasebenzi ngaphansi kwesistimu yemakethe - futhi ngalokho kuvimbele ukwehla komjikelezo webhizinisi ekuletheni ukwehla kwezimakethe okuzinzile. Umphumela ube wukuphendukela ekuhlanekezelekeni kwezimakethe okukhulu nokungalingani njengoba amaqembu anentshisekelo ahlukene elwela ukukhulisa isabelo sawo sezimakethe ezintengantengayo, okuhlanganisa nokusaphaza ukuxhaswa kwemisebenzi engenayo inzuzo ehlala njalo noma eyingozi kakhulu, njengokutshalwa kwezimali ekuvuseleleni kabusha amadolobha. noma imithombo ebiza kakhulu yamandla ahlukile, futhi okuwukuphela kwabo abahlomulayo ngokuvamile okuba abatshalizimali kanye nezinkampani ezinkulu.
Uma kukhona elinye isu lezomnotho elingeSinxele, lingafingqwa njengokuthi izinkampani nezicebi zikhokhe ingxenye yazo yentela efanelekile, ukulawula kahle umkhakha wezezimali, hhayi ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali komphakathi, futhi (uma ufaka i-Green New Deal) udala ibutho abasebenzi “bekhabhoni” ukuze banciphise ukuncika komnotho kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi. Njengoba abahleli beMarch for the Alternative bebeka, “Imisebenzi, ukukhula, ubulungiswa”. Kodwa ucabanga ukuthi le ndlela ayanele. Yini ebalekelayo?
Ubuthakathaka bokuthi “Okunye Ongakwesobunxele” busukela ekwahlulekeni kanye/noma nokwenqaba ukubamba isimo sesiphambeko uhlelo lonxiwankulu bomhlaba wonke oselufinyelelwe kulo. Kunalokho abameli bayo, abanjengoMark Serwotka wenyunyana ye-PCS, baqhubekisela phambili inganekwane ethandwa kakhulu yezinyunyana ezivukela umbuso kusukela kudala, okungenani kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-'70s, kangangokuthi uhlelo lonxiwankulu lungahlala luzithengile izinkinga ngisho noma lokho kuhlanganisa nokuboleka. Okuningi. Noma, ngamanye amazwi, leyo mali ikhula ngempela ezihlahleni.
Yiqiniso, kuyisidingo esilungile ngokuphelele sokuthi izinkampani, amabhange kanye nabanye, abaye bajabulela ukwanda okukhulu kwesabelo sabo sekhekhe, ngaphandle kokwengeza noma yiliphi inani langempela lezomnotho, kufanele baphoqeleke ukuba bakhokhe intela eyengeziwe. Okungaphenduleki wukufuna ukuthi isilinganiso sesikweletu sikahulumeni ne-GDP - noma isikweletu sangasese semali engenayo / impahla - singakhuphuka kakhulu ngaphandle kokubheka amandla okukhokha.
Elinye iphutha elikhulu ekuhlaziyeni kwabo ukugcizelela kwabo ekugxileni ekudaleni amathuba emisebenzi - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi baphishekela ukukhiqizwa kwamandla aluhlaza, ngokusobala inhloso efiselekayo ngokwayo - noma yimuphi omunye umsebenzi okuthiwa udala amathuba omsebenzi. Ulwazi lwethu kanye nolwamanye amazwe - ikakhulukazi i-US kusukela ekuncipheni kwezikweletu ngo-2008 - kukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi, ngenxa yoguquko oluqhubekayo lwemakethe yezabasebenzi oluqhutshwa kakhulu ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe, ngeke sikwazi ukubuyisela noma yini eseduze nokuqashwa ngokugcwele. njengoba kuqondwa ngokwesiko.
Ngalé Kwesistimu Yenzuzo, uphikisana “ngokwehliswa esihlalweni kukankulunkulu wokukhula” Ihlanganisani “imodeli entsha yezomnotho” oyikhuthazayo?
Okokuqala, kuhilela ukuqaphela ukuthi ukukhulisa ukukhula komkhiqizo akusona isimiso esisebenzayo sokuqondisa umnotho emphakathini wesimanje. Ngenkathi emiphakathini yangaphambi kwezimboni, lapho ukushoda nendlala kuhlale kusongela, ukuthambekela kokukhiqiza okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka bekuyisimo sokuzenzakalelayo esiqondakalayo, akusathetheleleki enkathini lapho inkinga yokukhiqiza isixazululiwe ngokuphumelelayo - okungukuthi amandla obuchwepheshe okukhiqiza ngaphezu kwamandla ethu noma isidingo sokudla.
Kodwa uma siyixazulule inkinga yokukhiqiza, ngokusobala asikayixazululi leyo yokusabalalisa; yingakho isimo sobumpofu obukhulu emhlabeni wonke phakathi nenala. Ngaso leso sikhathi sibhekene nokushoda okusha okusesimweni sezinto ezibalulekile ezikhiqizayo ezifana nomhlabathi namanzi - nakuba zingahlobene nokukhiqizwa kokudla ingxenye enkulu - emhlabeni olinganiselwe njengomphumela wempumelelo yethu ekwandiseni umkhiqizo kanye nenani labantu. .
Kufanele kube sobala ukuthi uhlelo lwemakethe yonxiwankulu oluncintisanayo alufaneleki kuphela ukuze sikwazi ukubhekana nalokhu kungalingani okusha. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kuncike ekukhuleni okungapheli, ukusiza ukuthunyelwa kabusha kwenzuzo enqwabelene, ukuze kugcinwe uzinzo futhi kuholela ngokungagwemeki ekusabalaliseni imali engenayo, ikakhulukazi njengoba uguquko lwezobuchwepheshe luholela ekuswelekeni kwemisebenzi okukhulu kakhulu kwesakhiwo. Inkinga yokugcina ikhomba isidingo sokuketula esinye isilingo - leso sokwandisa umsebenzi, noma "umsebenzi" ngokwawo - emhlabeni lapho amandla okukhiqiza ekhonjiswa khona njengensalela ezidingweni.
Uma ukukhula kungasathathwa njengokubalulekile komphakathi, kufanele kube yini inhloso eqavile yenqubomgomo yezomnotho? Ukubuyela ezimisweni zokuqala kubonakala kusobala ukuthi, esikhathini sentando yeningi namalungelo abantu bonke, kufanele ukuhlinzeka abantu ngalokho abakudingayo nabakufunayo ngezinga eliphezulu ngangokunokwenzeka ngezinsiza ezikhona.
Yebo lokhu kuletha imibuzo eminingi mayelana nokuthi zinganquma kanjani izimfuno zabantu kanye nezinto ezibalulekile emphakathini mayelana nokutshalwa kwezimali, ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo njll. Nokho nakuba izimakethe zizoba neqhaza kule nqubo, ulwazi lubonise ukuthi ukuthembela okuvamile ekuqhudelaneni okuthiwa mahhala ngokwandisa inzuzo. izinkampani - ezithi ziqhutshwa inkolelo yokuthi "ikhasimende yinkosi" kodwa empeleni ziyizigqila zabanikazi bamasheya bazo - azisalungile ngokwanele. Kunalokho izinqumo zokwabiwa kwezinsiza kuyodingeka zenziwe ngokuhlanganyela ezingeni lendawo, likazwelonke noma lamazwe ngamazwe. Akunangqondo ukuzama ukulindela ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezintsha zenhlangano yezomnotho ezizovela. Okungathenjwa kuphela - uma kungabikezelwa - ukuthi zizoqhutshwa ngesisekelo sokuziphendulela kwentando yeningi kanye nokwenza izinto obala. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe amathuba okuthi lokhu kwenzeke, kuzobaluleka ukuthi kuqalwe izinguquko enqubweni yezombangazwe ngendlela yokuthi ingathengwe yilabo abanezikhwama ezijulile, njengoba kwenzeka njengamanje yonke indawo, kuhlanganise ne-UK kanye, ikakhulukazi, i-US.
Ucabanga ukuthi imali engenayo yezakhamizi ibalulekile. Kungani?
Uma kubhekwa insalela yezisebenzi zomhlaba wonke ekhula njalo ephawulwe ngenhla, akusakwazi ukwenza sengathi, uma kwenzeka, ukuqashwa ngokugcwele kuwumgomo ongokoqobo. Lokhu sekuvele kuqondwe kabanzi, nakuba kungaziwa ngokusobala, kuyo yonke imikhakha yezombangazwe e-UK, lapho imizamo yokusungula uhlelo lwezenhlalakahle olukhuthaza abantu ukuthi basebenze ngenkathi iqinisekisa ukuthi bayakugwema ukuswela iye yaba yize eminyakeni edlule - njengoba kuboniswe umzamo weNew Labour cajole omama abangabodwana ukuthatha imisebenzi ephansi noma engasebenzi ngesisekelo sokuthi bangakwazi ukuqasha umnakekeli wengane. Lokhu kukhomba isidingo sokusungula uhlelo lokwabiwa kweholo olukhuthaza abantu ukuthi benze umsebenzi odingekayo kuphela - okuhlanganisa nemisebenzi yokunakekela engakakhokhelwa okwamanje - futhi ayijezisi abantu ngokungasebenzi.
Izinzuzo ezisobala kakhulu zeholo eliyisisekelo noma lesakhamuzi - elikhokhwa ngenani eliphansi kuwo wonke umuntu omdala kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umholo wakhe noma isimo somsebenzi - kungaba ukuthi wonke umuntu uzoqinisekiswa ngokuphila okuyisisekelo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuhlolwa kwendlela. Izindleko zokulawula zezindlela zokuhlola zizolondolozwa, njengoba bekungaba nokucasuka komuntu siqu nokululazeka.
Abantu bangenza umsebenzi okhokhelwayo noma baqale amabhizinisi amancane ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yinoma iyiphi inzuzo, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo bekwazi ukwenza umsebenzi ongakhokhelwa onenzuzo emphakathini - kuhlanganise nabanakekeli - obungeke wenziwe.
Ukukhula komhlaba wonke, ngokwe-IMF, kwaba ngamaphesenti angu-4.6 ngo-2010 kanti ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi akubanga phezulu njengoba abaningi ngo-2008, babecabanga ukuthi kuzoba njalo. Ingabe i-capitalism yomhlaba wonke ikwazi ukuqina kunalokho okusho ukuthi i-Beyond the Profits System isho?
Cha. Kudingeka kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukuvuselelwa kokukhula komhlaba wonke ngo-2010 - ngezinga okungokwangempela - kufinyelelwe ngemuva "kwezinyathelo ezingavamile" - ukukhuphuka kokushoda kwezimali kanye nezikweletu, amazinga enzalo aphansi kanye "nokunciphisa inani ” (ukuphrinta imali) – okungeke kuqhubeke isikhathi esifushane. Kunoma yikuphi, lokhu akuvimbeli ukwanda kokuntuleka kwemisebenzi emazweni amaningi, ikakhulukazi e-US.
Kukhona ukungaqiniseki ngokuzokwenzeka emnothweni womhlaba eminyakeni embalwa ezayo - ukukhula kancane, akukho kukhula, inkinga entsha yezezimali. Ucabanga ukuthi kuzokwenzekani? Ngabe uhlelo lwezomnotho kuzomele lubonakale ngokusobala ukuthi alusebenzi ngaphambi kokuthi kube noguquko?
Uma kubhekwa ukwehluleka okukhulu “kwesobunxele” eYurophu noma yikuphi ukuthuthukisa enye indlela eqinile naphezu kwakho konke okwenzekile kule minyaka eyishumi edlule noma ngaphezulu, kubonakala kusobala ukuthi kuzodingeka kube nenhlekelele enkulu nakakhulu ngaphambi kwanoma yimiphi imibono efana naleyo. eshiwo encwadini ingaqala ukuthathwa ngokungathi sína. Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi umcimbi onjalo nje - osesimweni senkinga yezimali evuselelwe - ubonakala useduze. Izindaba ezimbi ukuthi i-Mainstream Left ihlezi ingayilungiselele ngendlela engenathemba, ibambelele emhlabeni wabo we-Keynesian fantasy. Ngokuphambene, i-Right -Murdoch / Fox News / Iphathi Yetiye njll - banokuqonda okucacile kwalokho okusengcupheni futhi ngokusobala bazilungiselele impi yezigaba zonke. Esinye isici esiphazamisayo - nakuba singase sibe sihle esikhathini eside - ukuwohloka kwezombusazwe nezomnotho emazweni ama-Arab, okuvame ukusabalala nakwezinye izifunda "ezithuthukayo", kuhlanganise neChina. Uma kungekho ukuhlaziya okuhambisanayo - kusuka Kwesokudla noma Kwesokunxele - kwalokhu okwenzekayo, lokhu kungabonakala kungabangela ukungqubuzana okuhlala isikhathi eside ezindaweni eziningi zomhlaba njenganoma yisiphi isixazululo esinengqondo.
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