Omunye wemibuzo emikhulu ebhekene nezinhlangano zomphakathi eLatin America phakathi neminyaka eyishumi edlule umbuzo wamandla. Aphi amandla? Ayini amandla? Futhi indlela ukuhlela ubuhlobo izimpendulo zale mibuzo.
Izindlela ezehlukene ziye zavela kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980 ngokukhula kwe-Landless Movement, MST, e-Brazil, futhi ithuthuke ngokuphawulekayo kusukela kwavela umphakathi wama-Zapatistas ngo-1994 kanye nokudalwa okwalandela kwemiphakathi ezimele e-Chiapas Mexico. Kweminye iminyakazo, njengaleyo yase-Chiapas nama-Zapatistas, noma izinhlangano zomphakathi ezizimele e-Argentina kusukela ekuvukeleni okudumile kwango-2001, noma izinhlangano zomdabu eziningi ezizinze ezweni, umqondo wamandla yilowo walokho okudalwa phakathi nendawo eyodwa. omunye. Kumayelana nobudlelwano obusha bomphakathi emphakathini obubona amandla esikhungo njengesithiyo noma ithuluzi lokusiza ukuthuthukisa lesi sidalwa esisha. Eminye iminyakazo, njengaseVenezuela kanye nezingxenye zenhlangano yaseBolivia, ibona amandla njengento okumele ithathwe ukuze kwakhiwe lobu budlelwano obusha bezenhlalo. Okokuqala kumayelana nesikhungo, bese kuba yisikhala sobudlelwano.
USergio, umhlanganyeli wezinhlangano zomphakathi e-Argentina wangichazela izinhlobo ezimbili zamandla kanye ngendlela eseyicace kunazo zonke izincazelo ezihlukahlukene engizifundile noma engizizwile.
"Umehluko ukucabanga ngamandla njengebizo, ukufika emandleni, ukuthola amandla, njengokungathi yinto, futhi amandla yisenzo." (Sitrin, 2005: 195)
Okushiwo uSergio kusenhliziyweni yemibono ehlukene yokuthi ungawushintsha kanjani umphakathi. Imibono ebekwe phambili eningini lezincwadi kuze kube manje ngethiyori yenhlangano yezenhlalo, kanye nezinhlangano eziningi eziguquguqukayo zezenhlalo emhlabeni, ukuthi amandla yinto okufanele ithathwe noma izuzwe. Iningi lezinhlangano ezintsha zezenhlalo eLatin America, nokho, zilandela omunye umbono wamandla. Lokhu kunyakaza okusha, ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, sekubone amandla njengento edalwe phakathi kwabantu nokunyakaza, hhayi into ethathwa. Eqinisweni iwona kanye umqondo wamandla njengento ezuzwayo ngomqondo wesikhungo, okuyiwo aphulwa kuwo. U-Emilio, oneminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa ubudala obambe iqhaza emizameni yase-Argentina ngesikhathi kwenziwa isitatimende esingezansi, uchaza lo mehluko ngokucacile.
"... akunangqondo ukuthatha izintambo e-Argentina...cha ngiyabonga, ngiyadlula. Ngaphandle kwalokho, sakha izinto ezihluke kakhulu, ezibheke kwelinye icala. Asikwazi ukubona ukukhanya ekugcineni komhubhe kodwa thina yazi ukuthi kukhona ukukhanya futhi siyaqhubeka. Sakha amanye amanani. Siyazi ukuthi esikwenzayo kungqubuzana ne-logic eqondile, i-authoitarian logic, i-logic of delegation, futhi esikwakhayo akukona okuphambene nakho. Kuyathakazelisa ukucabanga lokho. asidali okuphambene sidala okunye asisakhi okuphambene nenqubo yonxiwankulu eyazanywa yagcina ingaphumeleli okuphambene akusebenzi sakha okunye okuhlukile yini I don yazi, ayinalo igama futhi ngithemba ukuthi ayisoze yaba nalo." (Sitrin, 2005: 143)
U-Neka, umhlanganyeli okhuthele futhi ongomunye wabasunguli benhlangano yabasebenzi abangasebenzi yaseSolano, e-Argentina, uyaqhubeka nalo mqondo oshiwo u-Emilio.
"Umbono omuhle kakhulu ongacabangi ngekusasa kuphela futhi ubeke ukuphila kwakho kwabanye okuyobe sekuqinisekisa lelikusasa, kodwa kunalokho uwukuphila kabusha. Uwukuba sibuye siphile futhi sikholwe ukuthi ngaphezu kwanoma yini enye, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukubuyisela ukuphila kwakho kuyindlela enhle yokuphila." impilo yethu, namuhla, esingakuguqula futhi siphile ngendlela ehlukile impilo yethu." (Sitrin, 2005: 242)
Lo mbono oshiwo ngenhla ngabantu bezinhlangano zomphakathi ezizimele e-Argentina akuwona lowo engikholwa ukuthi abaningi emibuthanweni yomphakathi yaseBolivia ngeke bawuphikise. Nokho, abaningi emikhankasweni yaseBolivia bakhetha indlela eya emandleni eyayihlanganisa nokuthatha uMbuso. Uma lokhu sekwenziwe, umbuzo wezinhlangano zezenhlalakahle uba indlela yokusebenzisa uMbuso ukuthuthukisa ubudlelwano obusha bomphakathi kanye nenkululeko eyengeziwe. Ezikhathini eziningi uma uMbuso usuthathiwe, abantu babheka uMbuso ukuthi uphendule imibuzo futhi udale izisombululo, noma okubi nakakhulu, futhi kaningi, uMbuso ugxambukela ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi, โubanikeโ izixazululo zabo futhi uhlanganise nemibuzo yabo. Inselelo yezinhlangano zezenhlalakahle emazweni lapho uMbuso usuthathwe nguhulumeni wesobunxele ukuthi ungaqhubeka kanjani nokuhlela nokusebenzisa umbuso ukujulisa izinhlangano zomphakathi.
Isicelo samanje senhlolovo eBolivia singiphakamisela lo mbuzo wamandla. Amandla akuphi, futhi thina njengabantu abanyakazayo siqhubeka kanjani nokwandisa amandla ethu omunye nomunye, namandla ethu okungamakhono ethu. Ingabe ukuvota kuqinisekisa amandla ethu? Ngabe ukuvotela umuntu osekhethiwe kuzoqinisekisa lawo mandla okwenza nokuba abe? Angesabi. Nginovalo lokuthi ukhetho, futhi ikakhulukazi inhlolovo imayelana nokuqinisekisa amandla njengento, amandla umuntu anawo phezu kwabanye. Ukuqinisekisa u-Evo Morales eBolivia akukhona okuzovikela ukunyakaza kwezenhlalakahle ngokumelene nemizamo yophiko olufanele lokuthatha izwe futhi. Okungavikela leli gunya-kuya, la mandla okuqinisekisa njengesenzo, ukunyakaza ndawonye kubonisa amandla abo, hhayi ukunyakaza okuhlangana ndawonye ukuvotela othile. Cabanga ngomhlangano omkhulu wokuhamba uxoxa ngezindlela ezingase zibe khona eBolivia. Cabanga ngemihlangano emincane, njengoba sekuxoxiwe, ezweni lonke, ixoxa ngalokho abantu abakufisayo nendlela yokwenza kwenzeke. Lokhu kimina kuwukuqinisekisa okunamandla kakhulu kwamandla abantu kanye nokwenqaba uphiko lwesokudla lokuzama ukubamba amandla. Ukusebenza ngokubambisana yikona okufake uhulumeni emandleni. I-Evo isemandleni ngenxa yamandla ezinhlangano zomphakathi ezidala ngokuqhubekayo enye indlela, futhi ngemva kwalokho, kwavela inketho yokhetho.
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Nikela