Ukubhekisisa kahle i-99%, i-1%, kanye ne-What the Occupy Movement is Up Against.
Dale Johnson, [i-imeyili ivikelwe]
Siqondisa kuphela ngezimpawu zomhlaba ezimbi kakhulu. Jikela kwesokunxele lapho udidekile. Qhubeka uze uphelelwe ithemba. Donsela phezulu ngokukhohlwa ngokuphelele, phenduka, futhi ulapho. Richard Powers, Isikhathi Sokucula Kwethu, ENew York: Picador, 2003.
Izibalo ezingama-99% azikona nje ukucabanga okungenangqondo, iqiniso elidabukisayo ukuthi u-99% womphakathi waseMelika uncishwe amathuba ngenxa yokuthambekela komnotho wase-United States, ipolitiki, kanye nomphakathi. Nokho singalindela ukuthi iningi lama-99% azofakwa emgwaqeni yi-Occupy Movement. Okhethweni lwangoNovemba 2012, abavoti bahlukana kakhulu phakathi kwamaRiphabhulikhi, iqembu manje elimele ukweqisa kokuhlehla emuva, imibono yophiko lwesokudla kanye namaDemocrat anenkulumo emnene kanye nokuvikela okubuthakathaka kwezinhlelo zenhlalo, kodwa obani ngokuyinhloko abakhonza amandla omnotho. kanye nesifiso sokuvelela kanye nobukhazikhazi amandla ezomnotho aphishekelayo. Isimiso esibekezelela ukonakala futhi sidukisa iningi elididekile futhi sonakalise idlanzana ngokuziphatha. Ama-Republic Zombies anempilo yezombangazwe evaliwe futhi angena emiqondweni yabaphikisi abathembekile. Inqubo yokhetho yenziwa inhlekisa ngemali enkulu futhi ikhula ngokukhubazeka kwezepolitiki. Uhlelo lwezobulungiswa luvula izindlela zokubusa kwemali kanye nengcindezelo ebanzi ngenkathi kusavaliwe ukusetshenziswa koMthetho ukuze kuncishiswe ukunwetshwa kwemishini yengcindezelo noma ukujezisa izenzo ezimbi zabanamandla. Imfundo yomphakathi, enemikhakha etholwa ezikhungweni ezizimele nge-Charter Schools, ikhuthaza izivivinyo ezisezingeni elifanele kubafundi ezikala ukuthi othisha bafundisa kahle kangakanani kanye nentsha esiqondayo isidingo sokungena ezindimeni ezichazwa ngabanamandla nokuthi imfundo ingaqhela kude kangakanani ekufundiseni umcabango ozimele, ogxekayo. . Izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme zenziwa ezizimele, noma zenziwa zibize kakhulu zize zingabandakanyi, futhi ziguqule izimishini zemfundo zibe izinhlelo zebhizinisi nemisebenzi yocwaningo ukuze zithole izibonelelo zazo ezinkulu zezinkampani. Umshini wokunyathelisa wehliswa ukuze unikeze ukuvinjelwa kanye namanga, okuvumela ilungelo elidlulele lokuchaza i-ajenda yezindaba kanye nokubeka imingcele emcabangweni owamukelekayo. Umnotho usezandleni zama-oligarchs ezezimali ukungasebenzi kahle kwawo kwehlisa umnotho. Intukuthelo ikhona lapha nalaphaya kodwa igcwele ukwesaba, kuyilapho izenzo eziphumelelayo ezibonisa ukucasuka ziphelela emaphethelweni angakwesokudla nesobunxele. Ngakho-ke iMelika izoxova ngaphansi kwethonya lamaPlutocrats kanye nezinceku zabo emandleni ezombusazwe, ukuphelelwa ithemba nokunganeliseki kuwo wonke amazinga aphezulu, kuze kube yilapho i-Occupy Movement ingakwazi ukuhlanganisa amandla obumbano phakathi kwama-99% futhi yenze okungaphezu kokubanga umsindo.
Inkohliso eyenziwa amaRiphabhlikhi kanye namaDemocrats acasha ekutholeni ikhaya labo ekuphelelweni yithemba okukhona. phakathi kwabadidekile kanye nomphakathi ohluphekayo, ngokunganaki izixazululo zangempela ngokuqaphela okuchithwa amalungelo asongelwa manje, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lezi zincane kangakanani, zokuma kwesigaba sangaphambilini; ngokucwaswa kwabokufika okudalwe esimweni sokwesaba, inzondo kanye nempi engapheli eyize; ngokusabalala kokucwasa ngokwebala kanye nokuqala kabusha kobandlululo nobulili; futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke ngezinganekwane ezisungulwe yi-capitalism eziphendule umphakathi waseMelika, kanye nengxenye enkulu yomhlaba nayo, yaba impi emelene nabo bonke lapho kusinda kuphela izicebi ezinamandla. Sidinga ezinye izimpawu zomhlaba ezintsha ezakhiwe iziqephu ngeziqephu yilabo abangasakhungathekile futhi abaphelelwe ithemba ngoba banombono futhi bakhuthaza ukuhlengwa ebubini bonxiwankulu obunonya esigabeni sabo esiwohlokayo.
Ngiyi-Old-Timer kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1960sโngalezo zinsuku isishoshovu somfundi kanye noprofesa osemncane wesayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantuโ kodwa manje sengingumuntu omdala, osekhulile futhi oshisekayo, nokho okhuthazwa iminyaka engcono kanye nethemba lokuphinde aqale kabusha. Engifuna ukukuveza lapha ukuhlaziya ngokwenhlalo yabantu komnotho wezepolitiki waseMelika njengoba kunomthelela esimweni sekilasi sama-99% kanye nokuthatha kulokho kukhathazeka kwamasu okushintsha kwezenhlalo kwangempela. Lokhu kudinga ukuhlaziywa kwemithombo yokuntenga komnotho kanye nenhlekelele kanye nezindlela lapho le mithombo iguqula ngayo ubudlelwano besigaba senhlalo. Okokuqala nokho, ukubheka imithombo esheshayo nejwayeleke kakhudlwana yenkinga yamanje. Emkhakheni wezomnotho lesi simo esibucayi sisuka ekukhuphukeni kwabamabhange benyukela esikhundleni sokuhola phakathi kwesigaba sonxiwankulu nokuthi ukubusa komnotho kuholele ekulawuleni ngombuso wepolitiki umkhakha wezepolitiki ovalekile.
UKUKHISHWA NGEZIMALI KOMSEBENZI KANYE NAMANDLA WEZOMBUSAZWE WOBUHLUNGU
Kuso sonke isikhathi sakhe sokuphatha njengoSihlalo we-United States Federal Reserve u-Alan Greenspan wayevela njalo phambi kweNgqungquthela. AmaSenatha agabadelayo akhothamela uGreenspan njengokungathi unguMesiya wekhulunyaka ekhanyisa amazwi ajule kakhulu okuhlakanipha, ukwazisa okwabiwa ngentshiseko nguMongameli uClinton ngeminyaka yawo-1990 kanye noMongameli Bush ngeminyaka yawo-2000. Inkinga yezezimali yembule ngokudabukisayo ukuthi uSihlalo uGreenspan wayengumphephetha wamabhamuza, umhloli wezinto ezingaqondakali, isisebenzi samandla e-Wall Street, i-charlatan, kanye nesibonelo esiphezulu se-Neanderthal Zombies manje esesihlaloni samandla. Ngo-2008 besilindele uMengameli owathembisa uguquko. Kodwa-ke, ukuqokwa kukaMongameli Obama ku-Fed kanye noMnyango Wezezimali ngo-2008-09, kanye nabasebenzi ababazungezile, bonke baphuma esikhunjeni esifanayo sase-Wall Street-njengokuqokwa kuka-Obama eMnyangweni Wezokuvikela, kuZwelonke. I-Security Agency, kanye ne-CIA kwakuyizibalo ezihlotshaniswa nezimpi zase-Afghanistan nase-Iraq kanye namacala empi kanye nobugebengu obubhekiswe kubuntu benkathi kaBush.
Ngokujula kwenhlekelele yezimali kanye nokuwohloka komnotho okwalandela e-United States futhi kunwebeka kuwo wonke umhlaba futhi kunikezwe ukuqonda okusabalele kwezimbangela zengxabano, umuntu angayiqonda kanjani iBusiness As Usual ambient ekhona e-United States. , futhi ezimweni ezithize ezihlukile eYurophu?
I-United States iyizwe lapho umnotho ulawulwa kakhulu yimali yezimali, i-.01% phakathi kwe-1%, kanye nezikhulu ezinemali eziphethe amabhange amakhulu kanye nezinkampani zokutshala izimali zase-Wall Street zinezikhundla kumaBhodi Abaqondisi izinkampani ezinkulu kuyo yonke imikhakha. Futhi banamandla amakhulu ezepolitiki anezimali ezinganqunyelwe ukungcolisa isiko lezepolitiki kanye nokufumbathisa osopolitiki. Abanikeli abaphambili bomkhankaso kaMitt Romney bekuyizinkampani ezitshalwa yizimali eWall Street namabhange, iGoldman Sachs, iBank of America, kanye noJPMorgan Chase bephezulu ohlwini, okuhlanganisa neCredit Suisse kanye neBain Capital. Ngokuphambene, abanikeli abakhulu bakaBarack Obama kwakuyizinkampani zobuchwepheshe ezifana neMicrosoft, Google, ne-IBM, kanye namanyuvesi. Lezi zinhlu azifaki izigidi eziningi eziqoqwe ama-Super-Pacs ahlelwe izinkampani kanye nezikhangiso ezicebe kakhulu ezisekela kanye nomsebenzi osekela u-Romney. I-plutocrats cishe izothethelela u-Obama ukubhekisela kwakhe ku-Wall Street "Amakati Amafutha" inqobo nje uma izenzo zakhe zihambisana nezintshisekelo zabo, njengoba zizoba njalo.
Izinkomba ezimbili zezibalo zibonisa ukwanda kokubusa komkhakha wezezimali emnothweni wase-US. Phakathi neminyaka eyishumi yenzuzo yezezimali yeminyaka yawo-1960 njengephesenti lenzuzo isiyonke yezinkampani yayilinganiselwa ku-15%. Leli phesenti lenyuka ngeminyaka yawo-1970, lihamba cishe ngama-20%. Ukwenyuka okulinganayo kwenzuzo yezezimali kwenyuka kusukela ngo-1985 kuya ku-1995 kwaya ngaphezu kuka-30%, kwacwilisa kancane ebunzimeni bezomnotho ngasekupheleni kwawo-1990, kwaphinde kwaqala ngeminyaka yawo-2000, kwakhuphukela ku-40% wezinkampani ezathatha ngo-2005-2007. Okuhambisana nalokhu kuthambekela ukwehla kwesikhathi eside kusukela ngo-1985 ekutshalweni kwezimali okugxilile okungezona ezokuhlala njengephesenti le-Gross Domestic Production. Phakathi neminyaka yawo-1970 ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhiqizayo kwafinyelela ku-4% we-GDPโisibalo esiphansi esibonisa ukuntengantenga kwesikhathi eside komnotho wase-USโkodwa ngo-2005-2007 sehle safinyelela ku-2.7%. (1) Amandla okukhiqiza ngokweqile embonini yase-US alokhu ekhula kancane kancane, kuyilapho izinkampani zezimboni zaseMelika, ngokuvamile ezithola usizo lwezezimali kanye nezinsizakalo zokubonisana ezivela emabhange amakhulu, zishintshe ukutshalwa kwazo e-China nasemazweni lapho abasebenzi beshibhile kanye nesimo sokutshala izimali sisihle. Ngakho-ke, ukukhula okuncane komnotho wase-US kusukela ngo-1985, kodwa ikakhulukazi ngawo-2000, bekubangelwa ikakhulukazi umsebenzi emkhakheni wezezimali hhayi ยจumnotho wangempelaยจ, okusho ukuthi ekuqageleni kwezezimali, hhayi ekukhiqizeni izinto eziwusizo. izimpahla namasevisi ahlinzeka ngemisebenzi kanye nemali engenayo kubathengi. Ohlelweni lwezomnotho olusebenzayo umkhakha wezezimali kumele kube nguyena ogqugquzela ukukhiqiza, hhayi odla imali eningi namandla ezomnotho. Ngokombono wemali yezimali, umnotho okhiqiza izimpahla nezinsizakalo zangempela unesimo esibi sokusabalalisa imali engenayo iye phansi kubasebenzi nakubathengi emnothweni, kanti ukufakwa kwezimali komnotho kuvumela ukudonswa kwemali kuye phezulu kuma-plutocrats ngaphandle kwemali etholwayo. ukusabalala kwabantu abasindwa yizikweletu. Abakweletayo babe nokulungiswa kwesikhashana kokuqina kwabo okwandayo kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1990s ngokuboleka ngokukhuphuka kwezabelo zezindlu namakhadi esikweletu kuze kube u-2007-08โ ekugcineni abakhokhanga inzalo kuphela kodwa balahlekelwa amakhaya abo nemisebenzi.
Ukukhula komnotho womnotho wase-US eminyakeni edlule kusukela ngo-2000 kudalwe kakhulu yizici ezimbili, izindleko zikahulumeni zempi yezikhali nempi kanye namabhamuza ezezimali aqagelayo emalini ebolekiwe yezindlu ezithengiswayo kanye nokuphuma kwempahla ehlukahlukene. Iminyaka eminingi i-US ichithe imali eningi ekuthengeni izikhali cishe zonke ezinye izizwe emhlabeni zihlangene! Nakuba izindleko ยจzokuvikelaยจ eziningi zinikeza umsebenzi kubasebenzi baseMelika, abathengi baseMelika abakwazi ukudla amabhomu noma ukuhlala endizeni ye-drone esetshenziselwa ukubulala abantu kwamanye amazwe. Ngaleso sikhathi, amabhange amakhulu kanye nezinkampani zokutshala imali zase-Wall Street zapakisha izikweletu zezindlu ku-Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDD), basungula okuphuma kokunye nezinye izimpahla ezihlanganisiwe ukuze bazenze zibe izinto ezithengiswayo zase zidayiswa kuzo zonke izimakethe zezimali zomhlaba. Lokhu kwehlise ukwazisa okwedlulele kwezindawo ezithengiswayo namanye amanani ezimpahla e-US nakwezinye izindawo, ikakhulukazi i-Europe. I-Federal Reserve, enqatshelwe kakhulu ekulawuleni amabhange ngaphansi kukaMongameli uClinton, yasiza ngokuzibophezela ukuthi i-real estate spiral kanye nesikweletu sabathengi ngokwehlisa izinga lenzalo libe phansi emlandweni ngeminyaka yawo-2000s. Abathengi babeboleka ngokulingana ezindlini zabo futhi bakhokhisa imali eningi amakhadi esikweletu athuthukiswe ngokukhululekile amabhange. Abasebenzi nabasebenzi abasezingeni eliphakathi, ngokuncika ngokuphelele ezimakethe zezimpahla, bafuna ukunxephezela ukwehla kwemali engenayo ngokuboleka ukuze balondoloze izinga labo lokuphila. Ukwenyuka kwezindleko zemfundo kanye nokwehla koxhaso lukahulumeni lwemfundo ephakeme kwaphoqa abafundi ukuthi basebenzise imali ebolekiwe okungenzeka bangakwazi ukuyikhokha, okungenzeka kubangele elinye futhi ibhamuza elingase ligcine liqhamukile. Ngo-2007 nango-2008 yonke impahla kanye namabhamuza aphuma kokunye aqhuma. Kodwa abaxhasi bezimali abadale izikimu ze-Ponzi ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni basekhona benza iBusiness As Usual, sebetakulwe ngezimali futhi babuyiselwa kwezombusazwe, ngenkathi beqhubeka nokwenza izenzo zobugebengu, njengokukhwabanisa kwezinga lenzalo ka-2012 Libor, ngaphandle kokujeziswa.
Omabhange abaziklomelisa ngamabhonasi amangalisayo wonyaka ngomsebenzi wabo wokuzinikela ekucekeleni phansi umnotho wezwe futhi kanye nezinkampani ezicebile ngokujwayelekile zigwema ukukhokha izintela ngokufiphaza. izigidigidiโokungukuthi izigidigidi, hhayi izigidigidi noma izigidiโezindaweni zentela ezingasogwini. (2) Khona-ke uMongameli Bush kanye neCongress banikeza ukuncishiswa kwentela, u-Obama welula ukuncishiswa futhi wavala izintuba ezivulekile kumakhodi entela ukuze abacebile bahlanganyele ekuqageleni kwezezimali emazingeni aphezulu kakhulu futhi bafihle imali eyengeziwe ngaphandle kosebe.
Imali enkulu yezezimali manje isigxile kakhulu emaqenjini ama-conglomerate. Ama-conglomerates ayi-10 amakhulu aphethe ngaphezu kuka-60% wezimpahla zezimali zase-US, uma kuqhathaniswa no-10% ngo-1990. Lezi zikhondlakhondla zihlanganisa u-JP Morgan Chase (owabanjwa kwelinye ihlazo lezezimali ngoMeyi 2012), iBhange LaseMelika, i-Wells Fargo, i-Citigroup, kanye Goldman Sachs. Leli qoqo lezinkanyeziโelingasungulwanga izikhondlakhondla zezimboni ezifana ne-GE noma abasunguli bezobuchwepheshe obuphezulu njengeMicrosoftโbayisikhungo samandla ezomnotho e-US. Umxhasi wezimali waseWall Street, hhayi uBill Gates weMicrosoft, uwuphawu lwalapho sekuhlala khona imali, indlela ehlelekile, namandla ezomnotho nawepolitiki. Ekuphathweni okusha kuka-Obama, kungenzeka ukuthi konke ukuqokwa okuphezulu kwe-Federal Reserve, uMnyango Wezezimali, uMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wezomnotho, kuze kube ngabeluleki bakaMongameli kanye nabasebenzi, kuzobe kuvela noma kuxhunyaniswe eduze ne-Wall Street conglomerates. I-Plutocracy ilawula inqubomgomo yezomnotho; Uhulumeni ungowezimali, futhi ungowaseWashington kuphela kodwa naku-European Union. Ezezimali sekuyibhizinisi lomhlaba wonke lobugebengu elisebenza ngokungagwegwesi ngamacala okukhwabanisa, ukwenza budedengu ehhovisi, ukuxhaphaza imali, ukubalekela intelaโฆbese liqoqa kumgcinimafa womphakathi ngisho nalapho amabhamuza alo eqhuma nezinhlelo zawo zidaluliwe.
Yebo, imali yezimali ayigcini nje kumafemu amakhulu amaBhange kanye neWall Street Investment, kunezinhlobonhlobo zokuthuthuka kwezezimali emaphethelweni, onxiwankulu bamanqe abaqala ngeminyaka yawo-1980 kanye nawo-1990 ekuhlanganisweni okunonya kokuthathwa kwamafemu asengozini, dot.com abakhwabanisi, u-Enron noBernie Madoff benza imikhonyovu, kanye nezinkampani ezifana ne-Bain Capital lapho u-Mitt Romney waseRiphabhlikhi azenzela khona ingcebo ngokuthatha amabhizinisi ukuze ahlele kabusha ngezindleko zabanikazi bamasheya nabasebenzi, ukulayisha izinkampani ezikweletini, ukuhlubula isikweletu sazo.
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