Umsebenzi wengqondi ayikokubumba intando yezopolitiko yabanye; kukuba, ngokuhlalutya akwenzayo kwintsimi yakhe, ukuphinda ahlolisise ubungqina kunye neengcinga, ukugubha iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokusebenza kunye nokucinga, ukutshabalalisa ukuqhelana okuqhelekileyo, ukuvavanya kwakhona imithetho kunye namaziko kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba ekubunjweni. yentando yezopolitiko (apho enendima yakhe njengommi ekufuneka ayidlalile).
-UMichel Foucault, "Inkxalabo ngeNyaniso"
Owona msebenzi wezopolitiko kuluntu olufana nolwethu kukugxeka ukusebenza kwamaziko abonakala engathathi hlangothi kwaye ezimeleyo, ukuwagxeka nokuwahlasela ngendlela yokuba udushe lwezopolitiko oluhlala lusenziwa ngokufihlakeleyo ngabo luya kubhencwa. , ukuze ubani alwe nabo.
-UMichel Foucault, "Ubume boMntu: ubulungisa ngokuchasene namandla"
Ke, le nto inento yokwenza nobuntatheli? Kakhulu, ndingaphikisa. Imiba emininzi ekufuneka (kufuneka) sinxulumane nayo kwiziko lemfundo โ inkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yokuthetha, ukucinga nzulu, ukubeka iliso kumagunya, imfundo โ yimiba ngokwembali eyayanyaniswa nobuntatheli. Ngaloo ndlela, njengokuba kubalulekile ukubuza ukuba thina njengabaphengululi siye saphanda kangakanani, sabuza kwaye sacela umngeni ukusasazwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla ezentlalo, ezoqoqosho kunye nomkhosi kuluntu, ngoko ke, kufuneka sibuze okufanayo kwimibutho yeendaba echazwe. njenge "watchdogs" kunye "nabagadi".
Inqaku lam lelokuba amajelo osasazo aphambili kumazwe anjengeSweden, iUnited States kunye ne-United Kingdom, (amaxesha amaninzi) baye basilela ukubandakanyeka kuphando olubalulekileyo, kunye nohlalutyo lokuqokelelwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla. Kwaye, kukungaphumeleli okudale ivacuum ezaliswe, ubuncinci ngokuyinxenye, yi-WikiLeaks kunye ne-Anonymous.
Ukuba sikhangele umzekelo ocacileyo wokungaphumeleli kohlalutyo olubalulekileyo, umntu kufuneka ajonge kuphela uhlaselo liqela leentatheli zase-US kwintatheli engugxa UGlenn Greenwald - ngokutshintshiselana okutshabalalisayo, bona Impendulo kaGreenwald ku Washington Post umbhali wemihlathi uWalter Pincus โ kunye nomthombo Edward Snowden kulandela ukutyhilwa kwabo kwezasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe ukubekw' esweni ngurhulumente wase-US . ESweden, i I-vetoing yaseSweden (kunye ne-UK) yeengxoxo ze-EU kunye ne-US ngaphezulu kwezo zityhilelo ze-NSA ziye zahlangatyezwa kukuthula okuhambelanayo kumajelo eendaba eSweden.
Kukho, nangona kunjalo, isiseko sesibini kwesi sithuba, kwaye kukuba kwingxoxo yethu yamaqela afana ne-WikiLeaks okanye i-Anonymous, ugxininiso luhlala lubekwe ngokuthe ngqo ekusebenziseni kwabo itekhnoloji, endaweni yentlalo-zopolitiko kunye nenkcubeko yezenzo zabo. . Le techno-centrism, ndingaxoxa, igqwetha umlinganiselo wokugxeka kude kubuntatheli obuqhelekileyo, kwaye "ichaza" ukunyuka kwamaqela afana ne-WikiLeaks kunye ne-Anonymous njengeziganeko zeteknoloji. Ngamanye amazwi, zikho ngenxa yokuba iteknoloji ivumela ukuba zibekho.
Ukubuyela eFoucault: ingcebiso yakhe ekufuneka " gxeka ukusebenza kwamaziko abonakala engathathi hlangothi kwaye ezimeleyo "ibalulekile; ngokukodwa, ukukhetha kwakhe igama elithi "imisebenzi", kuba yalatha kwingcamango engundoqo, eyile, ukubaluleka inkqubo . Apho ubuntatheli belixesha buye busilela khona, ndingatsho, kukunqongophala kokuchazwa kunye nokunqongophala kohlalutyo lweendlela zamandla ezixoxwa nguFoucault.
Ezi ziindlela ezingezizo ezothusayo okanye ezingachulumancisiyo, kwaye zinokuphazamisa ingqondo ngokwemigaqo ye minutiae kwezopolitiko, ezomthetho, ezozakuzo okanye iinkcukacha zobuchwepheshe. Ezi nkcukacha, nangona kunjalo, iibhloko zokwakha zamandla okwenene: iibhloko ezisithekileyo kwimbono yoluntu phantsi kwe-PR, i-spin, i-infotainment kunye "nesiganeko"-based coverage yeendaba. Kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, nakumanqanaba ahlukeneyo empumelelo kunye neempembelelo, amaqela afana no-Anonymous kunye ne-WikiLeaks aye axovula le veneer, ebhentsisa imisebenzi eyothusayo kunye ne-banal.
Kwakhe ubungqina obunamandla kaJulayi 10, 2013 kwityala likaBradley Manning , Unjingalwazi woMthetho waseHarvard uYochai Benkler uchaze ngokuthe ngqo ukuba kutheni evakalelwa kukuba iWikiLeaks ayipheleli nje ekuncomeni ubuntatheli, kodwa iyinxalenye yobuntatheli ngokwayo, "ekhanyisa ukukhanya" kwiinkqubo ezifihliweyo kuluntu ngokubanzi (ukusuka kumbhalo wenkundla engekho semthethweni):
Umbuzo: Ngaba iWikiLeaks ililungu le-networked Fourth Estate?
A (Benkler): Ngokuqinisekileyo.
Umbuzo: Kutheni ukholelwa oko?
A (Benkler): Yiyo-intatheli yenziwe ngezinto ezininzi. I-WikiLeaks ayilwenzi udliwano-ndlebe kwaye ibethe i-pavement. Kwakhona, xa sisithi WikiLeaks, sithetha ngenene ngaphambi kokuwohloka okukhulu okwalandela uhlaselo lombutho ebesiluchaze ngaphambili. I-WikiLeaks yayisisisombululo kwicandelo elikhethekileyo nelibaluleke kakhulu lendlela ubuntatheli obuphandayo, ubuxoki obuvalelayo iimeko zorhwaphilizo. Yiyo โ asiphili kuphela kumaphepha ePentagon okanye iWatergate okanye amahlazo e-NSA okucofa ngocingo ngo-2005 nakwiinyanga zamva nje. Kodwa licandelo elicacileyo, elahlukileyo kwinto ekwimbali yobuntatheli esiyibona njengeendawo eziphezulu, apho iintatheli zikwaziyo ukungena zithi, nantsi inkqubo esebenza ngendlela engaqondakaliyo eluntwini kwaye ngoku siyakwazi khanyisa ukukhanya. Yiloo nto iWikiLeaks ebonise indlela yokwenza kwinethiwekhi yoluntu. I-WikiLeaks inokusilela kwixa elizayo ngenxa yazo zonke ezi ziganeko, kodwa imodeli yolunye uhlobo lokuvuza kwe-decentralized, ekhuselekileyo ngokwetekhnoloji kwaye ivumela intsebenziswano phakathi kwemithombo yeendaba ezahlukeneyo kumazwe ahlukeneyo, eya kusinda kwaye omnye umntu uya kuyakha. Kodwa i-WikiLeaks idlale indima ebalulekileyo yelo candelo libalulekileyo le-muck-raking kunye nobuntatheli obuphandayo obuhlala busenza.
Nangona kuya kuba yinto elula ukuthetha ukuba i-11 kaSeptemba 2001 yayiyi-genesis date yamaqela afana ne-WikiLeaks kunye ne-Anonymous, nangona kunjalo kuya kuba kuhle ukucebisa ukuba uluhlu lweziganeko zasekhaya (e-US) kunye ne-geo-politiki ezalandela ezo hlaselo 12 Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo yaba nefuthe elimandla kubutshantliziyo behlabathi: ukusuka kuhlaselo lwase-Afghanistan nase-Iraq, ukuhlaselwa kwala mazwe mabini, u-Abu Ghraib, iGuantanamo, umongameli waseBush, uqhushumbo lweLondon kunye neMadrid, iMfazwe yehlabathi jikelele, iPatriot Act, kwiPRISM. Kuzo zonke ezi meko, ukusuka ekuhlaselweni ngokwazo ukuya ekugqityweni kovavanyo kunye nomthetho wabucala, ukuqonda "ukusebenza" kunye "nenkqubo" kwaku (kwaye kuhlala) kusisiseko.
Njengoko umsebenzi we-Iraq kunye ne-Afghanistan wawuqhubeka, kwacaca ukuba abemi nabo banolwazi oluncinci malunga nezopolitiko zemfazwe okanye inkqubo yezomthetho yase-US. Njengoko amakhulu eebhiliyoni zeedola achithwa nguBush kunye no-Obama kwiinzame zemfazwe, imithombo yeendaba isagxile ekuhlaselweni nasekuhlaselweni, hayi ubuqhophololo. Izivumelwano zokunganiki bhidi ezinikezelwa kwabo babesakuba ngabalingane boshishino bakaSekela Mongameli uDick Cheney . Kwaye, njengoko amabanjwa kwiNtolongo yaseGuantanamo Bay edlulile umhla we-150 wokulamba kwawo, ixesha elincinci elichithwe ngamajelo eendaba ethetha ngokusemthethweni kwentolongo, kunye nempatho yamabanjwa , iye yabonakala kabuhlungu.
Kuzo zombini i-WikiLeaks kunye ne-Anonymous, kukho ukuzibophelela kuyo ukuveza iqumrhu kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya likarhulumente, amaxesha amaninzi ngokubhentsisa iindlela kanye asetyenziswa ngazo elo gunya. Ukuvuza, ukukhwabanisa kunye nokupapashwa kwee-imeyile, amaxwebhu angaphakathi kunye neememo, iividiyo zomkhosi , iintambo zozakuzo , ii-akhawunti zebhanki kwinkonzo yokwandisa elubala, kunye ne uqhankqalazo lokucupha okanye ukuvalelwa , uye wabangela inkxalabo kumaqumrhu kunye namaziko karhulumente .
I-WikiLeaks kunye ne-Anonymous yintetho, i-crystallisation yokungoneliseki ngobungakanani borhwebo, kodwa kunye nenkonzo yoluntu, imibutho yeendaba iye yathatha ngokuzithandela iingxoxo eziphakamileyo ngokumalunga nentlalo-qoqosho, imiba yezomthetho kunye nemikhosi. Amabali abhentsisa ukungaziphathi kakuhle kwezopolitiko okanye kushishino akufuneki abonwe njengento echasene nezi ntetho. Amaxesha amaninzi, iimeko ezinjalo zichazwa ngokulula โnjengezinxaxhi ezingqina umthethoโ ngelixa i-meta-story enkulu yongxowankulu kunye namandla asentshona ahlala engachaswanga.
Ngokomzekelo, i-rhetoric yaseSweden njengelizwe elingathathi hlangothi elinomdla ophambili kwi-diplomacy ifihla, kwinqanaba elithile, amandla ezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko aphethwe ngamaqumrhu amakhulu kweli lizwe: iinkampani ezibandakanyekayo kwimisebenzi yezoshishino. ezichaseneyo nophuhliso lwedemokhrasi kunye nezigqibo zoxolo yeengxabano. Indima yamafu ye Urhulumente waseSweden ekukhuseleni umdla ka-Ericsson eSyria, umzekelo, ngelixa i-Dagens Nyheter kunye ne-Swedish Radio, yafumana ingxelo encinci yeendaba, inikwe indlela ephikisana ngayo nentetho yezopolitiko ephuma eStockholm malunga nokuzibophelela kwinkululeko yokuthetha kunye nomthetho womthetho.
Kwakhona, ngelixa amabali okucupha kunye nokuveliswa kwezixhobo aphukile, uhlalutyo olunzulu lwendlela amabali anxibelelana ngayo namandla ahlala, ubukhulu becala, engabhalwanga.
Kodwa, esi sithuba asikho malunga "nokufa" kobuntatheli, kodwa kunoko ukungaphumeleli okuthile: ukusilela ukulungisa inkqubo kunye nomxholo. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi wazo zombini ii-Anonymous kunye ne-WikiLeaks kufuneka zibonwe njengophuhliso oluhle lobuntatheli, njengoko zizisa izinto ezintsha kubume bolwazi kunye nedemokhrasi. Ekugqibeleni, into ecelwa umngeni yi-WikiLeaks kunye ne-Anonymous ayikho kakhulu indlela yeendaba kunye nokuveliswa kolwazi kunye nokusasazwa, kodwa kunoko ubudlelwane phakathi kwemithombo yeendaba kunye nabo babambe amandla ezopolitiko noqoqosho.
I-WikiLeaks kunye ne-Anonymous zisinyanzela ukuba sicinge ngokutsha ngenani lobudlelwane obungundoqo bedemokhrasi: obo buphakathi kwabemi kunye norhulumente (oluchatshazelwa kukubonelela ngofikelelo kubuntlola obufihlakeleyo ngaphambili ekubonweni); enye phakathi kwabemi kunye namajelo eendaba (echatshazelwa kukuvezwa kweentsilelo zenkqubo yeendaba zorhwebo ezingagxekiyo) kwaye, enye phakathi kwemithombo yeendaba kunye noorhulumente (echatshazelwa ngumngeni wengubo "yokulinda" ngokuzingca ngexilongo leendaba eziphambili eziphambili). Oku akuthethi ukuba obu budlelwane butshintshile ngokuphawulekayo, kodwa kunokuba i-WikiLeaks kunye ne-Anonymous, ngokuzimisela ukucela umngeni kwi-hegemonies yehlabathi, baye baphosa phantsi i-gauntlet phambi kwabo banegunya ngokubeka (ezinye) izenzo zegunya ezifihliweyo. kwimbono yoluntu.
Njengezifundiswa, imingeni elolu hlobo ikufanele ukuphononongwa nzulu, njengoko isembindini weenjongo zedemokhrasi ezithi ziyayixhasa i-academia kunye nobuntatheli.
UChristian Christensen ungunjingalwazi wobuntatheli kwiYunivesithi yaseStockholm kwaye ube negalelo elinjengeLe Monde Diplomatique kunye neBritish Journalism Review.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela