NgoMsombuluko, Januwari 15, 2007
Ingabe abathengi baqaphela kakhulu imikhiqizo abayisebenzisayo? U-Marcia Helene Hewitt UWA
I-Propylene Glycol idala inani elibalulekile lokusabela futhi yayiyisicasula kakhulu esikhumbeni emazingeni aphansi okugxila.
-I-American Academy of Dermatologists Inc, Jan 1991
โKuzomele ngife ngento ethile, ukuze ngiye ethuneni ngibukeka ngimuhle.โ
-UWA umfundi-
Ingabe abathengi sebeyazi kakhudlwana imikhiqizo abayisebenzisayo?
Muva nje ngibambe iqhaza ocwaningweni olusebenzisa umkhiqizo, inani lentengo eliphansi (cishe amadola), okokuthambisa okunezinjongo eziningi okubizwa ngokuthi, ngokuqanjiwe, Kwemvelo, kudayiswe eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia nase-Australia. Iklayenti licele ucwaningo olusekelwe ebufakazini mayelana nomkhiqizo walo kanye nokuqamba okusha kwekusasa.
Ngemva kokukhuthazwa indlela kaSue Parrot (1972) nganquma ukuthatha indlela 'yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo', nakuba kumelwe ngivume ukuthi nganginemibono embalwa engangingase ngicabange ukuthi ngangizoyithola.
Impendulo yami yokuqala kule phrojekthi kwaba ukukhumbula ngimi eqhweni eBoston, 1970, ngibhala ngeDow Chemical Company kanye neDupont, nokuthi impi yaseViet Nam yayihlobene kanjani ngqo nenzuzo yalezi zinkampani ezimbili, ukuthi zaziyihlinzeka kanjani nge-napalm, nokuthi i-Revlon ne-Max Factor babeyizinkampani ezingaphansi eziqondile. Futhi ngakho ngacabanga, angisoze ngaba yingxenye yephrojekthi (ngisho nenganekwane) yokwandisa ukuthengiswa kwenkampani yamazwe ngamazwe. Nokho ngemva kokucabanga ngakho isikhashana ngabona ukuthi baningi abanye abantu abafana nami ababengafuni ukufaka isandla esikhungweni sezimboni zamasosha, ngase ngicabanga ukuthi ngiqale ngokukhuluma nentokazi esitolo sokudla sezempilo sendawo.
Wayenolwazi oluningi ngamakhemikhali okwenziwa kumamoisturiser futhi wayejabule kakhulu ukungivumela ukuthi ngiphenye yonke imikhiqizo eseshalofini lakhe, cishe izinhlobo ezingama-29 ezihlukene. Ngithole uhlobo esilusebenzisayo, i-Tinderbox, eyenziwe eNtshonalanga ye-Australia, namanye amabhrendi ahambisana nomugqa ofanayo (okungukuthi ama-moisturiser enziwe ngaphandle kwama-parabens noma i-propylene glycol). Ngiqaphele ukuthi izinhlobo zemidwebo nezithombe zemikhiqizo yokudla kwezempilo kuveza uhlobo oluhlukile lobuhle kunesithombe samamagazini ajwayelekile, futhi ngabheka kakhulu ezincwadini zobuciko ukuze ngibone inkathi yothando ukuthi eziningi zalezi zithombe zithathwe kwehluke kakhulu ku- ' ubuhle obuthengiswa kakhulu' bezikhangiso zamamagazini.
Ngabe sengiya kukhemisi wangakithi, lapho sesisebenze khona iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20. UKen wayazi konke ngoshevu emikhiqizweni ayithengisayo futhi wangikopisha ikhasi elivela e-Martindales The Complete Drug Reference, 2005. Uphinde waveza ukuthi wayekhathazeke kakhulu ngokuthi 'banzani ekudleni kwethu' futhi wayefisa ukwazi ukuthi ama-parabens zaziphenywa ngokucophelela nokuthi kunenqubekelaphambili eyenziwa amaqembu abameli.
Ocwaningweni lwethu lokufunda ngeqembu ezinye izinto zavela obala. Abafundi base-Asia banikele ngezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu mayelana nomagazini base-Asia abanamamodeli ase-Asia kodwa nokuthi lawo mamodeli 'ayengama-pan-Asian' njengoba ewachaza. Ngamcindezela kancane kuleyo ncazelo futhi ngabuza "uqonde i-Euroasian?" futhi wathi โyebo. โ โ Khona-ke kusabonakala 'kungcono' ukuba nokhokho baseYurophu, noma eNzalweni Yase-Han abesifazane baseShayina babebonakala bebahle kakhulu ngokuba nesikhumba esimhlophe" ngaqhubeka ngathi. Wavuma ngokungabaza ukuthi kuyiqiniso lokho. Abanye abafundi banikele ngokuthi u-90% wabantu usebenzise okokuthambisa futhi amadoda ayenganqeni ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezithambisayo kuhlobene nokukhathazeka 'ngobuhle.' Omunye umfundi uphinde wabelana ngokuthi wonke umfana eqenjini lakhe lebhola lombhoxo wayesebenzisa izinto zokuthambisa, kanti omunye umfundi wabelana ngokusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kwezimonyo ngendlela entsha 'yobulili obufanayo'. Ngokuqondene nezinhloso zokukhangisa, komagazini abaningi engangibabhekile, kwakunomagazini abambalwa endaweni yokubeka ababekhuluma ngezingane nokunakekelwa kwezingane, ayenga elinye futhi iqembu labantu ekusebenziseni okhilimu nezinto zokuthambisa.
Kodwa-ke, eqenjini lami lokuhlola mayelana nokuqwashisa okukhulayo nokukhathazeka kwezithako, bonke ababambiqhaza babekhathazekile. Laba bahlanganyeli baneminyaka ephakathi kuka-20 no-74, abesilisa nabesifazane, bonke babekhathazeke ngezithako futhi bonke bafunda izithako. U-30% wabahlanganyeli benhlolovo yami engabaxoxisana nabo eqenjini lethu lokufunda babengenantshisekelo nhlobo ezithakweni, futhi ilungu elilodwa kuphela leqembu elithole ukuthi ngaphezu kwesigamu sabahlanganyeli balo babekhathazeke ngezithako. Akekho noyedwa kubacwaningi abahlanu owathola ukuthi ukukhathazeka ngezithako kwakubalulekile. Le datha yayingikhathaza ngoba nganginomuzwa wokuthi yayingahambisani nalokho engangikutholile emphakathini nakwamanye amakhono e-UWA, futhi yayingahambisani nokutholwe eMurdoch noma e-East Bentley College of Natural Science. Ukunquma ukuqhathanisa iqembu lethu locwaningo namanye amaqembu ocwaningo ;kanye nezinhlolovo ngathola izindatshana ephephandabeni le-Harvard Green Campus ezibonisa ukuthi izinhlolovo zabo zasekhampasini mayelana nezithako ezinobuthi zibonise ukuthi abafundi abangaphezu kuka-80% babekhathazekile, (http:www.greencampus.harvard. edu) nokubheka kabanzi kuMphakathi WaseYurophu obanzi wathola ukuthi i-Eurobarometer (Izinkinga Zemvelo Nezinhlangano Zabathengi 2005) ibonise u-90% wabafundi baseYunivesithi yaseFrankfurt ukuthi bakhathazeke ngezithako emikhiqizweni yokunakekelwa kwesikhumba. (http:///www. stiftung.warentest.de) Kwezinye izinhlolovo zemikhuba yezemvelo e-MIT nase-Berkely University izilinganiso zaziphakathi kuka-80 no-90% wabafundi babekhathazekile ngezithako zezimonyo ababezisebenzisa (www.jonentine.com /izihloko/izidakamizwa/izimonyo). I
isibalo samaqembu alwela amalungelo afana naleli eliholwa nguDkt. Samuel Epstein (1995) kanye neWomen's Environmental Network (WEN) lilodwa likhombisa ukuthi ukuqwashisa phakathi komphakathi womhlaba wonke kuqine ngokwanele ukuphoqa izinkampani ezinkulu ukuthi zithobele. Izithako okukhulunywa ngazo ngenjongo yaleli phepha yi-sodium laurel sulphate, i-parabens, i-propylene glycol ne-pthalates.
Ucwaningo lwami lwangiholela ezindaweni eziyisishiyagalolunye endaweni yaseSubiaco: izitolo zokudla ezintathu zezempilo, izitolo ezinkulu ezintathu, nosokhemisi abathathu. Bekunemikhiqizo engaphezu kwekhulu eyasatshalaliswa ngokuhlanganyela phakathi kwalezi zindawo eziyisishiyagalolunye. Uma ngibheka amabhrendi angaphezu kwama-100 nokufunda ilebula ngayinye, ngibone ukuthi cishe amaphesenti angama-40 emikhiqizo okungenani yayinamakhemikhali amane ashiwo ngaphambilini. Uma ngiqhathanisa lokho engikutholile nalokho kwe-National Industrial Chemicals Notification Scheme (NICNAS), kuma-brand angu-95 ahamba phambili, ama-34 kweziyi-4 okungenani abe ne-phthalate eyodwa, ngaphezu kwengxenye enamabili noma ngaphezulu. (Umnyango kahulumeni wase-Australia Wezempilo Nokuguga 5)
Ocwaningweni lweqembu lokufundisa, sixoxe ngezinhlobo zamamodeli okukhangisa, njengamamodeli e-Anglo Celtic angavezi ubuhlanga bomphakathi wamasiko amaningi ase-Australia ngalesi sikhathi. Ngaqaphela emaphephandabeni angu-15 ukuthi kwakukhona imodeli eyodwa kuphela yase-Afro-American, nokuthi izinkampani zokukhangisa zithengisa isithombe sobuhle be-Anglo Celtic kwezinye izinhlanga, zenza uhlobo lokunganaki kobuhlanga kuzo oluholela kwenye imakethe; eyodwa yokudayisa okhilimu abacwenga ubuso, noma okhilimu bokuqondisa izinwele kwabesifazane bomdabu wase-Afrika.
. Ukuqwashisa ngezithako nobuthi bazo eqenjini lethu lokufundisa kwakuphansi kakhulu kunalokho engangikucabanga, futhi uthisha wami wayengixwayisile ukuthi lokhu kungaba yiqiniso, iqiniso engisanobunzima bokubhekana nalo. Nokho-ke ngakhululeka ngokuthi ukuqwashisa kwakuphezulu ngokwanele phakathi kosokhemisi, abanikazi bezitolo zokudla kwezempilo, kanye nabafundi be-UWA ababesenhlanganweni yendodakazi yami, kuhlanganise nabangane bayo basesontweni. Abafundi be-naturopath engikhulume nabo babengeke babe neshubhu lokuxubha amazinyo noma ibhodlela le-moisturizer eliqukethe i-parabens ne-sodium laurel sulfate ezindlini zabo!
Lokhu kuqwashisa okukhulayo ngobuthi kubonakala eqinisweni lokuthi izinkampani ezimbili ezinkulu zezimonyo, i-Revlon ne-L'Oreal, zivumelene ngokuqeda amakhemikhali okusolakala ukuthi abangela umdlavuza, ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa kanye nokungazali emikhiqizweni yazo. Isibonelo, i-Breast Cancer Fund, eyingxenye yomfelandawonye obanzi obizwa nge-Campaign for Safe Cosmetics, ikhuluma nezinkampani ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe ezihlanganisa i-Procter & Gamble, i-Schering Plough, i-Aveda, i-Avon ne-Este Lauder mayelana nokuhambisana nezindinganiso ze-EU e-United States. (Ginty, 2004) Leli qembu elifanayo selivele liwine isivumelwano sezinkampani zemikhiqizo yemvelo engu-50, okuhlanganisa i-Avalon Organics ne-Aubrey sokuthobela izindinganiso ze-EU. (Kay, 2005).
Nakuba lo mkhiqizo ukhangiswa eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia nase-Australia izitayela zomhlaba jikelele zokumaketha zizokwenza lo mkhiqizo utholakale ezimakethe zomhlaba, ezilokhu zigxeka kakhulu ubuthi bezimonyo, kanye nemisebenzi yezemvelo e-Europe nase-United States ikhombisa ukwanda kwamathuba okuthi kukhona kuzoba ukulawulwa okukhudlwana kokulawula e-Australia, ngakho-ke, lo mkhiqizo, kokubili igama lawo elithi Natural, kanye nezithako zawo, esikhathini esizayo ungase wephule imithethonqubo emisha.
Ngenkathi umkhiqizo we-Natural uzikhangisa njengowemvelo engama-97%, cishe uzoba nesibopho ngomunye u-3%. Ilebula lemvelo liyiqiniso ngomqondo wokuthi liqukethe amafutha e-alimondi, amafutha e-wheatgerm nebhotela le-shea, kodwa futhi iqukethe i-sodium laurel sulfate nama-parabens. Lolu hlobo lokulebula luphinde lube nemibuzo ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni ezifana ne-National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme. [www.nicnas.gov.au/Australia/NICNAS].
Okunye okungenziwa ngamakhemikhali okwenziwa
Njengoba iklayenti licele iziphakamiso zokuthuthukisa umkhiqizo walo, ngithole inombolo noma imibukiso yezohwebo ababemaketha izinguqulo ezithuthukisiwe, eziphephile emvelweni futhi ezingenazo izifo, emakethe yomhlaba. (Imikhiqizo Yemvelo Expo West, 2005). Njengoba izifundo eziningi zixhumanisa ama-preservatives asekelwe ku-paraben nomdlavuza webele kuhlanganise nocwaningo lukaDkt. Nicholas Perricone. (2002), umbhali othengisa kakhulu we-New York Times, kubonakala kuyisiphakamiso esinengqondo ukuthi inkampani yeklayenti isuse wonke ama-hydroxybenzoate emkhiqizweni wabo. Abakhiqizi abaningi bokunakekelwa komuntu siqu bahlela kabusha imikhiqizo yabo ukuze basebenzise ezinye izilondolozi ezifana namavithamini C no-E, i-phenoxyethanol, i-grapefruit extract, i-caprylyl glycol evela kuwoyela we-palm kernel kanye ne-benzoin gum. Kunezinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo edumile e-Asia, futhi empeleni etholakala e-Asia, etholakala kukhukhunathi ne-acai; amafutha, ubisi kanye nofulawa ovela kukhukhunathi benza kabusha, kulandela ulwazi olungafani namanye amafutha esundu, uwoyela kakhukhunathi i-triglyceride yeketanga eliphakathi eliphuka ngokushesha emzimbeni futhi lisize ukuthuthukisa umsebenzi we-thyroid. Ufulawa kakhukhunathi une-carb ephansi, i-fiber ephezulu kanye ne-gluten-free. I-Acai, isithelo sase-Asia esicebile ngama-antioxidants, sivela emikhiqizweni eminingi kusukela kujusi kuya kumamoisturiser. (Imikhiqizo Yemvelo Expo West, 2005).
Ubufakazi bokuthi imikhiqizo ethembisa intsha, ubuhle nokukhanga ocansini ingase iphazamise inzalo futhi yandise imithelela yokuguga, buqukethwe esithangamini esisha esivela ku-Women's Environmental Network (WEN). 'Ukuthola I-Lippy: izimonyo, izinto zokugeza kanye nemvelo' (2002) udalula ukusetshenziswa okwandile kwamakhemikhali okwenziwa, amanye awo axhumene nezinkinga zokuzala, umdlavuza, ukungezwani komzimba neminye imiphumela yezempilo. Izifundo zase-Harvard University (2002) nazo zixhume amakhemikhali ezimonyoni nokuncipha kwesibalo sesidoda.
Imboni yezimonyo iyibhizinisi elikhulu - ama-90% abantu base-Australia (njengoba iqembu lethu locwaningo laphetha) basebenzisa izimonyo futhi abesifazane abaningi basebenzisa imikhiqizo engaphezu kuka-20 ehlukene njengengxenye yendlela yabo yansuku zonke. (I-Ethical Consumer Magazine 2005).
Izimonyo eziningi zesimanje โziyingxube eyinkimbinkimbi yamakhemikhali okwenziwa akhiqizwa ezimboniniโ futhi: โImikhiqizo yezimonyo ngayinye iqukethe inani elincane kakhulu lezithako zamakhemikhali - kuwumphumela oqongelelekayo nohlangene wokusebenzisa lezi zithako emikhiqizweni eminingi yansuku zonke ehlanganisa isimiso sethu sansuku zonke esihlanganisa izinto ezisetshenziswayo. inikeza isizathu sokukhathazeka.โ (I-Ethical Consumer Magazine 2005).
Ekuhloleni okungahleliwe, i-WEN yathola izivimbelakuvunda (ama-parabens) okusolakala ukuthi alingisa ihomoni yabesifazane, i-estrogen, ku-57% wemikhiqizo.
Kunezinkampani eziningi ezisebenzayo ezingasawasebenzisi ama-parabens nezinye izithasiselo zokwenziwa: Akamuti, Dr. Hauschka, Essentially Yours, Green & Organic Ltd, Green People, Hempgarden, Pure Nuff Stuff, REN Ltd, Simply Soas, Spiezia Organics Ltd. , Weleda (UK) Ltd) Isitolo Somzimba, i-Tinderbox WA abaye bathi abasebenzisi amasethi amabili ezithako. โ (Umagazini we-Ethical Consumer 2005). www.ethicalconsumer.org/magazine/news.
UMDLAVUZA UYAQHUBEKA: UPHAWU LOMPHAKATHI ONGAZINZIMELE
Isibalo samacala amasha omdlavuza sikhula ngokushesha ngokuphindwe kabili kunesibalo sabantu baseCanada: kusukela manje, ama-44% amadoda aseCanada kanye nama-38% abesifazane baseCanada azothinteka ngesikhathi sokuphila kwabo. UDkt. Dominique Belpomme, uchwepheshe womdlavuza nombhali wencwadi ethi Ces Maladies Creees par l'Homme [Man-Made Illnesses] ubheka ukuthi u-70% wawo wonke umdlavuza uvela endaweni ezungezile ngomqondo omkhulu wegama. Ugomela ngokuthi imikhuba ebekwe yimithetho kahulumeni njengemingcele yemithamo yemikhiqizo enobuthi โempeleni, iphakeme kakhulu ukugwema ukuqubuka komdlavuza.โ (Belpomme, 2004). Abantu abangu-4,900 bafa eminyakeni emihlanu edlule e-Australia bebulawa umdlavuza wesikhumba (www.cancerresearchuk.org, 2005). Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokuthambisa manje sekuyingqikithi yocwaningo lomdlavuza wesikhumba, futhi kubonakala sengathi kwenyuswa uxhaso lwezifundo ezengeziwe emanyuvesi amakhulu, njenge-Harvard University.(http.//www.utne.com/webwatch/2004.
ISIPHETHO
Ucwaningo lomkhiqizo weklayenti lethu, Owemvelo, okhangiswa njengowemvelo ongama-97%, kodwa oqukethe ama-parabens ne-sodium laurel sulfate, lunikeza ulwazi okungenzeka ukuthi lungaphoqeleka ukulebula kabusha ngokuzayo. I-National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-NICNAS, inamandla okucindezela amacala angokomthetho futhi ingakwenza lokho. Ngalesi sikhathi umkhiqizo uzoqhubeka nokudayisa njengoba wenza, ngokusebenzisa izindawo zezitolo ezinkulu, futhi okwamanje azikho izinhlaka ezilawulayo ezingaphikisa lokhu. Kodwa-ke kuyathakazelisa kakhulu ukuqaphela ukuthi i-Revlon kanye ne-L'Oreal bakhethe ukuthobela izindinganiso ze-European Union, futhi njengoba ukumaketha kwamazwe ngamazwe kuya ngokuya kusebenza, amathuba okuba i-Australia izolandela okufanayo maduze nje.
Ngakho-ke isiphakamiso sami njengomcwaningi kungaba ukuqala ukulungisa umkhiqizo esikhathini esizayo, ngisebenzisa ezinye zezithako ezingezona ezokwenziwa ezisetshenziswa ezinye izinkampani futhi zitholakala kalula emazweni ase-Asia, imikhiqizo kakhukhunathi eyodwa. Lokhu ngeke kufake ukukhuphuka kwemali esetshenziswa yinkampani, futhi empeleni, kungase kwenyuse ukuthengiswa eminyakeni engu-1-5 ezayo, njengoba ucwaningo lokuhlola lubonisa kanye nocwaningo lwamazwe ngamazwe lubonisa ukuqwashisa okwandayo mayelana nezithako zomkhiqizo kanye nezigameko ezihlobene nomdlavuza. I-Australian Medical Association ngokungangabazeki izobandakanyeka kulolu daba phakathi neminyaka embalwa ezayo, futhi cishe izofaka ingcindezi eyengeziwe kubakhiqizi bezimonyo.
UMarcia Helene Hewitt
I-Anthropology UWA
Inombolo yomfundi. 0436125.
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