Masijongane nayo: ngamaxesha emfazwe, uMgaqo-siseko udla ngokubetha. Ngokhuseleko okanye ukusinda kwesizwe ekuthiwa sisemngciphekweni, umthetho osisiseko welizwe - ngenye indlela othathwa njengongcwele - awubopheleli, uxhomekeke ekuyekisweni ngokuthanda kwabo abasemagunyeni abangenamonde, aboyikayo, aboyikayo, okanye bacaphuke nje. icimile.
Imizekelo yi-legion. Ngexesha leMfazwe yombango, u-Abraham Lincoln wanqumamisa ngokungenasizathu incwadi ye-habeas corpus kwaye wayityeshela imiyalelo yenkundla eyayiphikisana negunya lakhe lokwenza oko. Emva kokuba i-US ingene kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I, ulawulo lukaWoodrow Wilson lwenze umzamo obanzi wokuphelisa ukuchasana, ukuvala iimpapasho ezichasene nemfazwe ngokungahoywa ngokupheleleyo koLungiso lokuQala. Ebudeni bengxubakaxaka eyabangelwa liZibuko lasePearl, uFranklin Roosevelt wakhupha umyalelo olawulayo wokuba kuthunyelwe kwiinkampu zoxinaniso abantu baseJapan baseMerika abangaphezu kwe-100,000 1944, uninzi lwabo bengabemi bomthonyama. Yacelwa ngowe-6 ukuba ihlolisise oku kunyhashwa kubi kwenkqubo efanelekileyo, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yavumelana nesenzo sikarhulumente ngevoti yesi-3-XNUMX.
Ngokufuthi ngakumbi, ukudlula kwimeko yonxunguphalo kubangela ukuba abantu bacinge baze bazisole. Ngokuya kusihla ngakumbi kwixa elidlulileyo, kokukhona kuvela iingxoxo zexesha lemfazwe ezithandabuzekayo zokwaphulwa koMgaqo-siseko. Abantu baseMelika ke ngoko bathuthuzeleka โkwizifundo ezifundiweyoโ ezinokuthi zithintele nakuphi na ukuphinda kuphinde kuvele kobo budenge.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuqala kwemfazwe elandelayo kufumanisa ukuba uMgaqo-siseko uphinde uphathwe kakubi. Asiluphindi ukreqo oludlulileyo, kunjalo. Kunoko, siyila ezintsha. Kunjalo ngexesha eliqhubekayo emva kwe-9/11 ixesha lemfazwe ethatha ixesha elide.
Ngexesha lobongameli bukaGeorge W. Bush, eUnited States ukwamkela intuthumbo njengesixhobo somgaqo-nkqubo ngokuphulwa okucacileyo kweSihlomelo seSibhozo esinqanda isohlwayo esikhohlakeleyo nesingaqhelekanga. Indlalifa kaBush, uBarack Obama, wayalela ukuba ukubulala ngokungekho mthethweni wommi waseMelika, ukusweleka ngenqwelomoya eyayibonakala ngokungahoywa kweSihlomelo sesihlanu kunye neseshumi elinesine. Zombini ezi ziphathamandla - ezikaBush ngomdla, ezika-Obama ngokuzisola okucacileyo - abantu abavalelwe iminyaka emininzi ngaphandle kwentlawulo kwaye ngaphandle kwayo nantoni na emalunga "ityala elikhawulezayo neloluntu, ngejaji elingakhethi cala" eliqinisekiswe siSihlomelo seSithandathu. Ukuba ubutshaba obukhoyo bunokuze buphele, ngokungathandabuzekiyo sinokulindela ukuba iGuantรกnamo ibe ngomnye umthombo โwezifundo ezifundiweyoโ kwizizukulwana ezizayo zamaMerika anengcwangu.
INkongolo esecaleni
Ukanti enye iproviso yomgaqo-siseko yokujonga kunye nokulingana ngoku ibonakala ikhutshiwe kule nto iqhubekayo yokungahoywa elandelwa bubuchwephesha bodano, iintloni, kunye "nokungaphindi kwakhona-ism" nje ukuba kudlule imeko kaxakeka yasemkhosini. Ndiyathetha, ngokuqinisekileyo, iSiqendu I, icandelo lesi-8 loMgaqo-siseko, elinika iNkongolo igunya โlokubhengeza imfazweโ kwaye lisamile njengobungqina bobukrelekrele balabo bayibhalayo. Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba uxanduva lokugqiba ukuba i-United States kufuneka ilwe nini kwaye i-United States kufuneka ilwe ihlala nesebe lezomthetho, kungekhona isigqeba solawulo, kwaye le nto yayiyinjongo yeFramers.
Kwiphepha lesikhumba ubuncinci, ulwahlulo lwabasebenzi lubonakala luthe ngqo. Ukuchongwa kukamongameli njengomphathi oyintloko wemikhosi exhobileyo ayithethi nakancinci ukugunyazisa ukuba asebenzise loo mkhosi nangona ebona kufanelekile okanye nantoni na efana nayo. Ngokuchasene noko: ukwenza umyalelo womongameli ube semthethweni kufuna isohlwayo esicacileyo sekhongolose.
Olona qheliselo luguquke lwaba yinto eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Inxalenye yeSiqendu I, iCandelo lesi-8, elicatshulwe ngasentla liyincwadi efileyo, emalunga nokusebenza njengemithetho eluhlaza esezincwadini kwezinye izixeko needolophu zaseMelika ezijolise ekulawuleni imisebenzi yomhla weSabatha. Uthathela indawo okubhaliweyo ngumlingani ongabhalwanga ohamba ngolu hlobo: kunye namalungu owiso-mthetho ubukhulu becala anikezelwe kwimo yabakhi-mkhanyo, oomongameli balwa imfazwe nanini na, naphi na, kwaye nangona babona kufanelekile. Ingaba isiphumo sifanelekile njengobuqhetseba okanye ukuhluthwa yenye yale mibuzo yenkukhu kunye neqanda enomdla kodwa ethetha ngokuthe ngqo ecaleni kwenqaku.
Olu asilophuhliso lwamva nje. Inembali. Ngehlobo lowe-1950, xa uMongameli uHarry Truman wagqiba ekubeni isigqibo seBhunga lezoKhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo sabonelela ngesigunyaziso esaneleyo sokuba ayalele imikhosi yase-US ukuba ilwe eKorea, amagunya emfazwe yeCongress athatha ukubetha apho angasayi kuphinda aphile.
ICongress kungekudala emva koko yathenga kumbono, okwifashoni ngexesha leMfazwe ebandayo, ukuba izibhengezo ezisemthethweni zemfazwe ziye zadlula. Ukuqhuba โumzabalazo omde wangorhatyaโ kwakufuna ukuthotyelwa kumphathi-mkhosi kuyo yonke imibandela ephathelele ukhuseleko lwelizwe. Ukugcina incinga yokuba isabambe umba othile, iCongress yathatha into ebiziliphu zemvume, inika abongameli inkululeko enkulu yokwenza nantoni na abanokuthi bathathe isigqibo ngayo ekufuneka yenziwe ukuphendula le ngxaki yamva nje.
I-Tonkin Gulf Resolution ye-1964 inika umzekelo ophawulekayo. Ngamxhelo-mnye, abawisi-mthetho babongoza uMongameli uLyndon Johnson ukuba โathabathe onke amanyathelo ayimfuneko ukuze aphelise naluphi na uhlaselo oluxhobileyo nxamnye nemikhosi yaseUnited States nokuthintela uhlaselo olungakumbiโ kulo lonke uMzantsi-mpuma weAsia. Ngomlingo wokutolika kukamongameli, isigunyaziso sokuthintela ubundlongondlongo sabonelela ngokhuseleko lomthetho ukhohlakele ngendlela emangalisayo kunye nemfazwe eyingozi eVietnam, kunye neCambodia neLaos. Phantsi kwesimo sokurhoxisa uhlaselo kwimikhosi yase-US, uJohnson kunye nendlalifa yakhe, uRichard Nixon, baphosa izigidi zamajoni aseMelika kwimfazwe abangenakuyiphumelela, nokuba ngaphezulu kwama-58,000 abhubhileyo ezama.
Ukutsiba malunga namashumi amane eminyaka ngaphambili, cinga ngoGunyaziso lokuSebenzisa uMkhosi woMkhosi (i-AUMF) olwagqithiswa yiNkongolo kwangoko emva kwe-9/11 njengomzukulwana weSigqibo seTonkin Gulf. Olu xwebhu lwalufuna (elalathiswa, lucelwe, luceliwe, lumenywe, lubongoze) uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush โukuba asebenzise onke amandla ayimfuneko nafanelekileyo ngokuchasene nezo zizwe, imibutho, okanye abantu abamiseleyo, abacwangcisiweyo, abagunyazisiweyo, abazinikeleyo okanye abancedisayo kuhlaselo lwabanqolobi oluthe lwanyanzeliswa. yenzeka ngoSeptemba 11, 2001, okanye igcine imibutho okanye abantu abanjalo, ukuze kuthintelwe naziphi na izenzo zobugrogrisi bezizwe ngezizwe eziya kwenzeka kwiUnited States ngezizwe, imibutho, okanye abantu.โ Ngolwimi olulula: nantsi itshekhi engenanto; zive ukhululekile ukuyigcwalisa ngayo nayiphi na indlela othanda ngayo.
Imfazwe engunaphakade
Njengomcimbi osebenzayo, umntu omnye - u-Osama bin Laden - wayeqandusele iyelenqe le-9/11. Umbutho omnye - i-al-Qaeda - wenze iyelenqe lokuyisusa. Kwaye ilizwe elinye kuphela - ngasemva, i-Afghanistan elawulwa yiTaliban - ibonelele ngoncedo, inikezela ngengcwele ku-bin Laden kunye nabalandeli bakhe. Ukanti phantse iminyaka eli-15 emva koko, i-AUMF isasebenza kwaye iye yaba sisiseko sezenzo zomkhosi ngokuchasene nenani labantu, imibutho, kunye nezizwe ezingenanxaxheba kwaphela kwiziganeko zokubulala ngoSeptemba 11, 2001.
Qwalasela olu luhlu lulandelayo olungaphantsi kolubanzi lweziganeko ezine, zonke ezenzeke kwinyanga enesiqingatha edlulileyo:
*EYemen, uhlaselo lwenqwelomoya lwaseMelika bulawa ubuncinci abantu abangama-50, abathi bangamalungu ombutho wamaSilamsi awayengekho nge-9/11.
*ESomalia, olunye uhlaselo lwenqwelomoya lwaseMelika bulawa amajoni angama-150 axeliweyo, akholelwa ukuba ngamalungu e-al-Shabab, isinxibo esibi kakhulu, nokuba umntu akanayo i-ajenda yokwenyani ngaphaya kweSomalia ngokwayo.
* ESyria, ngokulandela iphulo lokubulala eliye lamva nje leMfazwe yase-Iraq, imikhosi ekhethekileyo yase-US. iqhubile "Umphathiswa wezemali" we-Islamic State, elinye iqela labanqolobi elingazange libekho ngoSeptemba ka-2001.
* ELibya, ngokwengxelo yeendaba, iPentagon iphinde ukuzilungiselela "Inyathelo lomkhosi eliqinisekileyo" - oko kukuthi, umjikelo omtsha wohlaselo lomoya kunye nohlaselo lwemisebenzi ekhethekileyo yokuphelisa ukuphazamiseka okubangelwe yiphulo lomoya lase-US elathi ngo-2011 laphazamisa ilizwe. Uqhankqalazo lwenqwelomoya oluqhutywe ekupheleni kukaFebruwari lunike uthsuphe wento ezayo: yona bulawa malunga nama-50 amajoni e-Islamic State (kunye mhlawumbi abathunjwa ababini baseSerbia).
IYemen, iSomalia, iSyria, kunye neLibya yabelana ngobuncinci oku kufanayo: akukho namnye kubo, okanye naliphi na iqela ekujoliswe kulo, elinesandla kuhlaselo lwe-9/11.
Khawufanโ ucinge ukuba, kwiiveki nje ezimbalwa, iTshayina yayiza kugqogqa iVietnam, iThailand, neTaiwan, ngezohlwayo eziya kuhlasela iiPhilippines. Okanye ukuba iRussia, inike i-Ukraine, iGeorgia, kunye neAzerbaijan ukukhaba ngokukhawuleza, yakhupha izicwangciso zayo zokufundisa iPoland isifundo sokuphatha kakubi imicimbi yayo yangaphakathi. Ukuba uMongameli waseTshayina uXi Jinping okanye uMongameli waseRussia uVladimir Putin wayenokuyalela ezo zenzo, iiholo zeNkomfa zaziza kukhala ngezigwebo eziqatha. Amalungu ezi zindlu zombini ebeya kugxalathelana ukuya kwiindawo eziphambi kweekhamera zikamabonakude ukugxeka abenzi bobubi ngokutyeshela umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe nokujongela phantsi amathemba oxolo lwehlabathi. Ukungabinagunya kwizenzo zamanye amazwe azimeleyo, iisenenja kunye nabameli bazophula iingcango ukuze babambe ithuba lokufumana iisenti zabo ezimbini. Akukho mntu wayeya kukwazi ukubanqanda. Ucinga ukuba uXi ungubani! Unjani uPutin!
Nangona kunjalo xa umongameli waseMelika ethatha amanyathelo afanayo apho isebe lezomthetho ntoni banegunya, amalungu eNkongolo ayazamla okanye athintele amehlo awo.
Kulo mba, amaRiphabhlikhi abona baphuli-mthetho abakhohlakeleyo. Kwimiba apho uMongameli u-Obama esebenza ngokucacileyo ngokuhambelana noMgaqo-siseko-umzekelo, ekutyumbeni umntu ukuba agcwalise isithuba kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo - abazange bayeke ukuzama ukumthintela, ukuqokelela Iingxoxo ezingaqhelekanga azifumaneki ndawo kuMgaqo-siseko ukuthethelela ukuthintelwa kwazo. Ukanti xa lo mongameli mnye ecaphula i-AUMF yowama-2001 njengesiseko sokuqalisa ubutshaba apha nasemva, into esebusweni bayo engekho semthethweni kodwa ehlekisayo, bavuma nje.
Ewe, xa u-Obama ngo-2015 waya kuthi ga ekuceleni iCongress ukuba ipasise i-AUMF entsha ejongana nesoyikiso esibangelwe nguRhulumente wamaSilamsi - oko kukuthi, ngokusisiseko ukubetha imfazwe awayenayo. sele iqalisiwe eyedwa eSyria nase-Iraq - iinkokeli zeRiphabhlikhi azizange zithathe nyathelo. Ndijonge phambili kwimini xa u-Obama esimka e-ofisini, uSenator uMitch McConnell kunye nohanahaniso lwentengiso yakhe. ukhathazeke ngokuvakalayo ukuba i-AUMF entsha inokunyanzela umntu oza kungena ezihlangwini zakhe. Umongameli olandelayo kuya kufuneka "acoce obu bumdaka, obudalwe kuko konke oku kungazinzi kule minyaka isibhozo idlulileyo," inkokeli enkulu yatsho. Ngokuphathelele oko, โugunyaziso lokusebenzisa umkhosi obophelela izandla zikamongameli ngasemva asiyonto endifuna ukuyenza.โ Indima eyiyo yeNkongolo yayikukuphuma endleleni kwaye inike lo mphathi-ntloko i-carte blanche ukuze olandelayo abe nokuxhamla amalungelo angenakulinganiswa.
Ukusebenzisana nomongameli abamdelelayo - bevumelana ngokungafihlisiyo kwibango lika-Obama elithandabuzekayo lokuba "imimiselo ekhoyo [sele] indinika igunya endilidingayo" lokulwa ne-ISIS - iCongress elawulwa yi-GOP ngaloo ndlela yaguqula i-post-9/11 AUMF yaba into ngoku, eneneni, ibe lungquzulwano olungenasiphelo nolungenasiphelo. E-Iraq naseSyria, umzekelo, oko kwaqala njengephulo elilinganiselweyo kodwa elivulekileyo logwayimbo lomoya olugunyaziswe nguMongameli u-Obama ngo-Agasti 2014 lwandisiwe lwabandakanya iqela elihlala likhula labaqeqeshi kunye nabacebisi base-US emkhosini wase-Iraq. imikhosi ekhethekileyo yokusebenza kuqhuba zahlasela kuzo zombini i-Iraq kunye neSiriya, entsha yokuqala yonke-US isiseko somlilo phambili e-Iraq, kwaye ubuncinci 5,000 Abasebenzi basemkhosini base-US ngoku basemhlabeni, inani eliqhubeka likhula ngokunyukayo.
Uyakhumbula uBarack Obama ekhankasela ngo-2008 kwaye ethembisa ngokunyanisekileyo ukuphelisa iMfazwe yase-Iraq? Into angazange ahoye ukuyikhankanya ngelo xesha yayikukuba wayeligcinile ilungelo lokufaka ilizwe kwenye iMfazwe yase-Iraq ngetikiti lakhe. Uyenzile ke ngoku, kunye namalungu eCongress evuma nje kwaye ilizwe liba libanjwa lemfazwe.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ngokungasebenzi, isebe lowiso-mthetho, eneneni, linikezele ngentsalela yegunya eligciniweyo kwimiba enxulumene nokuba, nini, ngokuchasene nabani, kwaye ngeyiphi injongo i-United States kufuneka iye emfazweni. Akukho nto iseleyo ngoku ngaphandle kokuhlawula amatyala, athi iCongress iyenze rhoqo, ikhankanya isibophelelo esibalulekileyo "sokuxhasa imikhosi." Ngale ndlela ngaba ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi emincinci kubonelela ngesizathu sokuphepha imisebenzi emikhulu kakhulu.
Kwizangqa zomkhosi, kukho igama elichaza olu hlobo lokuziphatha. Kubizwa ngokuba bubugwala.
UAndrew Bacevich, a TomDispatch njalo, ngulo mbhali Imfazwe yaseMelika kuMbindi Mpuma oMkhulu: Imbali yoMkhosi, esandula ukupapashwa yiRandom House.
Eli nqaku lavela okokuqala kwi-TomDispatch.com, iblogi yeSizwe yeZiko, ebonelela ngokuhamba ngokuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, iindaba, kunye noluvo oluvela kuTom Engelhardt, umhleli wexesha elide ekupapasheni, umseki weProjekthi yoBukhosi baseMelika, umbhali we Ukuphela kweNkcubeko yokuNqoba, njengenoveli, Iintsuku Zokugqibela Zopapasho. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje ngu Urhulumente we-Shadow: Uqwalaselo, iMikhosi eyimfihlo, kunye ne-State Security State kwilizwe eliMandla oLodwa (Iincwadi zeHaymarket).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela