I-Foaad Khosmood: Uthini umbono wakho ngokucabanga kwamanje ku-US Administration maqondana ne-Iran? Amazwi kaCondi Rice (Azikho izinhlelo zempi njengamanje) cishe yilokho abaphathi abakumemezele kulesi sigaba somdlalo ne-Iraq. Kungenzeka yini ukuthi isinqumo sokuhlasela sesenziwe kakade?
U-Ahmad Sadri: Amacala alokhu anda kancane okutholakala Nezikhali Zokubhujiswa Okukhulu ngempela asikhumbuza isethulo sokuhlasela kwe-Iraq. Ingabe konke lokhu kuwubuwula? Ngabe badlala iphoyisa elihle iphoyisa elibi labaseYurophu? Uma sihamba nethiyori ye-bluffing ngakho-ke abakakacwayizi futhi ama-Irani abonakala ekuthatha ngokungathi sรญna ukuphatha.
Izihlakaniphi ezifisayo zahlongoza le nkolelo-mbono ngaphambi kokuhlasela kwe-Iraqi futhi: batusa uBush ngobuhlanya obunobuso obumangalisayo obuphoqe i-Iraq ukuthi izinikele ekuhlolweni kwamazwe ngamazwe. Kodwa ukulingisa okuwubungcweti kubonakale kuphumelela kakhulu ngoba bekungenzeki nhlobo. Manje, ake sicabangele esinye isimo: kuthiwani uma bengenzi amaphutha? Lokhu kusho ukuthi bazimisele ngokugcwele ukulandela uhlobo oluthile lwesenzo sezempi okuhlanganisa ukuqhuma kwamabhomu okukhethekile kanye nemizamo yokusebenza ngokwengxenye noma ngokugcwele. Ukuqhuma kwamabhomu cishe ngeke kufinyelele umgomo wokushaya zonke izindawo zenuzi futhi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi kuqinisekile ukuthi kuzogqugquzela i-Iran ohlelweni oluyimfihlo nolusebenza ngempumelelo lwezikhali zenuzi. Umsebenzi ubungeke ube nokwenzeka uma kubhekwa ubukhulu kanye nenani labantu bezwe kanye nesimo sokulungela kwamabutho alo ahlomile.
Noma yikuphi ukusebenza ngamabutho angaphansi kungaba yinto engacabangeki uma kubhekwa izindleko ezinkulu kanye nesimo sokukhathala kwamasosha aseMelika e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq. Kodwa-ke, lezi zici zizokhipha isenzo sezempi saseMelika ngokumelene ne-Iran kuphela uma sithatha ukucabanga kweqembu elincane eliphikisayo eliphethe inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-United States. Kodwa kuthiwani uma ama-neo cons angamashumi amathathu noma ngaphezulu athatha zonke izikhundla ezibalulekile kuhulumeni wase-US ephumelele ukuzikhulula ekukhathazekeni kwaleli zwe elincane esihlala kulo sonke?
Kuthiwani uma empeleni bekholelwa ukuthi i-Iraq 'iyindaba yempumelelo' futhi ifisa ukwenza umlando owengeziwe onjalo? Manje usuyabona ukuthi kungani ukuphendula umbuzo wakho kungelula kangako: asinaso isiqiniseko sokuthi ngabe abenzi benqubomgomo baseMelika basebenza endaweni yonke yepolitiki evamile, enesibopho sezwe lanamuhla. Osopolitiki bemibono abaziboni beboshwe yimiphumela esheshayo yezinqubomgomo zabo. Balindele ukuthi bahlolwe kuphela ngokufaneleka kwezinjongo zabo zesikhathi eside, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izindleko nemiphumela yabo. Esikhathini esifushane isu lithi: damn the torpedoes, isivinini esigcwele ngaphambili.
I-FKh: Uma kuzosetshenzwa inqubomgomo yokushintsha umbuso, ingathatha luphi uhlobo ngaphandle kokuhlasela okuqondile kwesitayela sase-Iraq?
NJENGOBA: Omunye wabangane bami ubiza i-Bush-style 'regime change'occubration: umsebenzi kanye nenkululeko. Isimangalo siwukuthi abantu baseMelika bazoqale bahlale bese bekhulula amazwe ahluphayo aseMiddle East ngalinye ngalinye. Ngaphandle kwempumelelo yokhetho lwakamuva e-Iraq (ukunqoba okulinganiselwe okutholwe ngentengo enkulu) siyabubona ubunzima obusazonqotshwa kulowo mhlaba. Lobo bunzima buzophindaphindwa e-Iran.
Ngabe uhulumeni uzoba yingxenye eyodwa noma yenhlangano? Izoba siphi isimo sezombangazwe? I-gamut iqala ebukhosini obulinganiselwe iye kuntando yeningi ekhululekile. Iyiphi indima ezodlalwa yizifiso zobuzwe ekubuyiseleni ndawonye i-humpty dumpty? Ingabe, ngokwesibonelo, i-Iranian Kurdistan ibingeke ifise ukuhlangana nozakwabo wase-Iraqi futhi kuzosho ukuthini ukwakhiwa kwebhizinisi elinjalo esilinganisweni se-Turkish, Persian kanye ne-Arab geopolitics esifundeni?
Imiphumela engahlosiwe yemibuzo efana nalena akwaziwa muntu futhi amandla angaphandle angaphupha ngokudweba kabusha imephu yaseMpumalanga Ephakathi welulekwa kahle ukuthi azindle ngale mibuzo.
I-FKh: Hlobo luni lokusekelwa olukhona lokuketula umbuso wase-Irani phakathi kwama-Irani? Ngabe ukuhlasela kungamukeleka kwabase-Irani?
NJENGOBA: U-Tom Friedman ubhale kukholamu yakamuva ukuthi i-Iran iyilokho okubizwa ngokuthi 'Izwe Elibomvu.'Wayenephuzu. Ngithole ukuthi ukugxeka iBush Administration eTehran ngisho nasenkulumweni yeqembu elikhulu eliphikisayo (Mosharekat) uthola ukwamukelwa okubandayo. Inkulumo enjalo ibingeke yamukelwe ngale ndlela kunoma iyiphi enye indawo emhlabeni, kuhlanganise nengxenye enkulu yehholo lezinkulumo engiye ngawavakashela e-United States. Isifo sesitha-sezitha zami sisebenza ngokugcwele e-Iran.
Abantu bavame ukuzwelana ngokuzenzakalela nanoma ubani othukwa emithonjeni yezindaba elawulwa uhulumeni. Umcabango ukuthi noma yini egcina iphiko elibusayo elibusayo kulesi sigaba esisha somthetho wayo we-hegemonic off balance angeke ibe yimbi kangako. Kodwa kunesixwayiso sikaMongameli Bush kanye nabeluleki bakhe lapha: izinhlolovo zemibono yomphakathi zibonisa ukuthi lokhu kuzwelana kokuziphatha kujulile. Ngamazwi kaGary Sick esithangamini sakhe sengqungquthela yangoFebhuwari 16: 'Abantu base-Iran namuhla basekela amaMelika ngendlela emangazayo, ngokwengxenye njengokusabela okungekuhle ekuzondeni kwabo uhulumeni wabo kanye nenkulumo-ze yakhe emelene neMelika. Ngokubona kwami โโlokho bekuzophela ngebhomu lokuqala.'
Abantu base-Irani bangase bazwakale emakhunjini amatekisi besho izinto ezinjengokuthi: 'oh, ngifisa sengathi bangasiqhumisa ngamabhomu uma kusisiza ukuqeda lezi zinhlanzi.' Kodwa lokho kufana nokuthi: Ngiyagula futhi ngikhathele yile mpilo ebaluleke kakhulu inkulumo kunesimemezelo senhloso yokuzibulala. Ngamafuphi, naphezu kokuzwelana okusobala nombono wokuketula umbuso ngobudlova e-Iran kuzoba nezimbali ezimbalwa eziyigugu zabakhululi abahlaselayo. Ukuziqhenya kwezwe kanye nokucwasa abantu bangaphandle abagxambukelayo kuyaphila kakhulu e-Iran. Ukuthutheleka ngokushesha kunoma ubani okungenzeka ukuthi ulawula uhulumeni omkhulu (okwenzeka futhi ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kwe-Iraqi) kungumphumela okungenzeka kakhulu wokungenelela kwamasosha e-Iran.
Fkh: I-Iran ibizwe ngokuthi 'izwe elisebenza kakhulu elixhasa ubuphekula bamazwe ngamazwe.' Leli cala liphinde laphindwa muva nje enkulumweni kaMongameli yeSimo seNhlangano ka-2005. Siyini isisekelo salesi simangalo sikaHulumeni?
NJENGOBA: Esinakho lapha i-volley yakamuva ku-propaganda ecasulayo yaseMelika. Ababhali bawo ababhuqayo bathembele emphumeleni onqwabelene wokumangalelwa okungenasisekelo okuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bathole i-patina yokuzibonakalisa. Emehlweni ochwepheshe bamazwe ngamazwe abahlonishwayo nokho - inkampani engabandakanyi ama-neo cons aseMelika kanye nama-Israel athile - kuwubuwula ukubiza i-Iran ngomxhasi wezwe osebenza kakhulu wobuphekula bamazwe ngamazwe.
Kube khona izinsolo eziningi kodwa ake sibuze: yimuphi umsebenzi wamaphekula obekwe e-Iran? Abekho abantu base-Irani abathintekayo ezenzakalweni ze-9/11 futhi abekho abantu base-Irani abaye babekwa amacala kwezinye izigameko ezazithiwa nge-Iran ekuqaleni: imibhoshongo yaseKhobar eSaudi Arabia, ukudilizwa kwezindiza zePan Am kanye ne-TWA kanye nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kweSiko lamaJuda. Isikhungo saseBuenos Aires. Muva nje umbiko weKhomishini ka-9/11 uveze ukuthi amanye amalungu e-Al-Qaidah anqamule i-Iran ngaphandle kokuthi amaphasipoti awo agxivizwe. Uma bungekho obunye ubufakazi lokhu kusho ukuthi kumele ngabe bawela i-Iran ngokungemthetho. Kulokhu i-Iran ayinacala kakhulu kunalawo mazwe (okuhlanganisa ne-US) avumela amaphekula ukuba adlule futhi agxivize amaphasipoti awo.
Kunjalo, kwaze kwaba ngu-1997 i-Iran izibandakanye endleleni yase-Argentina 'yokunyamalala' kanye nokubulawa kwabaphikisayo bangaphakathi kanye nokubulawa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe abangathandeki. Isibonelo sokugcina esivelele salokhu kwaba ukubulawa okuhlosiwe kwabanye abashisekeli bobuzwe bamaKurd endaweni yokudlela (eqanjwe ngokuthi i-Mykanos) eJalimane. Kodwa akukaze kube khona okunye ukubulawa kwalolu hlobo kusukela ngo-1997 ngokwengxenye ngenxa yehlazo elalandela ukubulawa kukaMykanos. Ngaphakathi e-Iran ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi abaphikisa ngeminyaka yawo-1990 kungenzeka ukuthi kwathatha izisulu ezingaphezu kuka-80. Kodwa akukho kubulala okunjalo okwenziwe e-Iran kusukela uMongameli uKhatami ephikelele ekushushiseni labo abanecala lalokhu 'kubulala okulandelanayo' okune kokugcina.
Ngeke ngisho ukuthi ngijabule ngomphumela walezo zivivinyo kodwa iqiniso wukuthi kuke kwamiswa ukuqedwa kweqembu eliphikisayo kule minyaka eyisishiyagalombili edlule. Futhi, akukaze kube khona noma yimuphi umsebenzi wamaphekula wamazwe ngamazwe obandakanya i-Iran kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule.
I-FKh: I-Hezbollah kukhulunywa ngayo njalo kwabezindaba zase-US njengenhlangano yamaphekula, esekelwa yi-Iran, efana ne-Hamas ne-Islamic Jihad. Nokho leli qembu lijabulela ukuba semthethweni kwezombusazwe eLebanon lapho lenza khona umsebenzi wokupha futhi libambe iqhaza okhethweni lwasephalamende. Singayihlukanisa kanjani i-Hezbollah? Iyini inhloso yophiko lwezempi lweHezbollah eningizimu yeLebanon?
NJENGOBA: Kunenani elifanele lokuhlonishwa kwamazwi emzabalazweni wasePalestine oyinganekwane ngokumelene no-Israyeli kwabezindaba ezilawulwa yizwe lase-Iranian. Akucaci kahle ukuthi ukwesekwa kwamaPalestine akhona empeleni kudlula iziqubulo. Ubudlelwano neShiite Hezbollah buyafudumala kakhulu kodwa futhi, njengoba usushilo, le nhlangano isingene eqenjini lezepolitiki elisemthethweni eLebanon, futhi iningi lemisebenzi yalo selokhu kwahoxiswa u-Israel ibisendaweni yezenhlalakahle.
Ngamafuphi, ukwesekwa kwe-Iran kwe-Hezbollah, bekungeke kwenze i-Iran ibe izwe lamaphekula. Kumele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi naphezu komzabalazo wayo wokulwa nokuhlasela kwama-Israel iHezbollah ayizange iqondise izakhamuzi.
I-FKh: Ngabe abefundisi base-Iranian abaqinile bayaqhudelana nezingxenye zabo zama-Arab ukuze basekele abantu basePalestine?
NJENGOBA: Yebo, kodwa hhayi ngempumelelo kakhulu. Kufanele siqale ngeqiniso lokuthi ukuxhumana kwamasiko phakathi kwamaShiite asePheresiya kanye namaSunni aseLevant nasePalestine bekulokhu kuqinile. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuye kwandiswa iminyaka engamashumi amabili yenkulumo-ze emelene namaShiite e-Saudi ne-Iraqi. Ngasohlangothini lwase-Iran ukwesekwa okudumile kwePalestine kwehla. Abantu base-Irani babona kufanele ukuthi umbuso usebenzisa ngokubhuqa udaba lwePalestine ngezinjongo zasekhaya. Esikhundleni sokuthola uzwelo phakathi kwamaPalestine abefundisi base-Iran bachithe ukwesekwa okukhulu okudumile okwakukhona ngesizathu sasePalestine e-Iran yangaphambi kweNguquko.
I-FKh: Ku-athikili ye-Daily Star yango-2003 wabhala: 'Akukaze kube nenhlanganisela yezikhali ze-athomu zesifunda kanye nezifiso, kanye nesimo senuzi esinamandla somhlaba wonke, kwabeka engcupheni ubukhona be-Middle East.' Lokho kwakungaphambi komzuliswano wakamuva (2005) wezinkulumo eziphikisayo phakathi kwe-Iran ne-USA. Angakanani amathuba okuqhunyiswa kwezikhali zenuzi manje? Yiziphi izimo ocabanga ukuthi zingase zibangele ukwanda okwengeziwe kwezikhali zenuzi?
NJENGOBA: Isimo sisashaqisa. Kunokuphikisana okusobala esimeni saseMelika esibheke e-Iran: idiplomacy yabo ephikisana nezikhali zenuzi kanye nobuxhwanguxhwangu obungapheli be-Iran ngokwengxenye kusekelwe engozini yabo ye-athomu. Basemkhankasweni wokulungisa izikhali zabo ze-athomu ukuze bakhiqize izikhali zenuzi ezincane nezingamaqhinga kanye nesizukulwane esisha sezikhali eziqinile. Ngemva kokukhipha wonke amaconsi okusetshenziswa kwezombusazwe kwezikhali ze-athomu ekuvezeni inqubomgomo yabo yezangaphandle amaMelika awekho esimweni sokukhuthaza abanye ngokumelene nenketho yenuzi. Ukwehliswa kwezikhali zenuzi kudinga umoya wokungahloniphi hhayi ukusonteka kwengalo yenuzi.
Umgomo uyasebenza nakwamanye amalungu eNuclear Club esifundeni. Abakwazi ukunyakazisa mayelana nokupakisha izikhali zenuzi kuyilapho bekhipha izexwayiso ezingalungile ngokumelene nezingozi zenketho yenuzi kwabangewona amalungu. Nginesiqiniseko sokuthi izikhali zenuzi ziyingozi eMpumalanga Ephakathi futhi yingakho nginxusa ukuthi kunqanyulwe ukwehla kwamandla enuzi esikhundleni sombuso ojwayelekile we-NPT.
Uma umlando ufakazela into eyodwa, wukuthi uma kunentando yenuzi kube nendlela yenuzi. Amazwe afana ne-Iran angasebenzisa indlela esemthethweni yokuthuthukisa uhlelo lwamandla enuzi. Kamuva, lapho ulwazi lwabo lwenuzi lufinyelela umkhawulo wamanye amazwe ezimboni athuthukile (njengeJalimane neJapan) bangahloma ngokushesha. Umcimbi onjalo uzoqinisa umjaho wezikhali zenuzi kuso sonke isifunda.
Kodwa-ke, nginesiqiniseko sokuthi uma abantu base-Irani sebezigcinile ezabo izikhali zenuzi nabo bazozibandakanya nesenzo se-NPT. Nabo bazophuma bechiphiza izinyembezi zengwenya bexwayisa nabanye ukuthi bangenzi njengoba benzile kodwa njengoba besho. Okubalulekile ukuthi esikhundleni se-nuclear realpolitik sidinga i-nuclear green sentiment phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu, izifunda zesifunda kanye nasemazingeni aphansi uma sifuna ukuhlehlisa umjaho kuze kufike phansi 'kwi-high noon' yenuzi eMpumalanga Ephakathi.
I-FKh: Uyakholelwa ukuthi i-Iran ifuna isikhali senuzi? Kungani?
NJENGOBA: I-Iran iyisisulu sakamuva emhlabeni sezikhali ezicekela phansi. Izindimbane zamasosha ase-Iran zichayeke ezikhalini zamakhemikhali zase-Iraq. Ngaleso sikhathi abaseMelika abagcinanga nje ngokunqaba ukubeka i-Iraq icala ngalesi sihluku; empeleni basiza ama-Iraqi ukuthi afihle ubugebengu babo. Khumbula ukuthi ngemva kokudubula kwamaKurds eHalabcheh, abantu baseMelika bathi kungenzeka ukuthi abase-Irani abenze lobu bugebengu, ngaleyo ndlela badaka amanzi futhi bavumela umbuso kaSaddam ukuba ubalekele ukulahlwa ngamazwe.
Iphuzu liwukuthi i-American coercive diplomacy iye yaqinisa nakakhulu ukunambitheka kobuzwe kwenkulumompikiswano yenuzi e-Iran. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho 'noguquko lombuso' ngeke luqede ukoma kobuzwe ngama-nukes. Isimo sibi kangangokuthi indlela engcono kakhulu yokwenza utshani bezepolitiki e-Iran ifuna ukuhoxiswa ku-NPT ne-IAEA.
Ngakho-ke, impendulo yombuzo wakho ithi: yebo. Kukhona intando yenuzi e-Iran hhayi nje njengophiko olufanele luka-Mullahs oluvimbela ukungenelela kodwa nanjengodaba lokuphepha kwezwe. Indlela yokudambisa le nkinga akukona ukwesatshiswa kwenuzi kodwa ukuxoxisana phakathi kwemibuso yenuzi kanye nengeyona eyenuzi esifundeni.
I-FKh: Impi yeminyaka eyi-8 yase-Iran-Iraq yaholela ekufeni kwabantu abacishe babe yisigidi kodwa ayikakaze yashiwo ngabezindaba baseMelika kanye nabaphathi kulezi zinsuku. Ukholelwa ukuthi wawuyini umthelela wempi ye-Iran-Iraq esifundeni?
NJENGOBA: Ngisanda kukhuluma ngomunye wemiphumela yaleyo mpi okuwukukhathazeka kokuchayeka ezikhalini zembubhiso. Kepha impi ye-Iran-Iraq nayo inesibopho sokubhula imililo ehlukahlukene namanje eshunqa yonke indawo yezepolitiki yase-Iran. Isibonelo nje isiphetho esidumazayo sempi ye-Iran-Iraq ngokubona kwami โโkwaba ngumgqugquzeli oyinhloko wenhlangano yezinguquko e-Iran. Ukuxhashazwa ngenkolo ngendlela engafanele kanye neziqubulo ezinonya (okufana nokulwa impi yobuchwepheshe ngokudlulisela ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi njll.) kwalahlekisela i-Iran amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu abalimala.
Lapho izethembiso ze-absolutist do-or-die zifiphala ekwamukeleni ukuthula okungaguquki kwaba nokudumala okukhulu ezinhlwini, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwangena ezindlini zezombusazwe zase-Iran kwadala lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi inhlangano yezinguquko. Mayelana nobudlelwano besikhathi esizayo phakathi kwalezi zizwe zombili ngikholwa ukuthi zombili zafunda isifundo esihle ngobuze bezixazululo zezempi ezinkingeni zabo zemingcele.
I-FKh: Wenze ucwaningo ngomfanekiso ka-Abdulkarim Soroush kanye nefilosofi yakhe ye-Islam yesimanje yentando yeningi. Uyakholelwa ukuthi abantu abafana noSoroush banethonya kubefundisi base-Iran?
NJENGOBA: Ngeke ngibize u-Soroush nge-maverick figure. Kunalokho ungumanduleli wenhlangano yokuguqula ubuhlakani, echaza umcabango ojwayelekile womphakathi e-Iran. Inhlangano ithole odokotela abaningi abafanelekile, abahambi kanye nabalandeli. Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu kunomthelela we-Soroush e-Iran yindlela amele ngayo ulwazi lwase-Iranian. Akukho ukushoda kwabaguquli bamaSulumane abahlakaniphile emhlabeni wamaSulumane ukusuka eMorocco kuya e-Indonesia. Kodwa kuse-Iran kuphela lapho uguquko lwengqondo luveza ukudangala okukhulu kwabantu ngombono kahulumeni kaNkulunkulu.
Akuyona ingozi ukuthi i-Iran ukuphela kwezwe lamaSulumane elingenawo umnyakazo oyisisekelo. Vele, imininingwane ka-Abdlokarim Soroush iyinguquko hhayi e-Iran kuphela kodwa nasemhlabeni wamaSulumane. Umsebenzi wakhe obalulekile wokuhlukanisa inkolo kanye nencazelo yayo yomuntu waba nethonya elikhulu ngeminyaka yawo-1990.
Umsebenzi wakhe wakamuva mayelana 'nezici ezibalulekile nezinengozi' zenkolo umele enye inguquko yepharadigm emkhathizwe wobuhlakani bamaSulumane. Uthi lokho okusencwadini engcwele, ngokwezinga elikhulu, kunqunywa izingozi zokuphila komprofethi. Amavesi amaningi eQuran awumphumela oqondile wezingozi ezinjalo (isib., amavesi aphathelene nokuphinga.)
USoroush ubuye abone ukuthi ukube impilo yomprofethi ibihlukile, iQuran ibingaba yinde noma ibe mfushane ngobude nokuqukethwe okuhlukile. Isifundo siwukufuna umoya wenkolo kunokuqukethwe kwayo okungokoqobo. AmaSulumane kumele alalele izwi lesiprofetho leQur'an kunokuzivalela ngendlela engokomthetho ethathwe kuyo.
Lokhu kuqonda kuzophinde kuphonse inselelo ekuqondeni ngokwezwi nezwi kwabo bonke abashisekeli benkolo kungakhathalekile isiko labo lenkolo. Ngokwesibonelo asikho isibonelo sokuthi uJesu Kristu wasebenzisa amandla ukuze avimbe umhlaseli kumuntu ongakwazi ukuzivikela. Phela akukaze kwenzeke akhubeke lapho isosha laseRoma lizama ukudlwengula owesifazane ongumJuda. Ngakho, kubalulekile ukuba izazi zemfundiso yenkolo zidlulele ngalรฉ kombhalo kunokuba ziboshwe kuwo.
I-FKh: Noma ngabe iyini iRiphabhulikhi YamaSulumane njengamanje, ingabe sikhona isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi ibheke endaweni yokwanda kwengcindezelo noma inkululeko eyengeziwe kanye nobuningi? Ucabangani ngokusebenza kukaMongameli Khatami emzabalazweni wama-Irani ngalezi zinhloso?
NJENGOBA: Hhayi-ke, ukwehlulwa okudumazayo kwenhlangano yezinguquko kwezombusazwe (ngenxa yokungaguquki kophiko olufanele kanye nobuholi obungenangqondo bukaMongameli uKhatami) akumele kusenze siphelelwe ithemba. Uguquko lwezobuhlakani e-Iran luyaphila futhi luqinile impela. Uphiko lwesokudla olunamandla seluzuze ubukhulu balo ephalamende ngokukhohlisa kanjalo nangokungakhokhi. Ukuhlolwa okungekho emthethweni kwabaqokelwe ukhetho yi-rightwing Guardian Council kanye nokunganaki kwabavoti base-Iran ngemuva kokwehluleka kwezinguquko kukhiqize iphalamende elilwela ilungelo.
Leyo nhlanganisela ingase isilethele umongameli olungile ezinyangeni ezizayo futhi. Kodwa ukuguquguquka kwepharadigm kwenguquko yobuhlakani e-Iran kuyiqiniso elifeziwe nelingenakuhlehliswa. Ngaleso sisekelo kuphela, umuntu angabikezela ikusasa eliqhakazile lenkululeko, intando yeningi kanye nobuningi e-Iran. Ngokudabukisayo lelokusasa sekumele libe ngelikude kunokuba libe ngelizayo.
U-Ahmad Sadri, njengamanje onguprofesa kanye nosihlalo woMnyango Wezesayensi Yezenhlalo Nezobuntu eLake Forest College wazalelwa eTehran futhi wathola iziqu zakhe ze-BA kanye ne-MA eNyuvesi yaseTehran kanye ne-PhD yakhe e-New School for Social Research eNew York City. Ungumbhali we-'Max Weber's Sociology of Intellectuals'(Oxford University Press, 1992, 1994) kanye 'nokuvuselela Umqondo Wempucuko,' eshicilelwe nguHermes Press ngo-2001 ngesiPheresiya. Uhumushe esuka ku-Arabic 'Saddam City' (London, Saqi, 2004) futhi wahumusha ngokuhlanganyela esuka ku-Persian, 'Isizathu, Inkululeko kanye neDemokhrasi ku-Islam' (Oxford University Press, 2002). Ungumhlanganyeli okhuthele embuthweni wokuguqula ubuhlakani e-Iran futhi wayengumlobi we-'Daily Star' yoLimi lwesiNgisi yase-Lebanon ngo-2004. U-Sadri ubhale kabanzi emikhakheni yobuchwepheshe bakhe, i-sociology yongqondongqondo nenkolo.
UFoaad Khosmood unguMhleli we-ZNet's Iran Watch.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela