ECalifornia, amashumi amawaka abahlali baye banyanzeleka ukuba baphume njengoko imililo yasendle ebulalayo iqhubeka nokugquba kulo lonke ilizwe. Owona mlilo umbi kakhulu, uMlilo weCarr, ugqumelele ngaphezu kwe-100,000 yeehektare kwaye utshabalalise amakhaya angaphezu kwewaka eRedding, eCalifornia, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibengumlilo wesithandathu owonakalisayo kwimbali yeli lizwe. Abasemagunyeni bathe ngolwe-Lwesithathu ukuba i-16 yeyona mililo yasendle inkulu evuthayo eCarlifonia itshise iihektare ezingama-320,000-indawo enkulu kuneLos Angeles. Kusweleke abantu abasibhozo. Irhuluneli uJerry Brown ubize ukukhula kokuqina kunye nokuphindaphindeka kwemililo yasendle yaseCalifornia "yesiqhelo entsha" kule veki. Imililo engakumbi iyaqhubeka nokutshisa iindawo zaseColorado, e-Idaho, e-Oregon, eWashington nase-Arizona, kunye namadangatye akutsha nje kwihlabathi liphela eGrisi, eCanada nakwi-Arctic Circle. Sithetha noBrenda Ekwurzel, isazinzulu esiphezulu semozulu kunye nomlawuli wenzululwazi yemozulu kwiNkqubo yeMozulu kunye naMandla kwiManyano yeeNzululwazi ezixhalabileyo.
I-NEMEEN I-SHAIKH: Siqala eCalifornia, apho amashumi amawaka abahlali baye banyanzelwa ukuba baphume njengoko imililo yasendle ebulalayo iqhubeka nokugquba kulo lonke ilizwe. Owona mlilo umbi kakhulu, uMlilo weCarr, ugqumelele ngaphezu kwe-100,000 yeehektare kwaye utshabalalise amakhaya angaphezu kwewaka eRedding, eCalifornia, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibengumlilo wesithandathu owonakalisayo kwimbali yeli lizwe. Abasemagunyeni bathi ngoLwesithathu ukuba i-16 yeyona mililo yasendle inkulu itshise i-320,000 yeehektare-indawo enkulu kunesixeko sonke saseLos Angeles. Abantu abasibhozo babhubhile kulo mlilo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Lo yintloko yemisebenzi yeCal Fire uSteve Crawford echaza ubundlongondlongo bomlilo wamadlelo walo nyaka.
HLAZIYA I-CRAWFORD: Wonke umntu endithethe naye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku uye wakhankanya ukuba โAndazi ukuba kutheni isenza le nto iyenzayo. Ivutha ngokwahlukileyo. Itshisa ngamandla kunokuba ibinjalo kwiminyaka edlulileyo.โ Kwaye ndiyazi ukuba siyayithetha loo nto minyaka le, kodwa ayizange ibonwe ngaphambili. โฆ Iyatsha macala onke ngaxeshanye. Kwaye sinazo-nangona sinezixhobo ezininzi, indlela evutha ngayo, ukuqina kwayo, ukunyuka, ukuhla, nokuba ingenawo umoya onamandla kuyo, ivutha ngokungathi ineSanta. Umoya we-Ana okanye umoya onamandla we-60-mile-ngeyure, i-70-mayile-ngeyure yomoya.
I-NEMEEN I-SHAIKH: Imililo yasendle ikwagqugqisa nakwezinye iindawo zaseNtshona. EColorado, umlilo wesithathu ngobukhulu kwimbali erekhodiweyo yelizwe uyaqhubeka nokukhula kufutshane neGarland kumazantsi elizwe. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uMlilo waseNtwasahlobo udle amakhaya angaphezu kwekhulu kwaye ukhokelele ekufudusweni kwabantu abangaphezu kwe-2,000. EWashington, umlilo wasendle obizwa ngokuba yi [Milepost] 90 Fire, ukhule waya kutsho kwi-11,000 leehektare ngoLwesithathu. Imililo ikwagquba eArizona, eIdaho naseOregon.
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Imililo e-US iza phakathi kwenyanga yemozulu ebulalayo ebangelwa yimozulu kwihlabathi liphela. Imililo esixhenxe yahlala isebenza kumahlathi akumantla mpuma e-Ontario, eCanada, ukusukela ngoLwesithathu, emva kweentsuku zemizamo yabacimi-mlilo basekhaya ukucima umlilo ovuthayo. Ngaphezulu kwemililo engama-50 etshayo kulo lonke elaseSweden, kubandakanya neSweden Lapland ngaphakathi kweArctic Circle. Kwaye eGrisi, ubuncinci abantu abangama-90 babhubhile njengoko imililo yasendle engalawulekiyo ityhutyha iindawo ezingaphandle kwekomkhulu laseAthene. Amadangatye ibingowona mlilo umbi kwisithuba esingaphezu kweminyaka elishumi. UChristos Zerefos, isazi ngemozulu kwiAcademy yaseAthens, wachaza [ukuba] indibaniselwano yezinto ezisingqongileyo idale isaqhwithi esifanelekileyo ukuze umlilo usasazeke ngokukhawuleza kwindawo echumileyo, enabemi abaninzi.
UKRISTU IZEREFOS: Ewe, ngokuqinisekileyo yayiyindawo esemngciphekweni omkhulu. Yayibizwa ngokuba yiparadesi, kodwa, njengoko sonke sesibonile, iparadesi eza kulahleka. โฆ Kuya kubakho iimeko zemozulu ezixhaphake kakhulu, ezixhaphake kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba imozulu yehlabathi iyonakaliswa. โฆ Ukuba songeze isilumkiso okanye umthombo owongezelelweyo wobushushu oveliswa ngabantu, ukutshiswa kwamafutha efosili.
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Izazinzulu ngemozulu ziye zanxulumanisa amaqondo obushushu akhulayo kunye nemililo yasendle ebulalayo nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Ukufumana okungakumbi, sidityaniswe nguBrenda Ekwurzel, isazinzulu semozulu ephezulu, umlawuli wenzululwazi yemozulu kwiNkqubo yeMozulu kunye naMandla kwiManyano yeeNzululwazi ezixhalabileyo.
Wamkelekile kwakhona Intando yeninzi Ngoku!, uGqr. Ekwurzel.
IBENDENDA EKWURZEL: Kuhle ukuba lapha.
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Thetha malunga nokwenzeka eCalifornia ngoku, oko abantu bakubiza ngokuba ziinkanyamba zomlilo, kunye neli khonkco lokutshintsha kwemozulu.
IBENDENDA EKWURZEL: Ewe, into esiyaziyo ngotshintsho lwemozulu, enye yeempawu ezicacileyo bubushushu. Kwaye into esiyibonayo kukwenzeka ngakumbi kobushushu obugqithisileyo. Kwaye xa oko kusenzeka ngamaxesha aqhele ukubalela ixesha lonyaka kwindawo okanye kwiindawo ezibharhileyo, ezifana neCalifornia inembalela yeminyaka emininzi, olu luhlobo lwendibaniselwano enetyhefu enokudala iimeko eziyingozi kakhulu. , ukwenzela ukuba i-wildfire ibe shushu, inzima kwaye iyingozi kakhulu kubantu abahlala kufuphi nabajongene nomsi, kwakhona ukuba ukwiindawo ezifana neGrisi okanye kwiindawo ezibangelwa yimimoya yaseSanta Ana eyingozi kakhulu, enamandla, evuthuzayo. le mililo ngesantya ekunzima kakhulu ukuba abantu babaleke.
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Masiye kwiRhuluneli yaseCalifornia uJerry Brown ethetha kwinkomfa yeendaba ngoLwesithathu malunga nemililo egquba kulo lonke elaseCalifornia.
I-GOV. Amagama omnxeba we Jeremy NTSUNDU: Ewe, oku kunzulu. Imililo ngoku iyinxalenye yamava ethu aqhelekileyo. Uqikelelo lokuba izinto ziya kuba shushu ngakumbi ziyenzeka. Kwaye oko kuya kuqhubeka. Sikumjikelo omkhulu, kodwa uqikelelo endilubonayo, lokuba uqikelelo oluqatha lokufudumala kunye nomlilo ozokwenzeka kamva kwinkulungwane, 2040 okanye 2050, ngoku ziyenzeka ngexesha lokwenyani. Kwaye ungalindela, ngelishwa, ukuba iqhubeke iqina eCalifornia nakuwo wonke uMzantsi-ntshona.
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Lo nto ide yaba ngumba kugqatso lwerhuluneli, ewe, nanjengoko ibaluleke kakhulu njengoko itshayela eCalifornia, umgqatswa waseRiphabhlikhi, uJohn Cox, okhanyelayo ngotshintsho lwemozulu, esithi yinkcitha xesha ukuxoxa ngale miba, 'Kufuneka sixoxe ngokulungela, ngokuchasene noGavin Newsom, obelwela umba wokujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Brenda Ekwurzel, luthetha ukuthini utshintsho lwemozulu xa ulubona ngale lens, xa kufikwa ekujonganeni nezi ngxaki zinkulu, eli gama lithi โiinkanyamba zomliloโ elisetyenziswayo ngoku?
IBENDENDA EKWURZEL: Into esiyaziyo kukuba, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, ukuba unamaqondo obushushu ashushu-yi-physics nje esisiseko-ukhupha amanzi amaninzi kumachibi akho kunye nemilambo, kwaye womisa umhlaba. Kwaye izityalo zifuna amanzi amaninzi kwezi meko, kwaye zilahlekelwa ngamanzi amaninzi kwi-atmosfera. Ke unokwenza imeko ye-tinderbox, ukuba kunokwenzeka ube nesibetho sombane sendalo okanye intlantsi engakhathaliyo ngomsebenzi womntu, obangela umlilo. Ke into esiyibonayo eNtshona US, ukuba imililo yasendle emikhulu ihlala ixesha elide, iqatha, kwaye itshisa iihektare ezininzi.
Esinye isiphumo kukuba, njengoko ubutshilo, isoyikiso-kwimeko eyingozi kubantu abahlala kwindawo ephambili yemeko yomlilo wasendle, ibeka abantu abatshisa umlilo, njengoko bebizwa, abalwa le mlilo ngenkalipho, ubomi babo. emgceni, kunye nabantu kunye nepropathi esendleleni yomlilo. Yiyo loo nto sifuna inzululwazi ephucuke kakhulu ukuba ilumkise abantu malunga neemeko kwixesha elide kunye nento esinokuyenza, kwaye, kwixesha elisondeleyo, kwiinkqubo zokulumkisa ngokukhawuleza ukukhupha abantu endleleni kwaye bathobele ezi zilumkiso. Le mililo ikhawuleza kakhulu kwaye yomelele kakhulu kunesakhe sayibona ngaphambili. Kwaye loo nto ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokutsha kwamalahle, ioyile kunye negesi.
I-NEMEEN I-SHAIKH: Ewe, Brenda, sisanda kuva irhuluneli yaseCalifornia isithi-ethetha ngokwakhe ukuba le mililo inokuthi iqhubeke iqina kwaye inyuke kumashumi eminyaka ezayo. Ngoko ke ngawaphi amanyathelo ocinga ukuba anokuthathwa ngoku? Ngaba akhona nawaphi na amanyathelo okuthintela urhulumente anokuthi awathabathe ukunqanda oku ukuba kungenzeki, okanye ubuncinci ukukunciphisa ukuba kungenzeki?
IBENDENDA EKWURZEL: Ngethamsanqa, iRhuluneli uBrown uye waba yinkokeli yokwenene ekuthatheni urhulumente ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kweegesi ezibamba ukushisa. Ke leyo ibiyeyonaโeyokuqala nokuphambili, eyona meko ilungileyo. Kufuneka unciphise iimeko ezisisiseko. Izazinzulu ziyibiza imbalela eshushu. Yaye xa iyimbalela eshushu, kunokuvela iimeko eziyingozi ngakumbi, ezinjengomlilo wamadlelo. Ubutyebi bamanzi kumanzi okusela kunye necandelo lezolimo lisemngciphekweni.
Ke, lelo linani lokuqala, hlonipha isivumelwano semozulu saseParis ekuhlaleni, ngaphakathi kwiphondo, izixeko kunye namazwe kwihlabathi liphela, azama ukugcina iglowubhu phantsi kwe-2 degrees Celsius ngaphezu kwe-preindustrial. Eyesibini, yenza iperimeter yomlilo enkulu yendawo ekhuselekileyo ejikeleze izakhiwo okanye izixhobo ezixabisekileyo ekufuneka sizikhusele. Qinisekisa ukuba kukho umgama omkhulu phakathi kwezinto ezenziwa ngabantu kunye nento ebizwa ngokuba yi-wildland-urban interface. Kulapho sibona umsebenzi omninzi womlilo uqalisa. Ngoko ke kufuneka siyeke le mililo ukuba iqale kwasekuqaleni, ngaphandle kokuba phantsi kweemeko zendalo. Kwaye okwesithathu, kufuneka sikhusele impilo yabantu yoluntu.
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Ukuthetha ngomgaqo-nkqubo, ulawulo lwe-Trump luthethe ukuba ukunyuka kwemigangatho yokusebenza kwamafutha kubeka emngciphekweni ubomi babaqhubi. Amaxwebhu abonwe yi-Associated Press abonisa amagosa olawulo alungiselela ukuxoxa ukuba iimoto ezingasebenzisi mafutha kakhulu ziya kubangela ukuba abaqhubi bachithe ixesha elininzi emva kwevili, okukhokelela ekufeni kwabantu abaninzi ezindleleni nakwiindlela ezinkulu, behlasela imigangatho yokusebenza kwamafutha eCalifornia. Intsingiselo yoku?
IBENDENDA EKWURZEL: Oko kuchasene, kuba uphononongo ngalunye lubonisa ukuba xa sineemoto ezonga amafutha, sibeka i-carbon encinci kwi-atmosfera, ukuba inikwe amandla ngamafutha e-fossil kwaye kungekhona umthombo wamafutha ohlaziyekayo. Kwaye oko kuthetha ukuba umoya ococekileyo kubantu baseCalifornia, kuso nasiphi na isixeko, kuyo nayiphi na indawo apho unomgangatho ophantsi we-ozone, kuba kukho izithako ezintathu ze-smog: i-fossil fuel volatile organic carbon okanye kwizityalo ezifana namahlathi-banokudala oko, ngokunjalo. -ukukhanya kwelanga kunye namaqondo obushushu ashushu. Kwaye njengoko sifudumeza iglowubhu, sinesigwebo semozulu esinomsi okumgangatho ophantsi, kuba sidala umsi omninzi kuba sinamaqondo obushushu ashushu emini kunokuba sasinjalo kwinkulungwane eyadlulayo.
I-NEMEEN I-SHAIKH: Brenda, ungatsho kancinci malunga nabemi, abona bantu basesichengeni ngakumbi, abachatshazelwa kakhulu yile mililo yasendle eCarlifonia, kunye nakwezinye iindawo, iimpembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu ezibangelwa ziintlekele zokusingqongileyo kubemi abasesichengeni?
IBENDENDA EKWURZEL: Ngokuqinisekileyo. Into esiyibonileyo, umzekelo, ukuba ujonga kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi e-xa kwakukho indibaniselwano yomlilo wasendle kunye nobushushu obugqithisileyo eRashiya, izifundo zibonisa ukuba oko kwenziwa kube nzima ngakumbi ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu, kodwa ukufa okuphezulu. ibiyindibaniselwano yomsi osuka kule mililo yepeat kwiimitha eziphakamileyo ezisemantla kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu, kudityaniswa ukudala ingozi enkulu yempilo. Kwaye kwakukho amashumi amawaka amaninzi abantu abafayo.
Kwakhona, uphando olwenziwa ngo-2003 lobushushu, into esiyifumeneyoโuStott noogxa bakhe, izazinzulu eziphonononga lo bushushu bamaza, bafumanisa ukuba okuphindwe kabiniโumngcipheko wobu bushushu boyikekayo, obuphulukene nobomi bamashumi amawaka abantu, buphindwe kabini. ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu. Into esiyaziyo kukuba uhlolisiso olwalandelayo, olwenziwa nguMitchell noogxa bakhe, lokuba kumbindi weParis, ukufa kobushushu kweso siganeko kwabaโama-70 ekhulwini obo bushushu bugqithiseleyo bubangelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu okubangelwa ngabantu, nama-20 ekhulwini okufa kobushushu. eLondon kwakungenxa yotshintsho lwemozulu olubangelwa ngabantu, kweso siganeko sibi ka-2003.
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Siza kuphuma, kwaye siya kukucela ukuba uhlale nathi, uBrenda Ekwurzel, isazinzulu esiphezulu semozulu kunye neManyano yeeNzululwazi eziNgqongileyo, uthetha nathi-ethetha nathi eBoston. Yi le Intando yeninzi Ngoku! Xa sibuyaโsithetha nathi sivela eWashington, DC Xa sibuya, siza kuqhubeka nale ngxubusho yeyure yonke. Siza kudityaniswa noNat Rich, obhale isiqwenga I-New York Times Magazine elo liphephancwadi lilonke, okwesihlandlo sesibini kuphela ENew York Times Imbali yokuba inqaku elinye ligubungela iphephancwadi lonke. Ingxaki? Imo iyatshintsha. Hlala nathi.
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Yi le Intando yeninzi Ngoku!, democracynow.org, Ingxelo Yemfazwe Nezoxolo. Ndingu-Amy Goodman, kunye noNermeen Shaikh.
I-NEMEEN I-SHAIKH: Ngemililo engazange ibonwe ngaphambili, izikhukhula kunye namaza obushushu atyhutyha umhlaba wonke, i-2018 isendleleni yokuba ngunyaka wesine oshushu kakhulu kwirekhodi. Imimandla echatshazelwa kakhulu yimiphumo eyintlekele yokunyuka kobushushu bomhlaba ayingomazwe anegalelo elikhulu kutshintsho lwemozulu. Ngokwe-Global Climate Risk Index ka-2018 ekhutshwe liqela lomgaqo-nkqubo woluntu iGermanwatch, amazwe alithoba achaphazeleka kakhulu kukutshintsha kwemozulu kule minyaka ingama-20 idlulileyo ngamazwe asaphuhlayo, kuquka iHonduras, iHaiti, iBurma, iPakistan neBangladesh. i-USA namhlanje Iingxelo ukuba, ukucaphula, โiPakistan inegalelo elingaphantsi kwe-1 ekhulwini leegesi ze<em>greenhouse ezityholwa ngokubangela ukufudumala kwehlabathi, ukanti abantu bayo abazizigidi ezingama-200 baphakathi kwawona maxhoba asesichengeni ehlabathini ngenxa yeziphumo ezikhulayo zokutshintsha kwemozulu.โ Urhulumente waseIndiya uthi bangaphezulu kwama-500 abantu ababhubhileyo ngenxa yezikhukula kunye neemvula ezinamandla kwezi veki zidlulileyo. E-Iran, kukho ukunqongophala okungapheliyo kwamanzi, kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho uhlobo oluthile lwembalela kwi-97 pesenti yelizwe.
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Ngeli xesha, e-US, a umbiko yiMedia Matters ifumene uthungelwano olukhulu losasazo olukhankanyiweyo utshintsho lwemozulu kanye ngexesha leeveki ezi-2 zamaza obushushu behlabathi ngoJulayi, nangona kunikwe ingxelo malunga namaza obushushu ubuncinci amaxesha angama-127. Uhlalutyo lulandele iingxelo zeendaba ngu ABC, CBS kwaye NBC.
Ewe, ngakumbi, siya e-Albany, eNew York, ukuya kuthetha noRob Nixon, unjingalwazi kwezoluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo kwiYunivesithi yasePrinceton, umbhali we UbuNdlobongela obucothayo kunye noBume beNdawo kwabahluphekileyo, apho waphumelela inani lamabhaso, kuquka i-American Book Award.
Wamkelekile kwi Intando yeninzi Ngoku!, uNjingalwazi uNixon.
ROB UNIXON: Enkosi, Nermeen.
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Ngaba ungathetha, ndithetha, ngesi sihloko, Ubundlobongela obucothayo? Ithetha ntoni ngayo? Kwaye yinxulumanise noko kwenzekayo kwimekobume yehlabathi elisaphuhlayo.
ROB UNIXON: Ewe. Ngoko ke, ngokuthi โubundlobongela obuphantsi,โ ndithetha ubundlobongela obumiselwe elinye ixesha, ngoko ke ubundlobongela obungafane buqondwe njengobundlobongela kuba abuthandeki. Isenokubonwa ngokwemigaqo yemidiya njengentsilelo yedrama. Ke, ukuthatha nje umzekelo omnye, into efana ne-Agent Orange, apho unemfazwe ye-12 yeminyaka eVietnam, kwaye abantu abenzakeleyo baqulunqwe yiloo mbono yoluntu, kodwa iimpembelelo, ukwenzakala okuqhubekayo kunye nemiphumo yempilo yoluntu, ihlala amashumi eminyaka kwaye izizukulwana. Ke ndicinga ukuba kukho into efana nayo eqhubekayo ngotshintsho lwemozulu, kukuba sinokuhlehliswa kweziphumo. Kwaye ke, into esiyijongileyo, eneneni, luhlobo lobusela obuphakathi kwezizukulwana beemeko zobomi ngokwabo.
I-NEMEEN I-SHAIKH: Uthetha ukuthini, kwisigaba sesibini sesihloko sencwadi yakho? Iyintoni โimekobume yamahlwempu,โ yaye idibana njani nogonyamelo olucothayo?
ROB UNIXON: Ke, uyazi, ndicinga ukuba kusekho imbono yoluntu ngokubanzi yokuba nokuba imeko yendalo esingqongileyo ingunobangela ongxamisekileyo, yinto ekumgangatho ophezulu, kwaye ixhatshazwa ngokungafaniyo ngabami kakuhle. Kwaye ke, into ebendizama ukuyenza ekuhambeni kwencwadi kukuzisa phezulu eminye yeminombo yobutshantliziyo bendalo ngabantu abahluphekayo, abangabona bantu bachatshazelwa kakhulu kukungaphumeleli kokusilela kwehlabathi. ukunciphisa kunye nokuthintela iziphumo zokutshintsha kwemozulu. Kwaye kukho ezi-zide kakhulu kwaye zinzulu izithethe zobutshantliziyo phakathi kwabo baye banegalelo elincinci, njengoko besitshilo, kodwa babekwe ngokungqongqo kwimigca engaphambili yengxaki yokutshintsha kwemozulu.
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Makhe sijike kolunye uqhanqalazo oluphezulu lokuchasa ukungasebenzi kukarhulumente malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Kwingqungquthela yemozulu yeZizwe eziManyeneyo eParis ngo-2015, uYeb Saรฑo, owayesakuba ngumxoxi wemozulu kwiiPhilippines, wahamba umgama ongaphezu kweekhilomitha ezingama-900, ukusuka eRoma ukuya eParis, njengenxalenye yoHambo lwaBantu lokuSebenza kweMozulu-Saรฑo, kwakhona, phezulu kwiiPhilippines. i-negotiator yemozulu kwi-2013, xa iTyphoon Haiyan, enye yezona ziqhwithi ezinamandla kwimbali erekhodiweyo, yatshabalalisa iiPhilippines, yabulala amawaka abantu, ukutshatyalaliswa okuhambelana ne-2013 UN. COP eWarsaw, ePoland, apho uYeb Saรฑo wenza izihloko zeendaba ngesibongozo esichukumisayo sokutshintsha kwemozulu.
NADEREV "YEBโ SAรO: Izaqhwithi ezifana ne-Haiyan kunye neempembelelo zayo zibonisa isikhumbuzo esinzulu kuluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe ukuba asinako ukulibazisa isenzo semozulu. I-Warsaw kufuneka inikezele ekuphuculeni amabhongo kwaye kufuneka iqokelele intando yezopolitiko ukujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokwakha ibhulorho ibalulekileyo ePeru naseParis. Kunokuthiwa kufuneka kube bubulungisa bombongo ukuba iNkanyamba uHaiyan yayinkulu kangangokuba ububanzi bayo bususe umgama phakathi kweWarsaw neParis.
Mnu. Mongameli, eDoha sabuza, โUkuba ingethi, ngubani ke? Ukuba akunjalo ngoku, nini? Ukuba akukho apha, phi? Kodwa apha eWarsaw, sinokubuza le mibuzo ingqalileyo. Oko ilizwe lam lijongene nalo ngenxa yesi siganeko sibi kakhulu semozulu yimpambano. Ingxaki yemozulu yimpambano. Mongameli, singayinqanda le mpambano kanye apha eWarsaw.
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Ke lowo yayinguYeb Saรฑo, xa wayengumthetheleli ophambili wemozulu kwiiPhilippines ngo-2013, ethetha eWarsaw. Kanjalo, Intando yeninzi Ngoku! yayikhona, igubungela wonke umntu COP. Kunyaka olandelayo, xa sasiseLima, ePeru, ngequbuliso uYeb Saรฑo wayengasenguye umntu othetha ngemozulu kwiiPhilippines, yaye ilizwi lalisithi ukuthetha kwakhe ngokuphandle kwamkhokelela ekugxothweni kwakhe. Kodwa oko akukhange kumthintele ekubeni yingcali yemozulu, njengoko eqhubeka nokujikeleza imo engqongileyo kunye nentshukumo yemozulu, uRob Nixon.
ROB UNIXON: Ewe, uyazi, ndicinga ukuba le siyibonayo-kwaye kubekho utshintsho olubonakalayo malunga no-2011 kwingqungquthela yemozulu yaseThekwini. Into esiyibonayo lumanyano lwamanani asuka kwiGlobal South. Kwaye abanye babo, njengoko usitsho, bagxothwa emva koko. Kodwa ukudalwa kobudlelwane babantu, yithi, ukusuka kwiziqithi ezincinci, ukusuka kuqoqosho oluphakathi, ukusuka kumazwe aseSahel eAfrika, amanye ala mazwe asengozini kakhulu, ukuhlangana kunye nokuzama ukwenza uhlobo oluthile lwesiphumo somculo, ngomzamo wokuva, apho abona badlali bathatha isigqibo, njenge-US ne-China, badonsa iinyawo zabo. Ke ndicinga ukuba kuye kwakho utshintsho ekubeni ngubani oviwayo, othetha phandle. Kwaye ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elikhulu, i-US ingaphandle, zombini kwimbali yokukhanyela ukuguquka kwemozulu kwiziko, i-anti-science, inkxaso-mali ye-anti-science, kwaye kwakhona, ngokucacileyo, malunga nesiphumo se-US. ubunkokeli bebuya kuthetha okanye bube nokuthetha.
I-NEMEEN I-SHAIKH: Rob Nixon, ndifuna ukujikela kumanani-manani ambalwa, aphawuleka kakhulu, othe wawakhankanya ngokwemilinganiselo yomahluko omkhulu wamazwe anoxanduva-icala elijongene nokukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse kunye neziphumo. Uthi abemi baseKhalifoniya batshisa ipetroli eninzi kunabemi abazizigidi ezingama-900 kulo lonke elaseAfrika. Ngamazwe angama-54 edibene. Ngeli xesha, inqwelomoya eya indlela enye isuka eLos Angeles isiya eNew York ivelisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ngaphezulu kunomndilili waseNigeria owenza unyaka wonke. Ke, ungacacisa oko kwaye ucinga ukuba ithathelwa ingqalelo kangakanani na kwiingxoxo zokutshintsha kwemozulu?
ROB UNIXON: Kunene. Ndicinga ukuba kukho ukuvuma okukhulayo ukuba sifuna umzamo wehlabathi jikelele, kodwa ngaphakathi kwaloo mzamo wehlabathi jikelele kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo iimbali ezingalinganiyo malunga nokuba ngubani oye waba negalelo kwiigesi ze-greenhouse ngokwembali kwaye ngubani onegalelo ngoku. Kwaye ke, licandelo elibaluleke kakhulu lengxaki ekhoyo yolu didi.
Kodwa into endiya kuyigxininisa apha kukuba uhlobo lwenkxaso-mali yeziko-ukuba uyathanda, ukukhanyiselwa kwegesi-yaseMelika malunga nesayensi yemozulu, ngenkxaso-mali ngelungelo lokungathembeki kwemozulu, ukukhanyela kwemozulu kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, ukufakwa kwebhanki ngokungasebenzi, yadibana nexesha leneoliberal globalization, ke sibuyela emva, yithi, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-'70s. Kwaye into esiyibonayo apho yindlela yokwandiswa kwengxaki yemozulu engenakuhlukaniswa nokunyuka kwamanqanaba okungalingani kuluntu emva koluntu. Ke, ndithetha ukuba, ukuthatha nje i-US, siyazi ukuba malunga ne-1980 umahluko phakathi komvuzo ophakathi CEO kwaye umsebenzi wayeyinto efana no-1 ukuya kuma-80. Oko ngoku kukufutshane no-1 ukuya kuma-280. Kwaye oku kuye kwaphindwa kuluntu emva koluntu. Ke ngoko, ndicinga ukuba kufuneka sicinge, ngaxeshanye, ingxaki yokungalingani kunye nengxaki yemozulu, kuba abantu abaphambili ngabona basemngciphekweni, kwaye ngokwesiqhelo baye banegalelo elincinci, ngokwembali, ingxaki.
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Sifuna ukuzisa uNathaniel Rich, ngokunjalo, kule ncoko, umbhali-mkhulu I-New York Times Magazine, wakhe Qhekeza โUkulahlekelwa nguMhlaba: Ishumi Leminyaka Saphantse Sayeka Ukutshintsha Kwemozuluโ yapapashwa ngomhla woku-1 ku-Agasti kuhlelo olukhethekileyo lwe I-New York Times Magazine ezinikele kutshintsho lwemozulu. Sisihlandlo nje sesibini kwimbali yeli phephancwadi ukuba inikezele umba kwinqaku nje elinye, ibali elilandela ixesha le-10 leminyaka ukusuka ku-1979 ukuya ku-1989, ishumi leminyaka uNathaniel Rich amabango abantu baqala ukuqonda ngokuguquguqukayo kwemozulu kodwa basilela. ukujongana neengozi zayo ezigqithisileyo ngelixa kusekho ixesha, ibali eliveliswe ngenkxaso yePulitzer Centre.
Nathaniel, wamkelekile Intando yeninzi Ngoku! Kumnandi ukuba nawe kunye nathi.
UNATANIYELI RICH: Enkosi.
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Ke, thetha ngesi siqwenga sibalulekileyo usibhalileyo kwaye kutheni ukhethe eli xesha, '79 ukuya ku'89.
UNATANIYELI RICH: Ke, ngo-1979, kukho ukuvumelana okuqinileyo kwezesayensi malunga nesayensi esisiseko yokutshintsha kwemozulu. Kwaye kukho iingxelo eziphambili ngo-kumanqanaba aphezulu karhulumente malunga nale ngxaki, kwaye kwaqala ukuvela umzamo wegcuntswana lezazinzulu kunye namatsha ntliziyo kunye nabanye abezopolitiko ukuhambisa umba. Kwaye ekuhambeni kweminyaka elishumi, baye baphuhlisa isicwangciso, esasiyisivumelwano sehlabathi, esasiza kuba siso IPCC inkqubo, kwaye bazinza-ukuba, uyazi, kunye nokunyuka nokuhla-inkqubela phambili ekupheleni kweshumi leminyaka.
Kwaye ezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo ngelo xesha kukuba umba wawungengomba wamaqela. Kwakukho iiRiphabhlikhi ezibalaseleyo kwiCongress kunye nolawulo, ulawulo lweRiphabhlikhi, ababexhasa kakhulu umgaqo-nkqubo omkhulu wemozulu. Kwaye umzi-mveliso wefosili awuzange uzitshixe izixhobo kwaye ulungelelanise-into esiyibona ngoku njengembali yepropaganda, amaphulo okubulala iintsholongwane, ukunyoba abezopolitiko kunye neqela lonke laseRiphabhlikhi. Kwaye ukuze kubekho eli xesha leminyaka eli-10 apho sisondele kakhulu kuqwalaselo olunzulu lwesivumelwano esibophelelayo sokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo. Kwaye soyisakala. Ngoko ndandifuna ukubalisa ibali lokuba oko kwenzeka njani nokuba kutheni singaphumelelanga.
I-NEMEEN I-SHAIKH: Kaloku, kwenzeka ntoni ngowe-1989? Njengokuba, yintoni etshintshe kangaka?
UNATANIYELI RICH: Ke, kukho-ndicinga ukuba eyona mpendulo imxinwa yezopolitiko kukuba uGeorge Bush wathatha i-White House, uGeorge Bush enye. Ngo-1988, wakhankasela ukuthetha izinto ezinje, โAbo baxhalabileyo ngempembelelo yegreenhouse-ukusombulula i-greenhouse effect abakeva nge-White House effect. Kwaye xa ndikwi-White House, siza kuyisombulula. โ UDan Quayle, kwiphulo likasekela mongameli, naye wathetha ngale nto. Nentloko yakhe EPA, uWilliam Reilly, wayengumxhasi onamandla we-IPCC-ekuqaleni IPCC inkqubo.
Njengoko beqala ukudibana okokuqala-isiqwenga siphela, ngokusisiseko, kwintlanganiso yokuqala yezozakuzo ekwinqanaba eliphezulu, ebanjelwe eNetherlands, ukuxoxa ngombono wokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kunye neethagethi ezinzima zesivumelwano esiya kuba yiRio-okanye. , kwiNgqungquthela yoMhlaba yaseRio. Kwaye ngaphakathi kwe-White House, iRhuluneli uJohn Sununu, owayeyintloko yabasebenzi, wayethandabuza kakhulu isayensi, wayenethiyori yeyelenqe malunga nalo lonke umbutho, kwaye, ngokusisiseko, waphumelela eyedwa kumlo kunye noWilliam Reilly kunye nabanye. ulawulo, kwaye wafumana-waqinisekisa ukuba akukho njongo ibophelelayo ukuba i-US iya kuvumelana nayo. Kwaye oko kukuqala kokuphazamiseka. Kwaye kungekudala emva koko, ishishini liyabandakanyeka.
I-NEMEEN I-SHAIKH: Ewe, ndingathanda ukuphendukela kokunye ukugxekwa ukuba iqhekeza, I-New York Times Magazine Isiqwenga osibhalileyo, sifunyenwe kwi-InsideClimate News, ephumelele iBhaso lePulitzer lokubonisa indlela i-Exxon eyayisazi ngayo ukuba amafutha efosili abangela ukufudumala kwehlabathi kwangeminyaka yoo-1970s kodwa yalufihla olo lwazi eluntwini. Kuthotho lweetweets ngoLwesithathu, i-InsideClimate News ibhale, icaphula, "Ibali lokungasebenzi kwemozulu yase-US lithatha iminyaka engama-70 kwaye lisaqhubeka nanamhlanje." Kwi-tweet elandelayo, baye baqhubeka nokubhala, becaphula, โKwakuba sisisongelo esinzulu sokulawulwa kwezopolitiko GHG ukukhutshwa kwegesiโโleyo yigesi ye<em>greenhouseโโkwavela, umdla wamafutha efosili usebenze nzima ukujongela phantsi isiseko senzululwazi senyathelo elingxamisekileyo, kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezifana namaphulo olwazi olungachananga neminikelo yephulo. 2) Isebenzile,โ batsho bengacaphuli. Baqhubela phambili babhala, becaphula, โEmva phayaa ngeminyaka yee-1950 iinkampani zeoyile zasebenza kubuchule bokutyala amathandabuzo ngenzululwazi anokukhokelela kulawulo lokukhutshelwa komoya wabo. Ikomiti yomsi kunye neFumes kwi-American Petroleum Institute (API), oyena mntu uphambili kwishishini leoyile, wasebenzela ukugxeka inzululwazi ejikeleze umsi eyaqinisekiswa ngabaphandi.โ Ngoko, ngaba unokusabela kwezo ngongoma?
UNATANIYELI RICH: Ewe, andiyiboni loo nto njengokugxekwa. Yonke into osandulโ ukuyikhankanya ikwinqaku. Uyazi, andilindelanga ukuba abantu bafunde inqaku le-35-40,000-amagama ngomhla wokupapashwa. Kodwa ndiyacinga-
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Ngoko, cacisa ezo ngongoma.
UNATANIYELI RICH: Owu, ewe, ngokuqinisekileyo, ngokupheleleyo. Ke, njengoko ndibhala malunga, uqala ukubona umzi-mveliso, iZiko lePetroleum laseMelika, i-Exxon-njengoko kwakubhalwe kakuhle kuthotho lwabo, olumnandi kwaye lwalungumthombo omkhulu kwisiqwenga sam, kwaye ndibabale-baqala ukuqonda-yiyo. icacile bayayiqonda inzululwazi, kwangethuba ubuncinane ngeminyaka yee-1950. Kwaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kwiminyaka emashumi, bapapasha ukuphononongwa kwakhona kwesayensi, bafike kwizigqibo ezifanayo, ezizizigqibo ezifanayo eziye zafikelelwa ngoososayensi baseburhulumenteni kunye noososayensi abazimeleyo kunye nokunye, kwaye abathathi manyathelo. Kwaye oko kuyaqhubeka ukuya kuthi ga kwi-'80s. Kukho ezinye ezimbalwa, uyazi, iinkcukacha apho.
Ndingayahlula loo nto kwiphulo elidityanisiweyo lokusasaza iintsholongwane, ukunyotywa kwezazinzulu, ukunyotywa kwabezopolitiko, amaphulo amakhulu e-PR enziwe emva kwemigudu yoshishino lwecuba. Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo kuyinyani ukuba loo nto ayizange iqalise ukwenzeka de ufumane-ngokunyanzeliswa, ude ungene kwindawo ekhokelela kwiNgqungquthela yoMhlaba yaseRio, xa kukho inyathelo lokwenyani elinokwenzeka. Ngelo xesha, ingxelo yam ibonisa ukuba i-White House yayisele ijongile, kwaye kwakungekho mnqweno wokwenyani ngaphakathi kwe-White House-
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Kwaye le yayiyiNdlu emhlophe ye?
UNATANIYELI RICH: Bush.
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: UGeorge HW
UNATANIYELI RICH: UGeorge HW Bush. Ke ngoko, andiphikisi nanye kuloo nto. Kwaye inqaku lam lelokuba ngexesha ufika esiphelweni se-'80s, ukuba umzamo owomeleleyo awukaqalisi kwaye ayiphelelanga nje ekubeni i-Exxon yazi kwaye. API, kodwa urhulumente wayesazi. Kwakukho amanqaku kwi ixesha kwaye ubomi ngeminyaka yee-1950 ukuya phambili. Ngoko oku kwakungeyomfihlo. Kwaye ndiyacinga ukuba kukho ukubhideka, naphakathi kwabantu abawulandelayo umcimbi ngokusondeleyo, ukuba oku kuqale ngobungqina bukaJim Hansen. Kwaye uJim Hansen ungomnye wamanani amabini aphambili kwisiqwenga sam.
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Oku kwakungo-1988.
UNATANIYELI RICH: Uxolo, ngo-1998, ukuviwa kwetyala ngelona hlobo lishushu kwelakhe likhona kunye nembalela kunye nemililo yasendle.
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: UJames Hansen, isazinzulu semozulu esiphambili, owayeyintloko yeGoddard-the NASA iziko lezifundo ngemozulu.
UNATANIYELI RICH: Kunene. Ke iqhekeza lilandela ibali lakhe libuyela emva ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-'70s. Kwaye wayenikela ubungqina kwiingxoxo kulo lonke ishumi leminyaka. Kwaye ke, kukho imbali ende endiyifumanayo igxeka ngakumbi, ekhokelela nakwelo nqanaba. Ke, bekukho ukusilela kwanangaphambi kokuba ishishini likwazi ukuqinisa ukukhubazeka.
I-NEMEEN I-SHAIKH: Ndicinga ukuba ezinye zeengongoma eziphambili abantu babonakala bezithathile-abaphandi bemozulu kunye namatsha ntliziyo baye bathatha umbango kukuba ubhala, "I-boogeyman eqhelekileyo namhlanje lishishini le-fossil-fuel, elithe kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje lizinikele ekudlaleni indima itshijolo elinobukroti bencwadi ehlekisayo.โ Kwaye kwakhona uthi iQela leRiphabhlikhi alinakubekwa tyala. Ke, ungacacisa ukuba kutheni- ngoba-
UNATANIYELI RICH: Ndicinga ukuba yinto encinci ye-andinakuthi uMthetho weRiphabhlikhi awunakubekwa tyala ngokungasebenzi esikubonileyo, kunjalo. andiphikisiโ
I-NEMEEN I-SHAIKH: Hayi kutshanje, kodwa kwixesha oligubungelayo, ngo-'79 ukuya ku-'89.
UNATANIYELI RICH: Owu, ngexesha. Ke, andiqondi ukuba iyakwaziโ
I-NEMEEN I-SHAIKH: Ndithetha ukuba, kulapho uReagan wayekwi-White House-
UNATANIYELI RICH: Ewe, ngokuqinisekileyo.
I-NEMEEN I-SHAIKH: -ngubani ekubonakala ukuba lolona lawulo luchasene nokusingqongileyo ukusukela kuTrump.
UNATANIYELI RICH: Kunene. Kwaye ndicinga ukuba ngokuqinisekileyo babechasene nokusingqongileyo. Kwaye ubonile-kwaye kukho inxalenye enkulu yesiqwenga malunga nokuba ulawulo lweReagan luthatha nini, kwaye yingxaki yezandla-kwidekhi ngaphakathi kwentshukumo yokusingqongileyo kunye nabani na okhathalayo ngale miba.
Ngoko, hayi, ngokuqinisekileyo babengonwabanga ngombono wemigaqo yokusingqongileyo. Kodwa kwakungekho ukuwukhanyela lo mbandela. Kwaye kwakukho-uyazi, baye basayina isivumelwano se-ozone. Ngoku, kukho uxinzelelo lweenkampani eziye zanceda endleleni. Kodwa ngokusisiseko, ekupheleni kweshumi leminyaka, unolawulo lweRiphabhlikhi olwenza rhoqo iingxelo zoluntu ukuxhasa ukusayina izivumelwano. Unabantu ngaphakathi kolo lawulo abacinga ukuba kuya kwenzeka. UWilliam Reilly wayengu-ndathetha naye ixesha elide. Yaye kwakukhoโmasiyibeke ngolu hlobo le nto: Kwakukho ithuba elinamandla ngakumbi kunokuba lalinjalo ukususela ngoko. Kwaye ndicinga ukuba libali elibalulekileyo elifuna ukubaliswa.
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Kwaye, ngo-1989, la maqumrhu adibana, njenge-Exxon, esenza umfelandawonye wokutshintsha kwemozulu.
UNATANIYELI RICH: Kunene. Kwaye ke ndinebali lokuba kwenzeka njani oko, oko kukuthi, emva kuka-1988, uHansen uyangqina. Ndibe nodliwano-ndlebe nentloko yecandelo lezendalo leAmerican Petroleum Institute kunye nomphathi wakhe, onombolo mbini kuyo yonke inkampani, obeyintloko yenkqubo yokusingqongileyo kwiminyaka elishumi yonke, uBill O'Keefe. Kwaye bandixelele-kwaye banjalo, uyazi-abathethi malunga nento eyenzekayo ngeminyaka yee-'90s, kwaye bayaziqhenya ngayo.
Kodwa bathi, emva kokumanyelwa kukaHansen, abantu baqala ukuzohlwaya. Kwaqalisa ukubakho inkxalabo. Kwakukho amatyala angama-32 afakwe kwiCongress malunga nomgaqo-nkqubo wemozulu. Kwaye baqala ukubamba iintlanganiso, iintlanganiso zolwazi kwi API, kwaye umsebenzi ofanayo wawusenziwa eExxon, ukuzama ukwenza iqhinga. Kwaye oko yaba sisiqalo sobunzima. Kodwa zazikhoโuyazi, zaqhubela phambili. Ekuqaleni, yayisithi, โMasiqinisekise ukuba siqaqambisa ukungaqiniseki. Masiqinisekise ukuba sithatha inxaxheba kuyo nayiphi na incoko malunga nommiselo. Kwaye masiqinisekise ukuba asixhasi nawuphi na umgaqo-nkqubo owenzakalisa undoqo.โ Ngoko uyakubona ukubunjwa kwayo. Kodwa ke ingena kwifantasy emsulwa, ukukhanyela kunye nayo yonke loo nto. Kwaye libali elibaliswe kakuhle kakhulu, kwaye ndaziva ngathi kukho-iintatheli ezibalaseleyo, kwaye andizange ndizive ngathi ndinokongeza nantoni na kuloo ngxelo. Kodwa ndiye ndaziva ngathi ndinokongeza into kwimbali yangaphambili.
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Yi le Intando yeninzi Ngoku! Ndingu-Amy Goodman, kunye noNermeen Shaikh, njengoko sithetha ngale ngxaki inkulu emhlabeni namhlanje, ingxaki yokutshintsha kwemozulu. Izaqhwithi zomlilo eCalifornia. Ixesha lemonsoon linamandla ngoku eIndiya, kwiveki ephelileyo bangaphezulu kwama-500 abantu ababuleweyo. Senza ikhonkco phakathi komcimbi othetha ngeemeteorologists kuyo yonke indawo, le mozulu imbi kakhulu, kodwa ukutshintsha kwemozulu, abafane bayikhankanye kumajelo eendaba ase-US. Izifundo ziye zaphinda-phinda, njengeMiba yeMedia, zenziwe ukubonisa nokuba zingaphi na izihlandlo ababhekisa kuzo izaqhwithi zomlilo eCalifornia, kube kanye kuphela NBC, ABC kwaye CBS kwiiveki ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo wenze CBS khankanya ikhonkco lokutshintsha kwemozulu.
UBrenda Ekwurzel, usazinzulu ngemozulu ephezulu, umlawuli wenzululwazi yemozulu kwiNkqubo yeMozulu kunye naMandla kwiManyano yeeNzululwazi eziNxibeleleyo. URob Nixon kunye nathi, umbhali we UbuNdlobongela obucothayo kunye noBume beNdawo kwabahluphekileyo. Kwaye uNathaniel Rich, onayo yonke into I-New York Times Magazine phantsi kwegama lakhe kule veki kunye neyakhe Qhekeza "Ukulahlekelwa nguMhlaba: Ishumi Leminyaka Saphantse Sayeka Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu."
Brenda, ukuba unokuphendula The New York Times iqhekeza? Kwaye uthethe ngale nto besithetha ngayo noNathaniel. Thetha malunga nomba wamandla amaqumrhu, ngokukodwa amaqumrhu angama-90 anoxanduva lwesibini esithathwini sokukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse eluntwini, umba awathi uNathaniel awuqaqambise kwisiqwenga sakhe.
IBENDENDA EKWURZEL: Ewe, kubaluleke ngokwenene, imbali yamandulo, ngenxa yokuba i-bipartisan nature yabantu abaphulaphula isayensi, bezama ukuyila umgaqo-nkqubo wokuyicombulula kwaye bazame ukufumana uqwalaselo lwezoqoqosho kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo konke kumgca kwaye siqalise ukuqengqeleka imikhono yethu kwaye sisebenze. lo mbandela ubaluleke ngokwenene. Kweneke ntoni? Kutheni le nto itshintshile kwihlabathi esinalo namhlanje, apho abantu bade bakhanyela isayensi kwaye banamathele iintloko zabo esantini kwaye bangasonge imikhono yabo kwinqanaba lesizwe e-United States?
Kwaye oko ukhankanyile kukugubungela ezi ziganeko zigqithisileyo, ukuba isayensi icacile-zinezibophelelo ezinamandla kakhulu kutshintsho lwemozulu, njengokuba, xa unamanzi amaninzi okanye amanzi amancinci kakhulu, sitshintshe umjikelo we-hydrologic. Ke, oko kukhokelela ekubeni ezi ziganeko zinzima kangakanani na. Ngapha koko, siyabona, kwihlabathi elitsha eliqhelekileyo esinalo namhlanje nge-1-degree-Celsius warming, ukuba iziseko zethu kwihlabathi jikelele azikwazi ukumelana nezikhukula ezenzeka emva komlilo wasendle, umzekelo, njengokuba kwenzeka ntoni. eCalifornia kwidolophu yaseMontecito, eyayinenkunkuma etshabalalisayo emva kokuba umlilo utshise iinduli, kwaye emva koko imvula ephezulu kakhulu, esaziyo ukuba yenye imeko eguqukayo nokutshintsha kwemozulu, iwela kuloo ndawo yomile. umhlaba, kwaye ukhupha okuyingozi kakhulu kumpompozo wobutyobo, nokutshabalalisa amakhaya, kwaye, ngelishwa, abantu baphulukana nobomi babo. Yaye ukhankanye ezinye iziganeko ehlabathini lonke, njengasePakistan, apho kuye kwakho izikhukula ezigqithiseleyo, ubushushu obugqithiseleyo eIndiya naseJapan. Kwaye ndingaqhubeka.
Ke into eyahlukileyo namhlanje kukuba uqikelelo olwalusaziwa zizazinzulu ngeminyaka yee-'50s '60s kunye ne'70s, kwaye izazinzulu ezisebenza kushishino lwamafutha efosili zazisazi, ngelishwa, sizibona zidlala namhlanje. Ke ndicinga ukuba sinethuba elahlukileyo namhlanje lokulungisa oku kwaye sisonge imikhono yethu kwaye senze umahluko. Kwaye amazwe anje ngeCalifornia, amazwe anjengeTexas, amazwe anje ngaMantla mpuma kunye namanye amazwe, izixeko ezijikeleze ilizwe, e-US, zizama ukunamathela kwisivumelwano semozulu saseParis. Kwaye amazwe amaninzi kwihlabathi liphela anolusu kumdlalo. Bonke bazama ukunceda ukusombulula le ngxaki. Kwaye eyona nxalenye ilungileyo yeyokuba, amazwe aphambili abambe ihlabathi. Yiyo loo nto isivumelwano semozulu saseParis sineethagethi ezinobundlobongela ngakumbi kunokuba bekuya kuba njalo ukuba besisivumelwano selizwe elisaphuhlayo.
I-NEMEEN I-SHAIKH: Ewe, uRob Nixon, uthe ngaphambili kumbuzo wokutshintsha kwemozulu, kokubini kwimbono yayo kunye nendlela oorhulumente abalandelelanayo base-US bathethe ngayo-kakuhle, ngakumbi, ulawulo lukaTrump ngoku-ukuba i-US ingaphandle. Ngaba unokuthetha ngokuthe ngqo malunga nendlela, njengoko usitsho, i-anti-science iye yasasazwa e-US, kunye nendima yamajelo eendaba ekuziseni utshintsho lwemozulu xa begubungela iintlekele ezinxulumene nemozulu, njengoko sibonile kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo?
ROB UNIXON: Ewe, ndicinga ukuba enye yempumelelo yokusasazwa kwelungelo lokuchasana nesayensi kukuba utshintsho lwemozulu kunye nokufudumala kwehlabathi kubonwa e-US, kwinqanaba elikhulu kakhulu kunokuba kunjalo kuninzi lwehlabathi, njengemibandela yezopolitiko. Kwaye ngenxa yoko, amajelo eendaba, ngakumbi, ahlala ewakhuphela ecaleni. Kwaye loo nto inento yokwenza ubunini beendaba. Inento yokwenza nesiseko sentengiso njalo njalo. Kodwa, uyazi, ndicinga ukuba umntu akanako ukuqikelela inqanaba apho inkxaso-mali echasene nesayensi e-US ikude, inkulu kakhulu-uyazi, ngaphezulu kwekhulu lamaxesha amakhulu-kunakulo naliphi na elinye ilizwe emhlabeni. Kwaye oku kuye kwagqobhoza kwiimbono zoluntu kwaye kwadala uhlobo oluthile lokungcungcuthekiswa kusetyenziswa olo lwimi, ngoku olubonwa njengolwahlukanisayo, ngendlela ethile, ukuba ulwimi lwenzululwazi malunga nomxhuzulane abukho. Kwaye eso sisiphumo sephulo elihlangeneyo.
Into endiyibonayo iyatshintsha yimbono yesizukulwana malunga nokuba zeziphi na ezona zinto ziphambili kwezopolitiko. Kwaye ukuba ndijonga abafundi bam, endibafundise eWisconsin, eNew Jersey, kwenye indawo, ukuba ndijonga, ndithi, isizukulwana sewaka leminyaka, umba wamatyala-amatyala emozulu, ityala labafundi-liphambi kwabo. izinto eziphambili kwezopolitiko. Sikwakwisikhundla esingcono ngokwetekhnoloji kunokuba besikhe sasebenza ekutshintsheni umthombo wamandla ethu ukuba uhlaziyeke, sisusa uncediso-mali kumafutha efosili, sinyusa amandla okugcina kwiibhetri, nto leyo ibingumqobo ekudala ikho. . Ke, ngokwetekhnoloji, sikwindawo entle kakhulu. Ngumbuzo wokulungelelanisa loo mathuba obuchwepheshe kunye nolawulo lwamazwe ngamazwe.
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Ndifuna nje ukuthi-
ROB UNIXON: Kwaye ke, njengo-ewe.
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Sisanda kufumana ezi ndaba zisasazayo, esifunda kuzo IWashington Post, "Ulawulo lukaTrump ngoLwesine lubhengeze izicwangciso zokumisa iimfuno zokusebenzisa amafutha kwiimoto kunye neelori zesizwe kwi-2026-i-regulatory rollback enkulu enokuthi ikhuthaze idabi elisemthethweni kunye neCalifornia kunye namanye amazwe, kunye nokudala ukuphazamiseka okunokuthi kwenzeke kwiimoto zesizwe. imarikeโโisindululo esimele ukuguqulwa ngequbuliso kweziphumo ezifunyenwe ngurhulumente phantsi koMongameli Obama, xa abalawuli babephikisana ngokufuna izithuthi ezingasebenzisi mafutha kakhulu kuya kuphucula impilo yoluntu, ukulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu kwaye konge imali yabathengi ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni ukhuseleko. Impendulo yakho kule nto, uNathaniel Rich? Oku kuphakathi kwezaqhwithi zomlilo zaseCalifornia.
UNATANIYELI RICH: Ewe, andicingi ukuba yinto ephantsi ukuthetha ukuba okwenziwa yiRiphabhlikhi Party ngoku kwaye yintoni ishishini elisasazeke kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo iya kuqwalaselwa kwixa elizayo, kwaye mhlawumbi kwikamva elikufuphi kakhulu, njengolwaphulo-mthetho olujoliswe eluntwini.
Kwaye ndiyacinga ukuba, uyazi, incoko esinayo namhlanje, enye yezona zinto bezindichukumisa kakhulu ngokufunda ezinye zezi ncoko beziqhutywa ngeminyaka yee-'80s, iyafana. Akukho nto siyithethayo namhlanje engazange ithethwe ngo-1980, kuquka imiba yaseMntla-Mzantsi kunye nemiba yelizwe elisaphuhlayo. Kwaye indenza ndizibuze ukuba ingaba le nto size ngendlela eyiyo na. Ndiyathetha, ingqiqo yam ngokuba nezi ngxoxo kukuba asiphumelelanga, njengoluntu, ukucacisa umbono wokuziphatha owaneleyo wale ngxaki-kwaye engeyiyo ukubeka ecaleni umbono wokuziphatha weshishini, ngokucacileyo i-sociopathic.
Kodwa andiqondi ukuba siyayiqonda kakuhle into ezayo. Kwaye asizivaโngokuqinisekileyo asiziva sikwinqanaba loluntu. Kwaye ndicinga ekuphela kwemvakalelo yam kukuba ekuphela kwendlela yokufika apho kukuqonda ukuba sifike njani apha. Kwaye yinxenye yesizathu sokuba ndifune ukubhala eli nqaku. Kodwa-
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Yintoni eyothusa kakhulu kuphando lwakho?
UNATANIYELI RICH: Ndicinga nje ukuba wena-ufunda imibhalo yentlanganiso kwi-1980 kunye, uyazi, idibene-kukho intlanganiso kwiqhekeza, iingcali ezimbini eziphezulu, kuquka uHenry Shaw wase-Exxon, abantu bomgaqo-nkqubo beCongress njalo njalo, badibana kunye. ngokomyalelo weCongress ukuphuhlisa umgaqo-nkqubo wemozulu. Kwaye banentlanganiso yeentsuku ezi-3 apho bathetha ngayo yonke into esinokuthetha ngayo namhlanje. Kwaye bonke bayavumelana. Nkqu, uyazi, uShaw akaphikisani nantoni na. Kwaye ekupheleni kwentlanganiso, abakwazi nokuqulunqa ingxelo enye abavumelana ngayo, isivakalisi esinye, singasathethi ke ngomgaqo-nkqubo.
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Brenda Ekwurzel, yintoni ekunika elona themba ngoku?
IBENDENDA EKWURZEL: Eyona nto indinika elona themba lelokuba siyile nto siyibizayo-umhlobo wam, kunye nogxa wam kunye nesazinzulu, uthi sikwisiphelo sobunewunewu segophe lokubonisa. Ngoko ke, ezo ncoko zaphaya azohlukanga kakhulu kwezanamhlanje kuba siva nje ubunzima obupheleleyo bokutshintsha kwemozulu esele siyinike namhlanje; nangona kunjalo, inelifa leenkulungwane ukuba siya kukhulula ukunyuka komgangatho wolwandle, kuba iigesi ezibamba ubushushu-i-15 ukuya kuma-45 ekhulwini ekharbon diokside esiyikhupha emoyeni namhlanje iya kubambisa ubushushu, imini ngemini, ngaphezu kwewaka. iminyaka. Ngoko ke, loo mbono ibalulekile.
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Kwaye, Rob Nixon, mandikubuze, malunga nomba wethemba.
ROB UNIXON: Ewe, ke, bendiya kubuyela kwiinguqu zetekhnoloji kunye notshintsho lwesizukulwana. Ndicinga ukuba izinto eziphambili, malunga nokunciphisa, ukuziqhelanisa, ukomelela, esikubonayoโ
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Imizuzwana emihlanu.
ROB UNIXON: Eweโabantu abaselula namhlanje basinika ithemba. Kodwa kufuneka kubekho intshukumo enkulu yentshukumo edibeneyo.
NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: URob Nixon, umbhali we UbuNdlobongela obucothayo kunye noBume beNdawo kwabahluphekileyo; uBrenda Ekwurzel weManyano yeeNzululwazi eziNxibeleleyo; kunye noNathaniel Rich, siya kudibanisa neyakho Qhekeza in The New York Times, โUkuphulukana Nomhlaba: Ishumi Leminyaka Saphantse Sayeka Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu.โ
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