Umthombo: Amaphupho Avamile
Ake sithi uye endaweni yokudlela futhi wa-oda isemishi lenyama enkulu kodwa wangathola lutho ngaphandle kotshani phakathi kwezingcezu ezimbili zesinkwa.
"Weta!" Usho, ubiza iseva.
โKwenzenjani, Mnumzane?โ
โAyikho inyama esamishi lami.โ
โO, Mnumzane?โ Esho emamatheka ehlola ipuleti lakho. "Lapha e-Scalia's Bar and Grill sinamathela ekuchazeni ulimi kwangempela okuqinile."
โKuhlobene ngani lokho nesemishi lami?โ
โYebo, Mnumzane, ngesiNgisi sakudala 'inyama' yayisho noma yikuphi ukudla okuqinile, noma yini enye ngaphandle kotshwala. Njengoba ku 'Uhambo oluya eWestern Islands of Scotland' (1775), uSamuel Johnson waphawula, 'Abaqondisi bethu basitshela, ukuthi amahhashi awakwazi ukuhamba usuku lonke ngaphandle kokuphumula noma inyama.'
โKodwa akukhona lokho engikuyalile!โ
โO yebo kunjalo, Mnumzane. U-ode isemishi lenyama. Jabulela i-hay yakho entsha nama-oats."
Ezimpilweni zansuku zonke, ubungeke ubekezelele lolo hlobo lombhedo.
Kodwa ngesizathu esithile, ongqondongqondo abalungile bacabanga ukuthi iyona ndlela elungile yokutolika uMthethosisekelo wase-US.
Izincazelo zamagama ziyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Kodwa ukushaywa indiva lelo qiniso kuvumela ama-crackpot angenangqondo ukuthi ashanele emakhulwini eminyaka esandulelo sokwahlulela esivuna lokho azenza sengathi ICABANGA amagama ayeshiwo ngesikhathi kubhalwa umthetho.
Akushiwo nokuthi ababhali bomthetho bathini. Kumayelana nokuthi yini amajaji anamuhla anquma ukuthi i-avareji ecatshangelwayo u-Joe wesikhathi esidlule angasho amagama athile.
Isibonelo esisobala kakhulu, ngokusho Isazi-mlando esiwine uMklomelo kaPulitzer uJoseph Ellis, is District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 US 570 (2008), ehlehlise iminyaka engama-200 yesibonelo semithetho yezibhamu.
Ngaphambi kwalesi sinqumo, i Ukuchitshiyelwa kwesibili kwakuhunyushwa ngokuthi kubhekiselwa kuphela emsebenzini wezempi. I-Militia Act ka-1792 kwadingeka ukuthi isakhamuzi ngasinye sesilisa esinamandla sithole isibhamu (โi-musket noma i-firelockโ) ukuze sikwazi ukubamba iqhaza โkumasosha alawulwa kahleโ okuchazwa yiSichibiyelo.
Kwakumayelana nesibopho sokusebenzela izwe lakini, hhayi ilungelo lokuba nesibhamu. Nokho, IJaji Lenkantolo Ephakeme u-Antonin Scalia โ umsekeli odume kabi we-originalism yezomthetho - uhlele umbono weningi kuleli cala ushintsha konke lokho. Ngokwenza uhlolo lomcabango mayelana nokuthi amagama ayengasho ukuthini ngeminyaka yawo-1700s, wabhala phezu kweminyaka engamakhulu amabili yomthetho osunguliwe. Waziqhenya ngayo kangangokuthi waze wayichaza ngokuthi โumsebenzi wami wobuciko wobuciko.โ
LOKHO yi-judicial originalism.
Futhi manje lokho U-Scalia fanboy kanye nejaji lombuso ngisho neminyaka emithathu yonke, u-Amy Coney Barrett, iphikiswa eNkantolo Yokuqinisekisa YeSigele, leyo mibono engenangqondo isizoba nomunye ummeleli enkantolo ephakeme kunazo zonke ezweni.
Cabanga nje uma besihumusha yonke into njengabantu abaphila ngekhulu le-18!
Futhi wethu izikole zomphakathi ubengeke abe khona!
Phela belungekho uhlelo olusabalele, olubanzi lwemfundo yomphakathi ezweni phambilini UJohn Dewey yanqoba ngawo-1930.
Kodwa khumbula, abaqambi bokuqala abanandaba nenhloso yombhali. Bakhathalela kuphela lokho abantu abavamile abangakuqonda ngemibandela. Futhi abantu abavamile angikwazanga ngisho nokuqonda amagama athi โesidlangalaleniโ kanye โnesikoleโ asetshenziswa ndawonye njengomqondo owodwa ngaleso sikhathi.
Isikole sokuqala esavulwa endaweni eyayizoba yi-United States kwaba Isikole saseBoston Latin e 1635.
Umgomo wayo, kanye nowezinye izikole zamakoloni, kwakungekona ukufundisa izifundiswa ezifana nezibalo nokufunda. Yayifundisa inkolo, izindinganiso zomndeni nomoya womphakathi njengezikole eziningi ze-parochial namuhla.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikole eziningi bekungezabafana kuphela. Uma babezimisele ukufundisa amantombazane nhlobo, babewafundisa ukufunda kodwa hhayi ukubhala. Asikho isizathu sokunikeza abantu izwi ababengabonwa njengabafanele ukulalelwa.
Izifundo azizange zibe yinto izikole ezazinomthwalo wemfanelo wazo kuze kube maphakathi nawo-1800s. Futhi nangaleso sikhathi, indlela ababehamba ngayo ukuze bakufinyelele yahluka kakhulu esifundeni ngesifunda.
In eNingizimu, imfundo yayingavamile ukuba nento yokwenza nanoma yini esingayibiza ngesikole namuhla. Imindeni ecebile yayikhokhela izingane zabo abafundisi abazimele. Bonke abanye kwakulindeleke ukuba basebenze ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka.
Eqinisweni, kwaze kwaphela iMpi Yombango futhi inkathi Yokwakha Kabusha yaqala lapho isikole somphakathi saba yinto eNingizimu.
Futhi nalapho kwenzeka, akuzange kufane nezikole zethu zanamuhla. Lezi ngokuvamile kwakuyizindlu zesikole ezinegumbi elilodwa lapho uthisha oyedwa ezama ukufundisa izingane ezineminyaka ehlukahlukene, amamaki namakhono.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zikole bezingasekelwa izintela kuphela - uma zisekelwa. Lezi Izikole Ezijwayelekile zaziningi njengezikole ezizimele noma ezifundisayo zanamuhla. Abazali babekhokha imali yokufunda, banikeze uthisha izindlu, noma banikele ngezinye izinto ukuze bathole imfundo yezingane zabo.
Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, abafundi abafundayo abatholwayo belingaphelele njengoba izingane zethu zivame ukulindela ngisho noma izikole zikahulumeni zasemadolobheni ezingaxhaswa kakhulu ngezimali namuhla. Futhi izinkonzo zemfundo ekhethekile zazingekho. Izingane ezinezidingo ezikhethekile zazishiywa ngaphandle ngokuphelele emfundweni.
Izifunda ezingu-31 kuphela eziphasise imithetho edinga ukuthi izingane ziye esikoleni ngo-1900, kanti izingane zahamba kuphela kusukela eminyakeni engu-8-14. It kwaze kwafika ngo-1918zonke izifundazwe zazidinga ngisho nesikole samabanga aphansi.
Kodwa masingakhohlwa ukuhlukana.
Kwaba umthetho wezwe kuze Brown vs. Ibhodi ngo-1954, futhi nalapho kwathatha kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1970 ukuphoqelelwa ngokusesilinganisweni.
Cabanga nje uma u-Barrett ehlangana neningi le-wingnut Republican enkantolo ukuze ahlaziye kabusha leso sinqumo!
Cabanga ukuthi zingaki amakhulu eminyaka enqubekela phambili kancane ayengawagumbuqela ngokunxusa umuntu ovamile - wango-1776.
Cabanga nje uma yena kanye nelungelo lokuhlehla behlola amacala enkulumo yamahhala! Phela eminingi yale mithetho yabhalwa ngesikhathi sika-Adams Administration Izenzo Zokufika Nezihlubuki eyephula kakhulu inkulumo ekhululekile.
Besingalindela ukujaha ukubuyela odakeni nodaka iningi lamaqhawe ethu okukhanya abezama ukulibalekela kwasekuqaleni.
Kodwa abokuqala abafana no-Barrett bathi yibo kuphela abangatolika ukuthi ulimi kule mithetho lwaluqonde ukuthini ekuqaleni. Nokho ukuqeqeshwa kwabo ngokomthetho, hhayi ukufunda nokubhala noma kudala. Abazona izazi zolimi noma izazi-mlando. Abanayo indlela enqamulelayo kulokho abantu ababekusho ngala magama. Badlala nje ngolimi ukuze kucace ukuthi bafuna lisho ukuthini ukuze babuse ngendlela abakhetha ngayo.
Ngisho noma bebekwazi ukuthola incazelo yasekuqaleni yamagama akule mithetho, lokho akuqinisekisi ukuthi kuzoba nengqondo ezweni lanamuhla. Ngokwesibonelo, imibono yabasunguli bomuthi ihlobene kanjani nohlelo lwanamuhla lokunakekelwa kwezempilo olwalungekho ngeminyaka yawo-1700 futhi abasunguli babengakwazi nokuluqonda? Imibono yabasunguli mayelana namalungelo ezibhamu ihlobana kanjani nezibhamu zanamuhla ekubeni bazi ngama-muskets kuphela hhayi izikhali ezizenzakalelayo?
Okokugcina, kungani kufanele sikhethe imibono yakudala kunemiqondo yesimanje? Imithetho yakudala kungenzeka ukuthi yayihambisana nezinsuku eyabhalwa ngazo. Kodwa-ke, uma umthetho awukwazi ukukhula uhlanganise umhlaba njengoba ukhona, awunalo ilungelo lokuqhubeka ukhona.
Amajaji akumele aguqule i-precedent ngokusekelwe kufolda yezilimi. Kufanele bahloniphe umthetho osuselwe ekucabangeni, ekucabangeni nasekuhluleleni okuphusile.
Noma yiliphi ijaji eliphikisayo alinandawo ezinkantolo zethu.
Kuyamangaza ukuthi ukuwohloka okunjalo kuzovela ku-Republican Party.
Ngemuva kwakho konke, inkundla ye-GOP iqinisekile okuhlukile namuhla kunangesikhathi u-Abraham Lincoln efungiswa njengoMongameli wabo wokuqala.
Babevame ukumelela ukuqedwa, amalungelo abokufika kanye namagugu aqhubekayo
Manje sebeyiphathi i-plutocrat neofascist yobufandamentali bobuKristu.
Uma kukhona okungabuyela encazelweni yayo yasekuqaleni, ngifisa sengathi ngabe i-Grand Old Party, manje engaseyona enkulu, engeyona iphathi futhi endala nje.
USteven Singer ungumyeni, ubaba, uthisha, i-blogger kanye nommeli wezemfundo. Uvame ukubhala engosini yakhe lapha.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela